原点误差对发射方位角及弹道精度的影响分析

发射原点是飞行器试验中非常重要的参数,在某些特殊试验中,发射原点往往是不能准确给出的,为此,本文详细推导了发射原点误差对发射方位角和弹道精度的影响公式。仿真计算结果证明,原点误差对发射方位角影响较大,而原点误差和发射方位角误差的共同作用对发射系下的弹道精度影响很大,对于此类高精度的飞行器试验必须考虑原点误差对弹道精度的影响。     

基于外测弹道数据的后效误差分析及折合

本文提出了一种利用外测弹道数据特性判断后效段时间,进行后效误差分析的方法。在后效误差分析的基础上,将试验外测弹道后效段速度参数的变化量从发射坐标系转换到弹体系下,直接转化为折合弹道的速度变化量,由此可进行后效误差折合。     

Trajectory Estimation with Multi-range-rate System Based on Sparse Representation and Spline Model Optimization

The classic state methods for trajectory estimation in boost phase with multi-range-rate system include method of point-by-point manner and that of spline-model-based manner. Both are deficient in terms of model-approximation accuracy and systematic error determination thus resulting in the estimation errors well beyond the requirements, especially, concerning the maneuvering trajectory. This article proposes a new high-precision estimation approach based on the residual error analysis. The residual error comprises three components, i. e. systematic error, model truncation error and random error. The approach realizes self-adaptive estimation of systematic errors in measurements following the theory of sparse representation of signals to minimize the low-frequency components of residual errors. By taking median- and high-frequency components as indexes, the spline model-approximation is improved by optimizing node sequence of the spline function and the weight selection for data fusion through iteration. Simulation has validated the performances of the proposed method.     

基于超短基线声传感器阵的高速目标轨迹估计

针对低空高速飞行目标跟踪问题,首先研究了某典型目标噪声信号的时频特性,发现其信号呈现宽带低频特征,难以从频域对目标轨迹进行估计。在此基础上,从各路接收信号的到达时延量入手,考虑到声基阵只能布设于有限空间内的制约,提出了一种基于超短基线阵时延估计的目标跟踪方法。该方法利用各个超短基线阵接收声强极值点分别估计目标运动轨迹垂线方向,计算多个垂线的叉乘向量实现对目标运动方向的估计,再利用多面交汇的方式获估计得到目标运动轨迹。分别对目标俯仰角、方位角及运动轨迹估计的理论误差进行了推导,根据理论估计误差,为能够实现对目标运动轨迹的估计,各个超短基线阵应尽量保证与目标运动轨迹不在同一平面上。根据仿真结果,在采用4个传感器基阵时,角度估计平均误差在4°以内,位置估计相对误差在5%左右。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

可重复使用飞行器导航制导控制技术展望

针对当前可重复使用飞行器的发展现状,总结了其特点、优势和发展趋势.通过飞行任务,分析了可重复使用飞行器所面临的复杂环境特性和飞行控制特性.从飞行控制角度出发,概括了可重复使用飞行器导航制导控制所面临的技术挑战,包括高精度导航技术、多约束航迹优化技术、再入段和能量管理段的制导技术以及强耦合强不确定强鲁棒姿态控制技术等.最后,针对技术挑战,对可重复使用飞行器导航制导控制技术提出了若干建议.     

纬度未知条件下捷联惯导系统晃动基座的初始对准

针对纬度未知条件下捷联惯导系统(SINS)晃动基座的初始对准问题,提出晃动基座下的纬度估计算法和初始对准方法。前者通过惯性坐标系下两个不同时刻的重力加速度向量的夹角来求取纬度;后者利用惯性坐标系下的姿态更新来实时地反映载体在晃动干扰下的姿态变化,结合初始姿态的最优估计实现初始对准。理论分析表明,本文提出的纬度估计算法的误差主要由加速度计误差决定,陀螺误差和晃动干扰对其影响很小。仿真结果表明,本文提出的纬度估计算法和初始对准方法适用于纬度未知条件下晃动基座的初始对准。     

