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1.
Oxygen Isotopes in the Solar System 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The oxygen three-isotope system has major advantages over the two-isotope systems of hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen because
different fractionation laws govern intraplanetary and interplanetary processes. This permits discriminating between solar
nebular processes and parent-body processes. Oxygen isotopes also serve as a sensitive natural tracer for meteorite classification.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Space Science Reviews - The two isotopes of nitrogen, 14N and 15N, have relative abundances extremely variable among solar system reservoirs such as planets and their atmospheres, primitive and... 相似文献
3.
Donald V. Reames 《Space Science Reviews》1998,85(1-2):327-340
In the large solar energetic particle (SEP) events, coronal mass ejections (CMEs) drive shock waves out through the corona
that accelerate elements of the ambient material to MeV energies in a fairly democratic, temperature-independent manner. These
events provide the most complete source of information on element abundances in the corona. Relative abundances of 22 elements
from H through Zn display the well-known dependence on the first ionization potential (FIP) that distinguishes coronal and
photospheric material. For most elements, the main abundance variations depend upon the gyrofrequency, and hence on the charge-to-mass
ratio, Q/A, of the ion. Abundance variations in the dominant species, H and He, are not Q/A dependent, presumably because
of non-linear wave-particle interactions of H and He during acceleration. Impulsive flares provide a different sample of material
that confirms the Ne:Mg:Si and He/C abundances in the corona.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
现代的大型客机巡航高度一般都在万米以上,坚固的机身和增压系统可以保证乘客在这样的高度自由自在地生活。一旦发生飞机客舱失密或增压系统故障等意外事故,使客舱内的空气压力、氧气浓度不能满足人体正常生活所需,机载的氧气系统就会开始工作,释放出氧气,维持乘客的生命。 相似文献
5.
V. S. Heber R. C. Wiens D. B. Reisenfeld J. H. Allton H. Baur D. S. Burnett C. T. Olinger U. Wiechert R. Wieler 《Space Science Reviews》2007,130(1-4):309-316
The concentrator on Genesis provided samples of increased fluences of solar wind ions for precise determination of the oxygen
isotopic composition. The concentration process caused mass fractionation as a function of the radial target position. This
fractionation was measured using Ne released by UV laser ablation and compared with modelled Ne data, obtained from ion-trajectory
simulations. Measured data show that the concentrator performed as expected and indicate a radially symmetric concentration
process. Measured concentration factors are up to ∼30 at the target centre. The total range of isotopic fractionation along
the target radius is 3.8%/amu, with monotonically decreasing 20Ne/22Ne towards the centre, which differs from model predictions. We discuss potential reasons and propose future attempts to overcome
these disagreements. 相似文献
6.
O. Witasse T. Cravens M. Mendillo J. Moses A. Kliore A. F. Nagy T. Breus 《Space Science Reviews》2008,139(1-4):235-265
This article reviews our understanding of the ionospheres in the solar system. It provides some basic information on the sources and sinks of the ionospheric plasma, its dynamics, the energetics and the coupling to the neutral atmosphere. Ionospheres in the solar system are reviewed and comparative ionospheric topics are discussed. 相似文献
7.
N. Krupp K. K. Khurana L. Iess V. Lainey T. A. Cassidy M. Burger C. Sotin F. Neubauer 《Space Science Reviews》2010,153(1-4):11-59
The outer planets of our solar system Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are fascinating objects on their own. Their intrinsic magnetic fields form magnetic environments (so called magnetospheres) in which charged and neutral particles and dust are produced, lost or being transported through the system. These magnetic environments of the gas giants can be envisaged as huge plasma laboratories in space in which electromagnetic waves, current systems, particle transport mechanisms, acceleration processes and other phenomena act and interact with the large number of moons in orbit around those massive planets. In general it is necessary to describe and study the global environments (magnetospheres) of the gas giants, its global configuration with its large-scale transport processes; and, in combination, to study the local environments of the moons as well, e.g. the interaction processes between the magnetospheric plasma and the exosphere/atmosphere/magnetosphere of the moon acting on time scales of seconds to days. These local exchange processes include also the gravity, shape, rotation, astrometric observations and orbital parameters of the icy moons in those huge systems. It is the purpose of this chapter of the book to describe the variety of the magnetic environments of the outer planets in a broad overview, globally and locally, and to show that those exchange processes can dramatically influence the surfaces and exospheres/atmospheres of the moons and they can also be used as a tool to study the overall physics of systems as a whole. 相似文献
8.
