提高硼粉在氧弹中燃烧效率的研究

为了解决硼粉燃烧热测试过程中燃烧不完全问题,以燃烧热测试值作为其燃烧效率的评判指标,对相同批次的硼粉采用某标准推进剂作助燃剂进行实验,研究了助燃剂与硼粉试样的混合比例、混合方式对硼粉燃烧热测试值的影响.结果表明,助燃剂与硼粉的充分混合有助于硼粉的完全燃烧,增大助燃剂和硼粉的混合比例能提高硼粉的燃烧效率.综合考虑硼粉和助...     

硼粉燃烧热的测量

硼因高的体积热值成为首选高能组分添加剂。为了对硼粉的燃烧热进行更准确的测量 ,使用氧弹式量热仪,采用SQ-2作为助燃剂,通过实验研究了助燃剂质量、形状以及氧 弹内氧气压力对硼粉燃烧热测试结果的影响。结合硼的两阶段燃烧模型,指出燃气温度是影 响硼粉燃烧效率的关键参数。建立了氧弹内燃气极限温度的理论计算模型,给出计算温度与 硼粉燃烧效率之间的关系。结果表明升高极限温度是改善硼粉燃烧热的测量的有效手段。     

提高含硼富燃料推进剂在氧弹内燃烧效率的研究

为了解决含硼富燃料推进剂在氧弹内燃烧效率低、实验测试值不能正确表征实际燃烧热值的问题,研究了含硼富燃料推进剂燃烧热值测试过程中试样质量和充氧压强对测试结果的影响,在氧弹安全承载范围内,试样质量越大、充氧压强越大,含硼富燃料推进剂燃烧越完全。使用有机溶剂溶解后挥发的混合方式,将作为助燃剂的自制ZS与加工成20目含硼富燃料推进剂实现紧密结合,经过一系列工艺处理制得试样。根据含硼富燃料推进剂在氧弹内的燃烧特点设计加工了专用钨坩埚,使用改进型氧弹式量热仪对试样进行热值测试。实验结果表明,助燃法测试含硼富燃料推进剂的燃烧热值较为有效,解决了含硼富燃料推进剂在氧弹内燃烧不完全以及测试值不能正确表征理论燃烧热值的问题,具有较高的准确性和可靠性。     

高纯硼粉的特性及其在富燃料推进剂中的应用研究

通过SEM、XRD、pH计、X射线荧光光谱仪和HAAKE流变仪等研究了高纯硼粉的物化特性,并重点研究了其用于富燃料推进剂的燃烧性能.结果表明,高纯硼粉中大部分颗粒不规则,但在微观上呈晶体结构.由于高纯硼粉表面B2O3、H3BO3杂质非常少,硼粉与水悬浊液的pH值接近中性,硼粉在HTPB粘合剂中的屈服值和表观粘度较小,且随混合时间增加,屈服值和表观粘度保持不变.通过290～407 ℃范围内高纯硼粉富燃料推进剂热分解过程的质量损失可定性认为,高纯硼粉参与凝聚相反应的活性高于无定形硼粉.燃烧性能研究表明,含高纯硼粉的富燃料推进剂低压下正常燃烧,燃烧特性与无定形硼粉相同,实测燃烧热和燃烧效率较高.     

高能含硼贫氧推进剂工艺性能改善研究

通过对无定形硼粉进行表面包覆、团聚造粒及添加工艺助剂,改善了含硼贫氧推进剂工艺性能,采用落球粘度计对药浆粘度进行对比测试,从中选择最优方法,以改善含硼贫氧推进剂药浆工艺性能.     