可重复使用运载器连续推力轨迹回转机动方法研究

针对可重复使用运载器(RLV)原场返回过程中所面临的轨迹回转问题,提出了一种在亚轨道高度进行姿态调整并使飞行轨迹回转、指向发射场方向的机动方法.在RLV与上面级分离之后,利用RLV自身推力抵消背离发射场速度,最终使RLV飞行方向指向发射场并进入再入返回阶段.采用连续推力方案,利用最优控制理论推导得出满足轨迹回转终端要求的机动指令.仿真结果表明,该方法能够实现RLV与上面级分离后轨迹迅速回转,可为之后的返回原发射场提供保障.     

机动弹道对抗导弹防御系统的效能分析

为了研究机动弹道对抗导弹防御系统的突防效能,梳理了弹道导弹防御系统的组成与作战流程,通过剖析系统的信息流向与处理过程,提炼出机动弹道突防导弹防御系统的机理,即采用机动弹道可使导弹预警信息处理能力下降,从而破坏、瘫痪导弹防御系统,实现导弹的有效突防.通过仿真滑翔机动弹道和椭圆弹道,并对计算的跟踪弧段、弹道估计和预报误差进行比较,结果表明：采用机动弹道,观测弧段压缩44％,弹道估计误差增大数倍,有效预报时间大大缩短.因此,采用机动弹道是导弹突防的一种有效手段.     

Centralized and distributed multisensor integration withuncertainties in communication networks

Algorithms in which each sensor is represented in a local coordinate system and the communication networks between sensors have uncertainties are considered. The algorithms are general and can be applied to various integration tasks. The effects of the communication network uncertainties are minimized in the local estimation and central fusion processes. In the centralized multisensor integration, the local measurements and local measurement models are transferred to the central coordinate system and the optimal integration is obtained at the central process. In contrast, the local measurements, together with the previous central estimate transmitted from the communication network, are locally processed in the distributed multisensor integration algorithm. Because the distributed algorithm uses the communication networks twice, more errors are introduced, so that when the uncertainties are large, the centralized algorithm is preferred. Although the algorithms are developed in the three-dimensional coordinate system, with straightforward extension they can be applied to N-dimensional coordinate systems     

Switched adaptive active disturbance rejection control of variable structure near space vehicles based on adaptive dynamic programming

Based on the switched nonlinear system, a switched adaptive Active Disturbance Rejection Control(ADRC) law is proposed for the Variable Structure Near Space Vehicle(VSNSV) with unknown uncertainties and external disturbances. The reduced-order Extended State Observers(ESOs) are constructed for the attitude angle system and the angular rate system to estimate the total disturbance in real time. With the extended state introduced to counteract the effects of uncertainties and disturbances, a systematic procedure is presented for the synthesis of the switched adaptive ADRC strategy. Rigorous proof shows that the estimation errors of the reduced-order ESOs would converge to a small neighborhood of zero in finite time, and that the output of the closedloop system can track a given signal stably for a class of switching signals with average dwell time via the proposed approach. The variable gain control strategy based on Adaptive Dynamic Programming(ADP) with the actor-critic structure is also designed to improve the dynamic performance of the system. Simulation results verify the effectiveness and advantage of the proposed control scheme.     