T. G. Slanger T. E. Cravens J. Crovisier S. Miller D. F. Strobel 《Space Science Reviews》2008,139(1-4):267-310
Much of what we know about the atmospheres of the planets and other bodies in the solar system comes from detection of photons over a wide wavelength range, from X-rays to radio waves. In this chapter, we present current information in various categories—measurements of the airglows of the terrestrial planets, the dayglows of the outer planets and satellites, aurora throughout the solar system, observations of cometary spectra, and the emission of X-rays from a variety of planetary bodies. 相似文献
9.
Harald Krüger Markus Landgraf Nicolas Altobelli Eberhard Grün 《Space Science Reviews》2007,130(1-4):401-408
The Ulysses spacecraft has been orbiting the Sun on a highly inclined ellipse almost perpendicular to the ecliptic plane (inclination
79°, perihelion distance 1.3 AU, aphelion distance 5.4 AU) since it encountered Jupiter in 1992. The in situ dust detector
on board continuously measured interstellar dust grains with masses up to 10−13 kg, penetrating deep into the solar system. The flow direction is close to the mean apex of the Sun’s motion through the
solar system and the grains act as tracers of the physical conditions in the local interstellar cloud (LIC). While Ulysses
monitored the interstellar dust stream at high ecliptic latitudes between 3 and 5 AU, interstellar impactors were also measured
with the in situ dust detectors on board Cassini, Galileo and Helios, covering a heliocentric distance range between 0.3 and
3 AU in the ecliptic plane. The interstellar dust stream in the inner solar system is altered by the solar radiation pressure
force, gravitational focussing and interaction of charged grains with the time varying interplanetary magnetic field. We review
the results from in situ interstellar dust measurements in the solar system and present Ulysses’ latest interstellar dust
data. These data indicate a 30° shift in the impact direction of interstellar grains w.r.t. the interstellar helium flow direction,
the reason of which is presently unknown. 相似文献
10.
Traditionally modeling for space science has concentrated on developing simulations for individual components of the solar
terrestrial system. In reality these regions are coupled together. This coupling can be as simple as the driving of the magnetosphere
– ionosphere – thermosphere system by the solar wind or as a complicated as the feedback of the ionospheric conductivity and
currents on the magnetosphere. As part of the CISM project we are beginning a concentrated effort to compressively model the
entire system. This approach includes chains of models. In the first chain physics based numerical models are utilized while
in the second chain empirical models are coupled together. The first half of this paper discusses the numerical modeling approach
by highlighting the coupling of pairs of regions within the system. In the second section we present results from empirical
models which are combined to make long term forecasts of conditions in the geospace environment. It is expected that a validated
and reliable forecast model for space weather can be obtained by combining the strongest elements of each chain. 相似文献
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12.
R. Kallenbach F.M. Ipavich H. Kucharek P. Bochsler A.B. Galvin J. Geiss F. Gliem G. Gloeckler H. Grünwaldt S. Hefti M. Hilchenbach D. Hovestadt 《Space Science Reviews》1998,85(1-2):357-370
Using the high-resolution mass spectrometer CELIAS/MTOF on board SOHO we have measured the solar wind isotope abundance ratios
of Si, Ne, and Mg and their variations in different solar wind regimes with bulk velocities ranging from 330 km/s to 650 km/s.
Data indicate a small systematic depletion of the heavier isotopes in the slow solar wind on the order of (1.4±1.3)% per amu
(2σ-error) compared to their abundances in the fast solar wind from coronal holes. These variations in the solar wind isotopic
composition represent a pure mass-dependent effect because the different isotopes of an element pass the inner corona with
the same charge state distribution. The influence of particle mass on the acceleration of minor solar wind ions is discussed
in the context of theoretical models and recent optical observations with other SOHO instruments.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
Until pristine samples can be returned from cometary nuclei, primitive meteorites represent our best source of information
about organic chemistry in the early solar system. However, this material has been affected by secondary processing on asteroidal
parent bodies which probably did not affect the material now present in cometary nuclei. Production of meteoritic organic
matter apparently involved the following sequence of events: Molecule formation by a variety of reaction pathways in dense
interstellar clouds; Condensation of those molecules onto refractory interstellar grains; Irradiation of organic-rich interstellar-grain
mantles producing a range of molecular fragments and free radicals; Inclusion of those interstellar grains into the protosolar
nebula with probable heating of at least some grain mantles during passage through the shock wave bounding the solar accretion
disc; Agglomeration of residual interstellar grains and locally produced nebular condensates into asteroid-sized planetesimals;
Heating of planetesimals by decay of extinct radionuclides; Melting of ice to produce liquid water within asteroidal bodies;
Reaction of interstellar molecules, fragments and radicals with each other and with the aqueous environment, possibly catalysed
by mineral grains; Loss of water and other volatiles to space yielding a partially hydrated lithology containing a complex
suite of organic molecules; Heating of some of this organic matter to generate a kerogen-like complex; Mixing of heated and