包覆层对SZQu推进剂安定性及相容性的影响

采用75℃热加速老化试验和气相色谱试验,分别对裸药和带包覆层的SZQu推进剂进行测试,确定了安定性、中定剂质量分数随老化时间的变化规律;在升温速率β=5℃/min的条件下,采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)对老化7、54 d的裸药、包覆层和带包覆层的推进剂进行测试,比较其分解峰温,以分解峰温差值ΔTp2℃为判据判断两者相容性状况。结果表明,包覆材料对该型双基推进剂贮存安定性影响不显著,推进剂和推进剂与包覆层混合试样的分解峰温介于195~198℃之间,分解峰温的差值小于2℃,包覆层与推进剂相容性良好。     

硼粉在推进剂中应用研究

对硼粉与粘合剂要容性，硼粉表面处理及其在固体推进剂配方中的应用进行了研究。表明硼粉中杂质含量是影响其与粘合剂相容性的重要因素。     

固体火箭推进剂——西欧发展情况

详细介绍西欧各国研制固体火箭推进剂的情况及其进展.对双基推进剂,包括浇注双基推进剂、压伸双基推进剂、复合改性浇注双基推进剂和复合推进剂,以及一些粘合剂的特性和发展分别作了叙述.探讨在固体推进剂中加入硼粉后性能的改进以及所带来的问题.今后固体推进剂发展的重点将是:提高总固体含量,进一步提高燃速,改进药柱的力学性能,降低温度敏感系数,以及降低推进剂成本.     

采用化学物质对无定形硼粉表面改性研究

为了减少无定形硼粉表面的B2O3、H3BO3等杂质,分别以甘露醇、TP、TA和NaOH溶液为原料,对无定形硼粉进行了表面改性研究,并对其性能进行了测试表征。结果表明,硼粉经不同化学物质的表面改性后,硼粉表面的B元素含量提高;B/H2O悬浊液的pH值增大;随着B/HTPB悬浮液混合时间的增加,B-1/HTPB悬浮液的表观粘度和屈服值增加较快,B-3和B-4与HTPB混合的悬浮液粘度增加缓慢,而B-2/HTPB悬浮液在剪切速率大于1.0 s-1后几乎不变,且表面改性硼粉的粒度分布均匀,粒径基本在d50=4.653μm左右。     

不同助燃方式下硼粉的燃烧机理研究

为研究硼粉燃烧规律，采用两种典型混合方式(干法混合和湿法混合)制备了含不同质量助燃剂双铅-2(SQ-2)的硼粉试样，使用氧弹式量热计测量了硼粉燃烧放热量，同时在量热计上加装压强传感器获得了不同样品在燃烧过程中的压强变化趋势，得到了不同样品中硼粉的有效燃烧时间。结果表明，在SQ-2含量一致时，干法样品在燃烧过程中的升压速率明显大于湿法样品，其最大压强也高于湿法样品；在两种助燃方式下，氧弹中的温度和氧气量均可满足硼粉的燃烧，但SQ-2含量>80%的干法混合中硼粉放热量低，最高仅为34 950 J/g,依然有约40%硼粉没有燃烧，其硼粉有效燃烧时间仅约有29 ms。分析认为，干法混合中样品为粉末状，燃烧迅速，当SQ-2含量>80%时，其燃烧产生的高速气体将硼粉喷溅在氧弹壁上或者氧弹底部，硼粉受“冷壁效应”影响明显而导致无法继续燃烧，而湿法混合中SQ-2与硼粉接触紧密，硼粉受“冷壁效应”影响不大，SQ-2燃烧产生的热量和气体更容易加热硼粉，加上硼粉自身的放热，延长了硼粉的高温燃烧时间，助燃效果好，燃烧效率高。     

偏二甲肼液滴燃烧特性及影响因素实验研究

设计了一套密闭环境液滴燃烧实验系统,开展了不同实验工况下偏二甲肼(UDMH)液滴在四氧化二氮(NTO)环境中的着火燃烧实验,详细分析了UDMH单液滴着火燃烧特性,考察了燃烧室温度、压力、液滴初始直径及速度对燃烧过程的影响。结果表明,液滴燃烧经历了初始燃烧阶段,剧烈燃烧阶段和熄燃阶段3个过程。其中,初始燃烧阶段和熄燃阶段的持续时间均较长。燃烧过程中,燃烧火焰呈现出明显的双火焰峰结构,内层为规则的椭圆形分解火焰峰,外层为带有尾迹火焰的扩散火焰峰。增加燃烧室温度促使液滴表面与内部的燃料快速蒸发,形成了充足的燃料蒸气环境,有助于液滴的着火燃烧;燃烧室压力的增加加快了反应速度,减少了液滴生存时间;增大液滴下落速度导致液滴表面蒸发流率得到增强,更易产生足够的燃料蒸气,促进燃烧的进行,从而有助于液滴生存时间的减小。     

