恋恋不舍和平号

难说再见尽管俄罗斯和平号空间站已超期服役达10年之久,并且早就老态龙钟,“病魔”缠身,事故不断,但是人们,尤其是俄罗斯人仍对它情有独钟,难以割舍,多次延长其寿命。今年初,俄罗斯国家杜马投票通过决议,要求普京总统停止实施和平号空间站坠毁计划。国家杜马主席在给普京的一封公开信中说,美国部署国家导弹防御(NMD)系统的计划,使俄美     

综览ABM、TMD、NMD与MTCR(上)

近年来,《限制反弹道导弹系统条约》(简称《反弹道导弹条约》,ABM)、战区导弹防御(TMD)系统、国家导弹防御(NMD)系统与导弹技术控制制度(MTCR)等,已成为美国、俄罗斯等国家制定导弹与军事航天     

NMD系统进行第12次拦截试验

一、NMD系统进行第第12次拦截试验 美国东部时间2007年9月28日下午4时24分,美国"国家导弹防御系统"(NMD)进行了第12次导弹拦截试验.美国国防部导弹防御局(MDA)在30分钟后宣布导弹拦截试验在太平洋海域获得成功.这是美国NMD系统在2007年5月导弹拦截试验失败后进行的又一次试验.     

综览ABM、TMD、NMD与MTCR(上)

近年来,《限制反弹道导弹系统条约》(简称《反弹道导弹条约》,ABM)、战区导弹防御(TMD)系统、国家导弹防御(NMD)系统与导弹技术控制制度(MTCR)等,已成为美国、俄罗斯等国家制定导弹与军事航天政策、发展战略与规划的核心和重要方面。在此将其主要内容、历史背景、演革历程...     

俄军发射导弹为总统壮行

１１月１日俄罗斯战略导弹部队成功地进行了一次RS－１２M“白杨”洲际弹道导弹发射试验。导弹从普列谢茨克国家航天试验基地发射升空，飞行７０００多公里后，准确地命中了位于远东勘察加半岛试验基地的目标。值得注意的是，１０月３０日美国国家安全顾问赖斯刚刚表示，俄罗斯决定不再反对美国就“国家导弹防御”（NMD）系统所进行的一系列拦截试验；１１月３日美国副国务卿伯尔顿又与国防部长拉姆斯菲尔德一同抵达莫斯科，同俄国防部长谢尔盖·伊万诺夫就导弹防御和削减核武器问题展开新一轮谈判，并为原定于１１月１３日的美俄首脑峰…     

知识资料窗

美国国家导弹防御系统简介由于弹道导弹技术在世界范围内的广为扩散 ,越来越多的国家已经拥有或正在发展弹道导弹。美国认为 ,在近期内 ,会有一些所谓的“无赖”国家向美发射少量简单的洲际弹道导弹。如何对付袭击美国的弹道导弹 ,成了美国人的一块心病。为此美国从 1996年开始实施国家导弹防御系统(NMD)反导计划。NMD计划旨在部署一种可拦截数枚射向美国的洲际弹道导弹的系统。该系统应有较好的费效比 ,能有效地使用并符合反导条约。按计划 ,先用 3年的时间研制成功 NMD,再用 3年的时间进行部署。NMD的系统组成NMD系统包括陆基拦截弹…     

NMD近期试验与实现技术评述--急忙造"盾"为哪般?

布什新一届政府上台伊始,就宣布部署国家导弹防御(NMD)系统,其速度之快,出人预料.回答了美国急忙制造反导盾牌的险恶用心之所在,同时也说明了世界上没有百分之百的事物,NMD系统也不例外,其难点何在?     

