Receiver operating characteristics for the coherent UWB randomnoise radar

An ultrawideband (UWB) random-noise radar operating in the 1-2 GHz frequency band has been developed and held-tested at a 200 m range at the University of Nebraska. A unique heterodyne correlation technique based on a delayed transmitted waveform using a photonic delay line has been used to inject coherence within this system. The performance of this radar, assuming a point target, has been investigated from a statistical point of view by developing the theoretical basis for the system's receiver operating characteristics (ROC). Explicit analytical expressions for the joint probability density function (pdf) of the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components of the receiver output have been derived under the assumption that the input signals are partially correlated Gaussian processes. The pdf and the complementary cumulative distribution function (cdf) for the envelope of the receiver output are also derived. These expressions are used to relate the probability of detection (P_d) to the probability of false alarm (P_f ) for different numbers of integrated samples, and the results are analyzed     

基于数字补偿的快速频率合成方法的研究

基于I/Q调制的快速频率合成方法比目前采用的频率合成方法更易调试,而且使用灵活。其思路是将信号先通过单边带调制,将较低频率调制到需要的频率范围;然后采用对基带信号的数字预补偿方法来抑制镜像频率和载波泄漏,从而达到应用的目的。文章中还给出一种基于输出信号包络信息的补偿系数调整算法,其仿真结果说明该新补偿算法可以有效抑制镜像频率和载波泄漏。     

Multipath-adaptive GPS/INS receiver

Multipath interference is one of the contributing sources of errors in precise global positioning system (GPS) position determination. This paper identifies key parameters of a multipath signal, focusing on estimating them accurately in order to mitigate multipath effects. Multiple model adaptive estimation (MMAE) techniques are applied to an inertial navigation system (INS)-coupled GPS receiver, based on a federated (distributed) Kalman filter design, to estimate the desired multipath parameters. The system configuration is one in which a GPS receiver and an INS are integrated together at the level of the in-phase and quadrature phase (I and Q) signals, rather than at the level of pseudo-range signals or navigation solutions. The system model of the MMAE is presented and the elemental Kalman filter design is examined. Different parameter search spaces are examined for accurate multipath parameter identification. The resulting GPS/INS receiver designs are validated through computer simulation of a user receiving signals from GPS satellites with multipath signal interference present The designed adaptive receiver provides pseudo-range estimates that are corrected for the effects of multipath interference, resulting in an integrated system that performs well with or without multipath interference present.     

Loss from Approximations to Square-Law Detectors in Quadrature Systems with Postdetection Integration

The trend toward digital processing of radar and sonar signals has ledto the use of ?baseband? or bipolar video signals. The processingof both the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) channels generally allows an exact representation of the signals, and no loss of sensitivity need occur. However, for reasons of economy or weight only one channel is often implemented. This correspondence shows that the sensitivity loss for this case often deviates considerably from the 3-dB rule of thumb.     

A Quantitative Study of Pitfalls in the FFT

The effects of aliasing (including pseudoaliasing), picket-fence effect, and leakage in the fast Fourier transform (FFT) are presented. A computer program was written to perform the FFT analysis of known inputs. The program has the capability of detecting aliasing by calculating an "aliasing coefficient" (Q), and will increase the sampling frequency and the number of points in the input sequence if aliasing occurs. The term "pseudoaliasing" is a phenomenon which is similar to aliasing (or fold-over) but related to the effects of picket fence and leakage. The "leakage coefficient" (ri) is a quantitative measure of the deviation from the fundamental frequency component with respect to the sampling frequency, when the input sequence has only one frequency component.     