燃烧室结构对固液火箭发动机燃烧与流动的影响研究

建立了85%H2O2-PE固液火箭发动机氧化剂H2O2催化分解、PE燃料热解以及热解气体与氧化剂分解气体扩散燃烧的综合模型,计算了固液火箭发动机燃烧室轴对称二维内流场,对不同结构燃烧室内流场的计算结果进行了对比,研究了补燃室和氧化剂入口突扩结构对发动机燃烧性能的影响.结果表明,增加氧化剂入口突扩段有利于发动机稳定工作和充分燃烧,增加补燃室长度可以提高发动机平均燃烧温度,使燃烧更加充分.     

RBCC混合燃烧模式下燃料喷注位置对燃烧性能影响研究

通过数值模拟发现,喷注位置前移有利于改善燃烧性能。为了更加细化探讨,在直连式实验台上进行了进一步的实验研究,研究了RBCC混合燃烧模式中燃料喷注位置对燃烧性能的影响。实验中,详细比较了相同实验条件、不同喷注位置条件下燃烧室压强及燃烧性能。实验发现,在燃烧室前端进行燃料喷注,有利于提高燃烧室压强,提高发动机比冲。可见,燃料提前喷注加强了燃料与火箭羽焰剪切层的掺混,且火箭羽焰对燃料的雾化蒸发效果更佳,使得燃料的燃烧性能得到更大提升,从而提高发动机性能。     

Buoyancy effects on smoldering combustion

A theoretical and experimental study is carried out to determine the effect of buoyancy on the rate of spread of a cocurrent smolder reaction through a porous combustible material. Since buoyant forces are proportional to the product g(_gi − _g), they can be controlled experimentally by varying either the gravitational acceleration, g, or the density difference, _gi − _g. The latter approach was followed in the present work. Measurements are performed of the smolder spread rate through porous α-cellulose (0.83 void fraction) as a function of the ambient air pressure. The experiments are carried out in a pressure vessel for ambient pressures ranging from 0.5 to 1.2 atm. The rate of spread was obtained from the temperature histories of thermocouples placed at fixed intervals along the fuel centerline. The smolder velocity was found to increase as the ambient pressure was increased. Extinction was found to occur when the buoyancy forces could not overcome the drag forces, indicating that at least for the present experimental conditions transport by diffusion cannot, by itself, support the spread of a smolder reaction. This conclusion is particularly important for outer space conditions where gravity and consequently buoyancy could be negligible. In the analysis, which assumes one-dimensional processes, the transport equations are solved to give the smolder spread rate as a function of the inlet oxygen mass flux. This mass flux is then estimated by balancing buoyancy and drag forces. Assuming that the smolder chemical reaction is only weakly dependent on pressure, the analysis finally predicts a smolder velocity dependence of the form v Y_oig²_gi Pa², i.e. is proportional to the ambient pressure squared. Good qualitative agreement is found between the theoretical predictions and the experimental results.     

Problems of providing completeness of the methane-containing block-jet combustion in a rocket-ramjet engine's combustion chamber

Some problems of methane-containing hydrocarbon fuel combustion are discussed. It seems that reduction of methane burnout zone length is one from main problems of designing new type engine. It is very important at the creation of combustion chambers of a rocket-ramjet engine for prospective space shuttle launch vehicles.     