对抗NMD／TMD的技术

国家导弹防御系统(NMD)和战区导弹防御系统(TMD)一起构成了美国的弹道导弹防御系统。简要介绍了NMD/TMD的构成,讨论了有效的对抗技术,研究了电子战系统对NMD/TMD的信息攻击手段。     

知识资料窗

美国国家导弹防御系统简介由于弹道导弹技术在世界范围内的广为扩散,越来越多的国家已经拥有或正在发展弹道导弹。美国认为,在近期内,会有一些所谓的“无赖”国家向美发射少量简单的洲际弹道导弹。如何对付袭击美国的弹道导弹,成了美国人的一块心病。为此美国从1996年开始实施国家导弹防御系统(NMD)反导计划。NMD 计划旨在部署一种可拦截数枚射向美国的洲际弹道导弹的系统。该系统应有较好的费效比,能有效地使用并符合反导条约。按计划,先用3年的时间研制成功 NMD,再用3年的时间进行部署。NMD 的系统组成NMD 系统包括陆基拦截弹,一部陆基 X 波段相控阵雷     

美国NMD系统进行第13次拦截试验

一、NMD系统进行第13次拦截试验 美国东部时间2008年12月5日下午3时29分（北京时间12月6日凌晨4时29分）,美国国家导弹防御系统（NMD）进行了第13次导弹拦截试验。美国防部发言人在30分钟后宣布．一次“接近于实战”的远程洲际弹道导弹拦截试验在太平洋海域获得成功。这是美国NMD系统在奥巴马新政府上台之前进行的首次远程导弹拦截试验,因此备受国际社会瞩目。     

ADS-B在美国

美国是“广播式自动相关监视”(ADS-B)技术研究和应用的先行者之一。继1991年,瑞典首次成功利用飞行座舱显示器(CDTI)演示ADS-B功能之后,美国从1992年就开始在芝加哥的O’Hare机场开展ADS-B技术的早期应用研究。进入21世纪,美国首先在阿拉斯加地区通用航空飞机上推广应用ADS-B技术。2002年,美国联邦航空局FAA终于出台了ADS-B数据链发展政策以及支持ADS-B技术发展的规划蓝图。一、美国的AD S-B技术发展规划(一)近期规划:(2002年—2006年)(1)定义ADS-B最初发展阶段的国内技术系统底层结构;(2)允许“袖珍型”(不具备上行广播…     

Summary of medical investigations in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions.

The results of biomedical investigations carried out in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions are discussed. Their basic result is well-documented evidence that man can perform space flights of long duration. The investigations have demonstrated no direct correlation between inflight or postflight physiological reactions of crewmembers and flight duration. In all likelihood, this can be attributed to the fact that special exercises done inflight efficiently prevented adverse effects of weightlessness. However, human reactions to weightlessness need further study. They include negative calcium balance and anemia as well as vestibulo-autonomic disorders shown by crewmembers at early stages of weightlessness. Attention should be given to psychological, social-psychological and ethical problems that may also limit further increase in flight duration.     

U.S. biological experiments in space.

Past U.S. space biological experiments in space, using non-human specimens, are discussed and evaluated. Current plans for future experimentation in this field are also given.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems based on the C.E.B.A.S. biotechnology