Detection of Target Multiplicity Using Monopulse Quadrature Angle

The feasibility of using the indicated quadrature angle of arrival of a monopulse radar to discriminate a single target from multiple targets, separated in angle within a radar resolution cell, is investigated. The analysis is performed for steady (fixed) and Rayleigh fluctuating targets which cover a broad range of target characteristics. In both cases, the interfering signals due to noise and clutter in the sum and difference monopulse channels are assumed to be independent, zero-mean Gaussian processes. Detection and false alarm probabilities are evaluated analytically and the receiver operating characteristics are obtained for both fixed and fluctuating target cases. It is shown that multiple targets can be discriminated from a single target condition by integrating the indicated monopulse quadrature angle of arrival from several independent pulses. It is also shown that the probability of detecting multiple targets increases as the fluctuation in the target radar cross section decreases, approaching the fixed amplitude case in the limit.     

Evaluation of Image Response Signal Power Resulting from I-Q Channel Imbalance

A simple relationship is obtained that gives the ratio of the image to the desired signal in terms of the amplitude and phase imbalance between the I and Q channels in a quadrature transmission and signal reconstruction processor.     

导航卫星星间链路信号质量参数评估算法

传统的微波调制信号质量评估需要将微波信号变频到中频后进行处理,变频处理会引起非线性失真问题,而且星间链路信号许多关键质量参数如相位一致性、相关损失、I/Q(Inphase/Quadrature,同相/正交)支路功率比等无法用传统评估方法完成,针对这些问题,提出了采用软件无线电技术的导航卫星星间链路信号质量评估算法,利用高速采样器对导航卫星的星间链路信号进行直接射频采样,在数字域对星间链路信号进行相关接收和解调,实现所有关键质量参数的评估.该方法避免了使用变频器带来的附加失真,采用该方法完成实际星载设备的信号质量评估的结果表明,该评估算法精度高,能满足导航卫星星间链路设备信号质量参数评估要求.     

一种新的非平行轨迹机载双站斜视SAR成像算法(英文)

本文提出了一种用于非平行轨迹机载双站斜视SAR条带模式成像的新的解析算法。该算法用收、发雷达的多普勒调频率贡献比为加权系数推导了点目标回波的二维频谱。通过解目标位置相对于收、发载机飞行轨迹的耦合,将这个二维频谱中目标的距离参数和方位参数进行了分离。在二维频域内,补偿掉双站扭曲项后利用二维Chirp-Z变换(2D-CZT)校正了距离向和方位向的徙动,获得了精确聚焦的目标图像。雷达回波的二维残余徙动用沿距离向和方位向的分块来限制,推导了数据分块的条件,由此可以实现宽场景成像。仿真试验验证了这种2D-CZT算法的有效性。     

Signal processing of wide bandwidth and wide beamwidth P-3 SAR data

This research is concerned with multidimensional signal processing and image formation with FOliage PENetrating (FOPEN) airborne radar data which were collected by a Navy P-3 ultra wideband (UWB) radar in 1995. The digital signal processors that were developed for the P-3 data commonly used a radar beamwidth angle that was limited to 35 deg. Provided that the P-3 radar beamwidth angle (after slow-time FIR filtering and 6:1 decimation) was 35 deg, the P-3 signal aperture radar (SAR) system would approximately yield alias-free data in the slow-time Doppler domain. We provide an analysis here of the slow-time Doppler properties of the P-3 SAR system. This study indicates that the P-3 database possesses a 50 deg beamwidth angle within the entire [215, 730] MHz band of the P-3 radar. We show that the 50-degree beamwidth limit is imposed by the radar (radial) range swath gate; a larger beamwidth measurements would be possible with a larger range swath gate. The 50-degree beamwidth of the P-3 system results in slow-time Doppler aliasing within the frequency band of [444, 730] MHz. We outline a slow-time processing of the P-3 data to minimize the Doppler aliasing. The images which are formed via this method are shown to be superior in quality to the images which are formed via the conventional P-3 processor. In the presentation, we also introduce a method for converting the P-3 deramped (range-compressed) data into its alias-free baseband echoed data; the utility of this conversion for suppressing radio frequency interference signals is shown     