燃气喷射角度对含硼固体火箭超燃冲压发动机补燃室燃烧效率的影响

固体火箭燃气超燃冲压发动机具有高比冲、结构简单、流量易调节等优点,然而在超音速空气流的补燃室中,如何让燃料更好地与空气掺混,增加颗粒停留时间,在较短时间内释放出更多的燃烧焓成为目前研究的重点。采用Realiazble k-ε湍流模型,单步涡团耗散模型,在King的硼颗粒点火燃烧模型的基础上考虑了硼颗粒在高速气流当中的气动剥离效应,利用龙格-库塔算法迭代计算硼颗粒点火燃烧过程,对燃气进气方向与轴向夹角从45°~180°的10种进气方式下的补燃室进行了三维两相燃烧流动计算,分析了各种进气角下的燃气燃烧效率、硼颗粒燃烧效率以及总燃烧效率。结果表明:当一次燃气喷射角度与轴向夹角逐渐增加时,燃气与颗粒燃烧效率逐渐增加,并在180°时燃烧效率和比冲为最高。     

Non-equilibrium diffusion combustion of a fuel droplet

A mathematical model for the non-equilibrium combustion of droplets in rocket engines is developed. This model allows to determine the divergence of combustion rate for the equilibrium and non-equilibrium model. Criterion for droplet combustion deviation from equilibrium is introduced. It grows decreasing droplet radius, accommodation coefficient, temperature and decreases on decreasing diffusion coefficient. Also divergence from equilibrium increases on reduction of droplet radius.Droplet burning time essentially increases under non-equilibrium conditions. Comparison of theoretical and experimental data shows that to have adequate solution for small droplets it is necessary to use the non-equilibrium model.     

The influence of pressure on combustion intensity

The influence of pressure in the range of 3–15 kgf/cm² on combustion intensity is studied experimentally in a medium-sized rig. The apparatus is described and temperature measurements by different thermocouple techniques are discussed; gas composition was monitored by gas chromatography. The experiments were performed at different cross sections allowing to map temperatures and gas concentrations. The results show that temperature and carbon dioxide concentration increase more rapidly as the pressure is raised. Carbon monoxide appears as an intermediate and is concentrated near the combustion axis. The combustion zone becomes shorter with increasing pressure and the combustion intensity increases correspondingly.     

The turbulent combustion of a propane-air mixture

This paper models the combustion of a turbulent homogeneous mixture of propane and air within a duct having a stationary one-dimensional mean flow. The Bray-Moss model is applied to the closure of the chemical production terms, using a probability density function (pdf) of the temperature which is chosen as the characteristic variable. Under the conditions chosen for the study, chemical kinetic factors are important and the conventional assumption, that heat release is controlled by turbulent mixing, is not valid. The chemical model of Edelman and Fortune for the combustion of hydrocarbons is used and simplifying assumptions are made which reduce the systems of unknowns to that of the temperature alone. This leads to the introduction of two chemical production terms which are defined respectively in a “delay zone”, where the heat release is modest, and a “combustion zone”. The required equations for the Favre-averaged temperature, turbulence kinetic energy and the mean square fluctuation of the temperature are solved numerically. In the delay zone, a comparison is made between a second order Borghi type closure and the pdf closure. Good agreement is found in the case of relatively small turbulence intensity. It is shown that the pdf formulation does not require the two zones to be spatially distinct. Differing chemical source terms can be discriminated instantaneously by the reaction progress variable and contributions to the average production terms appropriately apportioned by its pdf. Predictions are made of the profiles of mean temperature and mean square fluctuation under different initial turbulence levels.     

Two-phase flow effect on hybrid rocket combustion

This study numerically explores the aerodynamic and combustion processes in a hybrid rocket combustor, under a two-phase turbulent flow environment, considering the evaporation, combustion and drag of droplet and droplet ignition criterion. The predictions of temperature, reaction mode, reactant mass fraction, velocity, oxidizer consumption, fuel regression and droplet number distribution enhance understanding of the two-phase combustion aerodynamics inside the combustor. A parametric study of the inlet spray pattern, including spray cone angle, spray injection velocity and droplet size, is performed to improve the operation of reactant mixing and higher fuel regression rate. Analytical results indicate that both the oxidizer consumption and the fuel regression increase with increasing spray cone angle and spray injection velocity in the practical range of operation. However, for stoichiometric operation, the superior spray cone angle is within 20–60°, and spray injection velocity within 20–40 m/s, under a volume-mean droplet radius of 50 μm. The power dependence of solid-fuel regression on total mass flux is found to decrease with rising of droplet mean size.