New Horizons Mission Design

In the first mission to Pluto, the New Horizons spacecraft was launched on January 19, 2006, and flew by Jupiter on February 28, 2007, gaining a significant speed boost from Jupiter’s gravity assist. After a 9.5-year journey, the spacecraft will encounter Pluto on July 14, 2015, followed by an extended mission to the Kuiper Belt objects for the first time. The mission design for New Horizons went through more than five years of numerous revisions and updates, as various mission scenarios regarding routes to Pluto and launch opportunities were investigated in order to meet the New Horizons mission’s objectives, requirements, and goals. Great efforts have been made to optimize the mission design under various constraints in each of the key aspects, including launch window, interplanetary trajectory, Jupiter gravity-assist flyby, Pluto–Charon encounter with science measurement requirements, and extended mission to the Kuiper Belt and beyond. Favorable encounter geometry, flyby trajectory, and arrival time for the Pluto–Charon encounter were found in the baseline design to enable all of the desired science measurements for the mission. The New Horizons mission trajectory was designed as a ballistic flight from Earth to Pluto, and all energy and the associated orbit state required for arriving at Pluto at the desired time and encounter geometry were computed and specified in the launch targets. The spacecraft’s flight thus far has been extremely efficient, with the actual trajectory error correction ΔV being much less than the budgeted amount.     

Integrated Entry Guidance for Reusable Launch Vehicle

A method for the implementation of integrated three-degree-of-freedom constrained entry guidance for reusable launch vehicle is presented. Given any feasible entry conditions, terminal area energy management interface conditions, and the reference trajectory generated onboard then, the method can generate a longitudinal guidance profile rapidly, featuring linear quadratic regular method and a proportional-integral-derivative tracking law with time-varying gains, which satisfies all the entry corridor constraints and meets the requirements with high precision. Afterwards, by utilizing special features of crossrange parameter, establishing bank-reversal corridor, and determining bank-reversals according to dynamically adjusted method, the algorithm enables the lateral entry guidance system to fly a wide range of missions and provides reliable and good performance in the presence of significant aerodynamic modeling uncertainty. Fast trajectory guidance profiles and simulations with a reusable launch vehicle model for various missions and aerodynamic uncertain-ties are presented to demonstrate the capacity and reliability of this method.     

标准轨迹制导中准平衡滑翔条件优化研究

对于可重复使用运载器标准轨迹再入制导,准平衡滑翔条件可以将高度-速度平面内各项再入约束形成的飞行走廊,转换为倾侧角-速度空间内的倾侧角走廊.通过在倾侧角走廊内设计倾侧角曲线,可以生成满足飞行走廊的标准轨迹.通过论证标准轨迹再入制导过程中的准平衡滑翔条件及其物理意义,说明了由倾侧角走廊内的倾侧角曲线生成的标准轨迹,存在突破再入飞行走廊边界的可能性.通过对倾侧角走廊边界设置余度,极大地降低了标准轨迹突破再入飞行走廊边界的可能性,提高了标准轨迹的设计成功率.     

Minimax Approach to Trajectory Optimization of Multistage Launch Vehicles

An optimum pitch steering program is developed, using a minimax technique, for a multistage launch vehicle in the presence of large parameter uncertainties. The uncertainties are characterized by deterministic bounds on the respective parameters. The pitch steering program is obtained by maximizing two independent scalar performance ance indexes. 1) the coast apogee velocity for a specified altitude; 2) the perigee of the satellite orbit. The product of dynamic pressure and angle of attack is constrained so as to minimize the structural loads during the atmospheric flight. The values of the uncertain parameters are determined by minimizing the same performance indexes in order to achieve a worst case design. The existence of saddle point solution to this class of problems is shown using the techniques of differential game theory. The conjugate gradient algorithm has been used for computer er aided design of the minimax technique.     

Accurate single-observer passive coherent location estimation based on TDOA and DOA

This paper investigates the problem of target position estimation with a single-observer passive coherent location(PCL) system. An approach that combines angle with time difference of arrival(ATDOA) is used to estimate the location of a target. Compared with the TDOA-only method which needs two steps, the proposed method estimates the target position more directly. The constrained total least squares(CTLS) technique is applied in this approach. It achieves the Cramer–Rao lower bound(CRLB) when the parameter measurements are subject to small Gaussian-distributed errors. Performance analysis and the CRLB of this approach are also studied. Theory verifies that the ATDOA method gets a lower CRLB than the TDOA-only method with the same TDOA measuring error. It can also be seen that the position of the target affects estimating precision.At the same time, the locations of transmitters affect the precision and its gradient direction.Compared with the TDOA, the ATDOA method can obtain more precise target position estimation.Furthermore, the proposed method accomplishes target position estimation with a single transmitter,while the TDOA-only method needs at least four transmitters to get the target position. Furthermore,the transmitters' position errors also affect precision of estimation regularly.     