Most concepts for bioregenerative life support systems are based on edible higher land plants which create some problems with growth and seed generation under space conditions. Animal protein production is mostly neglected because of the tremendous waste management problems with tetrapods under reduced weightlessness. Therefore, the “Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System” (C.E.B.A.S.) was developed which represents an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing aquatic organisms which are adpated at all to “near weightlessness conditions” (fishes Xiphophorus helleri, water snails Biomphalaria glabrata, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the rootless non-gravitropic edible water plant Ceratophyllum demersum). Basically the C.E.B.A.S. consists of 4 subsystems: a ZOOLOGICASL COMPONENT (animal aquarium), a BOTANICAL COMPONENT (aquatic plant bioreactor), a MICROBIAL COMPONENT (bacteria filter) and an ELECTRONICAL COMPONENT (data acquisition and control unit). Superficially, the function principle appears simple: the plants convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis thus producing biomass and oxygen. The animals and microorganisms use the oxygen for respiration and produce the carbon dioxide which is essential for plant photosynthesis. The ammonia ions excreted by the animals are converted by the bacteria to nitrite and then to nitrate ions which serve as a nitrogen source for the plants. Other essential ions derive from biological degradation of animal waste products and dead organic matter. The C.E.B.A.S. exists in 2 basic versions: the original C.E.B.A.S. with a volume of 150 liters and a self-sustaining standing time of more than 13 month and the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE with a volume of about 8.5 liters. In the latter there is no closed food loop by reasons of available space so that animal food has to be provided via an automated feeder. This device was flown already successfully on the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions and the working hypothesis was verified that aquatic organisms are nearly not affected at all by space conditions, i . e. that the plants exhibited biomass production rates identical to the ground controls and that as well the reproductive, and the immune system as the the embryonic and ontogenic development of the animals remained undisturbed. Currently the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODLULE is prepared for a third spaceshuttle fligt (STS-107) in spring 2001. Based on the results of the space experiments a series of prototypes of aquatic food production modules for the implementation into BLSS were developed. This paper describes the scientific disposition of the STS-107 experiments and of open and closed aquaculture systems based on another aquatic plant species, the Lemnacean Wolffia arrhiza which is cultured as a vegetable in Southeastern Asia. This plant can be grown in suspension culture and several special bioreactors were developed for this purpose. W. arrhiza reproduces mainly vegetatively by buds but also sexually from time to time and is therefore especially suitable for genetic engineering, too. Therefore it was used, in addition, to optimize the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE to allow experiments with a duration of 4 month in the International Space Station the basic principle of which will be explained. In the context of aquaculture systems for BLSS the continuous replacement of removed fish biomass is an essential demand. Although fish reproduction seems not to be affected in the short-term space experiments with the C.E.B.A.S. MIMI MODULE a functional and reliable hatchery for the production of siblings under reduced weightlessness is connected with some serious problems. Therefore an automated “reproduction module” for the herbivorous fish Tilapia rendalli was developed as a laboratory prototype. It is concluded that aquatic modules of different degrees of complexity can optimize the productivity of BLSS based on higher land plants and that they offer an unique opportunity for the production of animal protein in lunar or planetary bases.     

DR.Q.SCIENCE QUEST

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U.S. prebreathe protocol

This paper identifies and describes the prebreathe protocol currently used by the U.S. Space Shuttle Program to provide astronauts the capability to safely perform extravehicular activity. A comparison of planned vs actual prebreathe experience through the STS-37 Mission is also provided.     

A 6 D.O.F. opto-inertial tracker for virtual reality experiments in microgravity.

Gravity plays a role in many different levels of human motor behavior. It dictates the laws of motion of our body and limbs, as well as of the objects in the external world with which we wish to interact. The dynamic interaction of our body with the world is molded within gravity's constraints. The role played by gravity in the perception of visual stimuli and the elaboration of human movement is an active research theme in the field of Neurophysiology. Conditions of microgravity, coupled with techniques from the world of virtual reality, provide a unique opportunity to address these questions concerning the function of the human sensorimotor system. The ability to measure movements of the head and to update in real time the visual scene presented to the subject based on these measurements is a key element in producing a realistic virtual environment. A variety of head-tracking hardware exists on the market today, but none seem particularly well suited to the constraints of working with a space station environment. Nor can any of the existing commercial systems meet the more stringent requirements for physiological experimentation (high accuracy, high resolution, low jitter, low lag) in a wireless configuration. To this end, we have developed and tested a hybrid opto-inertial 6 degree-of-freedom tracker based on existing inertial technology. To confirm that the inertial components and algorithms will function properly, this system was tested in the microgravity conditions of parabolic flight. Here we present the design goals of this tracker, the system configuration and the results of 0g and 1g testing.     

美国高超声速技术飞行器

介绍了美国正在开展的猎鹰计划及该计划的目标、组成和各组成部分的任务目标。重点介绍了该计划下研制的高超声速技术飞行器(HTV)。此外,还对HTV所涉及的关键技术进行了总结。