双通道时间差采样──一种测定叶片振动频率的方法

提出了一种测定压气机叶片振动频率的方法──双通道时间差采样法。利用二路采样信号的相关性及相位差,通过内插搜索可有效克服由于采样频率过低而造成的混叠现象。等效地提高了实际采样频率,从而正确测定出叶片的振动频率。方法具有快速简单,检测精度高,测定频率范围广的特点。     

A noise insensitive solution to an ambiguity problem in spectralestimation

The instantaneous frequency measurement (IFM) receiver is capable of measuring the center frequency of single frequency pulses over a wide range (bandwidth) of center frequencies. Because of various constraints, the frequency resolution requirement results in long correlator delay times that reduce the single correlator bandwidth. A large bandwidth can be achieved only if two or more correlators are used. The problem of estimating frequency is then reduced to the simultaneous congruence problem of number theory. A design procedure is presented for solving the congruence problem for a given amount of noise protection, a stated frequency resolution, a minimum bandwidth, and a fixed level of precision (bits) in the IFM receiver     

A digital quadrature demodulation system

Existing digital quadrature demodulation techniques sample the input at either 2B Hz or 4B Hz, select the even samples as the in-phase (I), and interpolate the odd samples to give the quadrature (Q), output. The signal bandwidth is B. We propose a demodulation system to produce I and Q samples at arbitrary sampling rate greater than 2B Hz. The system eliminates the IF downconversion step with a special sampling scheme. The even samples correspond to the I component, while the Q components are the filtered output. The filter can be a lowpass or least squares (LS) filter. The lowpass filter design is based on trade-offs between the filter length and the degree of oversampling. It produces similar results as previous work when the sampling rate is 2B Hz or 4B Hz. Unlike existing methods which assume the input is white, a LS filter, on the other hand, can make use of input signal characteristics to achieve a better result. The higher the correlation in the input the larger the improvement. The cost for LS filtering is a coefficient update step if the input is time varying. A scheme to cancel dc offset from analog to digital (A/D) converters is also given     

An improved imaging algorithm for spaceborne MAPs sliding spotlight SAR with high-resolution wide-swath capability

Conventional synthetic aperture radar(SAR) systems cannot achieve both highresolution and wide-swath imaging simultaneously.This problem can be mitigated by employing multiple-azimuth-phases(MAPs) technology for spaceborne sliding spotlight SAR systems.However, traditional imaging algorithms have met challenges to process the data accurately, due to range model error, MAPs data reconstruction problem, high-order cross-coupling phase error and variation of Doppler parameters along the azimuth direction.Therefore, an improved imaging algorithm is proposed for solving the above problems.Firstly, a modified hyperbolic range equation(MHRE) is proposed by introducing a cubic term into the traditional hyperbolic range equation(THRE).And two curved orbit correction methods are derived based on the proposed range model.Then, a MAPs sliding spotlight data reconstruction method is introduced, which solves the spectral aliasing problem by a de-rotation operation.Finally, high-order cross-coupling phases and variation of Doppler parameters are analyzed and the corresponding compensation methods are proposed.Simulation results for point-target scene are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

Integration of GPS and low cost INS for pedestrian navigation aided by building layout

In outdoor environments, GPS is often used for pedestrian navigation by utilizing its signals for position computation, but in indoor or semi-obstructed environments, GPS signals are often unavailable. Therefore, pedestrian navigation for these environments should be realized by the integration of GPS and inertial navigation system （INS）. However, the lowcost INS could induce errors that may result in a large position drift. The problem can be minimized by mounting the sensors on the pedestrian＇s foot, using zero velocity update （ZUPT） method with the standard navigation algorithm to restrict the error growth. However, heading drift still remains despite using ZUPT measurements since the heading error is unobservable. Also, tbot mounted INS suffers from the initialization ambiguity of position and heading from GPS. In this paper, a novel algorithm is developed to mitigate the heading drift problem when using ZUPT. The method uses building lay- out to aid the heading measurement in Kalman filter, and it could also be combined for the initial- ization. The algorithm has been investigated with real field trials using the low cost Microstrain 3DM-GX3-25 inertial sensor, a Leica GS10 GPS receiver and a uBlox EVK-6T GPS receiver. It could be concluded that the proposed method offers a significant improvement in position accuracy for the long period, allowing pedestrian navigation for nearly40 min with mean position error less than 2.8 m. This method also has a considerable effect on the accuracy of the initialization.     