遥测接收站火焰衰减计算模型及应用

火焰衰减是运载火箭遥测系统设计及地面测站布站须重点考虑的问题.以火焰衰减对遥测地面站接收信号的影响为出发点,推导了火焰夹角与测站位置及火箭俯仰角之间的数学关系式,在此基础上依据已有的火焰夹角与火焰衰减关系模型,设计了理论弹道全程中地面测站火焰衰减量的计算程序.以某型遥测设备的接收信道链路为依据,在实际任务中对火焰衰减模型进行验证,结果证实模型具有一定的准确性,并在此基础上分析火焰衰减对遥测地面站某型变频器参数设置的影响,确定了实际任务中更加合理的变频器参数.     

TSTO运载器一级返场轨迹优化设计与在线生成

对水平起降两级入轨（TSTO）运载器一子级返场轨迹优化和轨迹在线生成问题进行了研究。首先，给出了较独特的一子级再入轨迹设计策略：先给定侧向剖面，再分段优化求解三维轨迹。针对返场过程的大幅转向需求，设计了形式简单的倾侧角-航向角偏差剖面，并定义了具有不同任务的航向转弯段和航向微调段；针对一子级宽速域气动变化显著特点，为避免轨迹跳跃，定义了增高减速段和下降滑翔段，并采用分段优化策略求解三维轨迹。其次，针对分离扰动造成的一子级初始状态偏差，扩展了自适应高维伪谱插值（AMPI）算法的参数空间，并将其应用于返场轨迹在线生成问题。仿真结果表明，设计的倾侧角剖面能够在倾侧角不翻转的前提下调整飞行航向对准着陆场，设计的分段优化策略能够保证高度曲线平稳无跳跃，采用的自适应高维伪谱插值算法能够在分离扰动影响下快速准确地实现在线轨迹生成。     

初始投放条件对内埋式导弹分离轨迹的影响

采用有限体积法对欧拉方程进行离散,耦合求解六自由度运动方程,运用非结构动网格技术计算了导弹在三种不同初始条件下从三维开式弹穴中投放后的分离轨迹和姿态变化情况,分析了各种现象产生的原因,给出了较为理想的内埋式导弹发射方式。     

非线性变结构解耦控制及对再入飞行器的应用

讨论了一类非线性系统的变结构解耦控制在再入飞行器的应用,变结构解耦控制号输入输出线性比相结合得到的控制规律,可对象模型的不确定有鲁棒性,对于再入飞行器再入段存在的多变量非线性和参数不确定,应用了相应的变结构解耦控制的方法,讨论了其滑模面的构造方法和解耦控制条件,在姿态控制中保证了姿态跟踪期望值,在轨迹跟踪中,设计了内外回路在控制律,内回路运用变结构解耦控制保持姿态稳定,外回路通过设计比例微分控制保     

鲁棒EKF在脉冲星导航系统中的应用

针对脉冲星导航系统的滤波问题,传统的扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)算法存在不能克服系统模型存在不确定性参数以及乘性噪声等缺陷,提出一种鲁棒EKF算法。首先,分析了状态预测误差方程和估计误差方程,利用统计学原理,得到了状态预测方差矩阵和状态估计方差矩阵计算等式。由于系统模型存在不确定性参数,状态预测协方差矩阵和状态估计协方差矩阵无法计算;因此,利用4个重要矩阵不等式,分析并找到预测方差矩阵和状态估计方差矩阵的上界。最后,利用状态估计误差协方差矩阵上界设计状态增益矩阵,使得状态估计协方差矩阵的迹最小。将该算法对脉冲星导航系统进行仿真,仿真结果验证了所提算法的有效性。