unheated material to yield the meteoritic material now observed. Properties of meteoritic organic matter believed to be consistent
with this scenario include: Systematic decrease of abundance with increasing C number in homologous series of characterisable
molecules; Complete structural diversity within homologous series; Predominance of branched-chain isomers; Considerable isotopic
variability among characterisable molecules and within kerogen-like material; Substantial deuterium enrichment in all organic
fractions; Some fractions significantly enriched in nitrogen-15; Modest excesses of L-enantiomers in some racemisation-resistant
molecules but no general enantiomeric preference. Despite much speculation about the possible role of Fischer-Tropsch catalytic
hydrogenation of CO in production of organic molecules in the solar nebula, no convincing evidence for such material has been
found in meteorites. A similarity between some meteoritic organics and those produced by Miller-Urey discharge synthesis may
reflect involvement of common intermediates rather than the operation of electric discharges in the early solar system. Meteoritic
organic matter constitutes a useful, but not exact, guide to what we shall find with in situ analytical and sample-return
missions to cometary nuclei.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Vesta and Ceres: Crossing the History of the Solar System 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The evolution of the Solar System can be schematically divided into three different phases: the Solar Nebula, the Primordial Solar System and the Modern Solar System. These three periods were characterized by very different conditions, both from the point of view of the physical conditions and from that of the processes there were acting through them. Across the Solar Nebula phase, planetesimals and planetary embryos were forming and differentiating due to the decay of short-lived radionuclides. At the same time, giant planets formed their cores and accreted the nebular gas to reach their present masses. After the gas dispersal, the Primordial Solar System began its evolution. In the inner Solar System, planetary embryos formed the terrestrial planets and, in combination with the gravitational perturbations of the giant planets, depleted the residual population of planetesimals. In the outer Solar System, giant planets underwent a violent, chaotic phase of orbital rearrangement which caused the Late Heavy Bombardment. Then the rapid and fierce evolution of the young Solar System left place to the more regular secular evolution of the Modern Solar System. Vesta, through its connection with HED meteorites, and plausibly Ceres too were between the first bodies to form in the history of the Solar System. Here we discuss the timescale of their formation and evolution and how they would have been affected by their passage through the different phases of the history of the Solar System, in order to draw a reference framework to interpret the data that Dawn mission will supply on them. 相似文献
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Charged molecular clusters, traditionally called small ions, carry electric currents in atmospheres. Charged airborne particles, or aerosol ions, play an important role in generation and evolution of atmospheric aerosols. Growth of ions depends on the trace gas content, which is highly variable in the time and space. Even at sub-ppb concentrations, electrically active organic compounds (e.g. pyridine derivatives) can affect the ion composition and size. The size and mobility are closely related, although the form of the relationship varies depending on the critical diameter, which, at 273 K, is about 1.6 nm. For ions smaller than this the separation of quantum levels exceeds the average thermal energy, allowing use of a molecular aggregate model for the size-mobility relation. For larger ions the size-mobility relation approaches the Stokes-Cunningham-Millikan law. The lifetime of a cluster ion in the terrestrial lower atmosphere is about one minute, determined by the balance between ion production rate, ion-ion recombination, and ion-aerosol attachment. 相似文献
18.
Dehant Veronique Debaille Vinciane Dobos Vera Gaillard Fabrice Gillmann Cedric Goderis Steven Grenfell John Lee Höning Dennis Javaux Emmanuelle J. Karatekin Özgür Morbidelli Alessandro Noack Lena Rauer Heike Scherf Manuel Spohn Tilman Tackley Paul Van Hoolst Tim Wünnemann Kai 《Space Science Reviews》2019,215(6):1-48
Space Science Reviews - This paper reviews habitability conditions for a terrestrial planet from the point of view of geosciences. It addresses how interactions between the interior of a planet or... 相似文献
19.
L. Bengtsson 《Space Science Reviews》2006,125(1-4):187-197
The climate response to changes in radiative forcing depends crucially on climate feedback processes, with the consequence
that solar and greenhouse gas forcing have both similar response patterns in the troposphere. This circumstance complicates
significantly the attribution of the causes of climate change. Additionally, the climate system displays a high level of unforced
intrinsic variability, and significant variations in the climate of many parts of the world are due to internal processes.
Such internal modes contribute significantly to the variability of climate system on various time scales, and thus compete
with external forcing in explaining the origin of past climate extremes. This highlights the need for independent observations
of solar forcing including long-term consistent observational records of the total and spectrally resolved solar irradiance.
The stratospheric response to solar forcing is different from its response to greenhouse gas forcing, thus suggesting that
stratospheric observations could offer the best target for the identification of the specific influence of solar forcing on
climate. 相似文献