Digital channelized receiver based on time-frequency analysis for signal interception

A digital channelized receiver is presented for the interception of a wide variety of signals of complex structure, including those with low probability of interception. The receiver is designed from the perspective of the time-frequency analysis. It uses an extended time-frequency representation based on the noncoherent integration of the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) on which the detection system and the encoder work. The encoder includes robust frequency estimation, automatic modulation recognition, and clustering, to handle broadband and simultaneous signals and to prevent out-of-channel detections (a typical phenomenon in channelized receivers). The receiver has been evaluated for a wide range of signals and shows a good performance in terms of detection, estimation, and processing of simultaneous signals. Signals collected from real-life systems and synthetic signals have been utilized.     

Unresolved Rayleigh target detection using monopulse measurements

When the returns from two or more targets interfere (i.e., the signals are not resolved in the frequency or time domains) in a monopulse radar system, the direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimate indicated by the monopulse ratio can wander far beyond the angular separation of the targets. Generalized maximum likelihood (GML) detection of the presence of unresolved Rayleigh targets is developed with probability density functions (pdfs) conditioned on the measured amplitude of the target echoes. The Neyman-Pearson detection algorithm uses both the in-phase and quadrature portions of the monopulse ratio and requires no a priori knowledge of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or DOA of either target. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are given along with simulation results that illustrate the performance and application of the algorithm     

机载单通道雷达实波束扫描的前视探测

针对机载单通道雷达采用合成孔径雷达(SAR)技术、多普勒波束锐化(DBS)技术等途径难以实现载机飞行路线正前方高分辨率成像问题,研究了一种利用方位实波束重叠扫描的新型机载单通道雷达前视探测方法,讨论了提高方位分辨率的可行性和适用条件。该方法根据目标回波强度受到波束扫描增益调制的特点,通过计算修正的Capon空间谱来实现方位超分辨。模拟实验表明,所提方法能够实现机载单通道雷达的前视成像,可以显著提高波束主瓣区域内强弱临近目标的分辨能力。     

加速度冲击对卫星接收机性能影响

基于加速度对晶体振荡器输出频率的影响,研究了加速度冲击对卫星接收机性能的影响。首先,利用ANSYS软件仿真分析了加速度冲击作用对石英晶体形变的影响过程,在此基础上建立加速度冲击环境下卫星接收机参考源晶振的频率偏差数学模型;接着,分析在加速度冲击下由参考晶振频率偏差对接收机射频前端输出中频信号的影响,并结合卫星接收机的工作原理阐述了加速度冲击对其跟踪性能的影响。仿真结果表明,加速度冲击会使接收机跟踪环路的性能恶化,时间较长会引起跟踪环路失锁。     

Bandpass Signal Sampling and Coherent Detection

Coherent detectors in radar and communications receivers are generally implemented in the form of two parallel baseband channels which form in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components of a received RF/IF signal. Phase errors of several degrees due to imperfect matching of these separate channels limit the performance achievable from signal processors such as moving target indicators (MTI), coherent integrators, Doppler filters, antenna array processors, and coherent sidelobe cancellers. Thus methods in which a single analog to digital (A/D) converter samples and digitizes the IF signal directly, eliminating the need for IF to baseband conversion, have been of recent interest and are the subject of this paper. To obtain accurate coherent detection from IF samples taken near the Nyquist rate requires interpolation based upon a number of stored samples. An algorithm derived from sampling theory is defined and used to demonstrate accurate reconstruction of the original IF signal from digitized samples. In-phase and quadrature components of the signal are shown to be available from processed samples with demonstrated phase errors less than 0.2°.