磁尾静电离子束流-密度漂移不稳定性的数值研究

本文研究了磁尾等离子体片边界层宽频带静电噪声的产生机制.模型等离子体由暖的背景电子、暖的向地球方向的离子束流和较冷的向尾方向的离子束流组成.结果表明,静电离子束流-密度漂移不稳定性可以在比较宽的频率范围内激发,在低频区大传播角方向上增长率最大,在高频区小传播角方向上增长率也比较大。最大增长率的方向取决于离子束流和密度漂移的速度比值.这些结果与磁尾观测到的宽频带静电噪声特征符合一致.      

有限β等离子体中密度和磁场不均匀驱动的动理学Alfven波

在分析有限β等离子体中的密度、磁场不均匀引起的漂移波不稳定性的基础上，剖析了漂移波不稳定性对动理学Alfven波激发的作用．动理学理论能正确地处理有限拉莫半径效应和波粒共振相互作用，本文根据带电粒子在电磁场中的运动特性，采用Vlasov方程描述离子运动，运用漂移动理学方程对电子运动进行描述．密度不均匀和磁场不均匀对产生漂移不稳定性的对比分析表明：在有限β等离子体中，密度不均匀比磁场不均匀更易激发漂移不稳定性，且密度不均匀激发漂移不稳定性中的能量转换和转移更为强烈．这种能量的转换为动理学Alfven波的激发提供了物理基础．所得数值解表明：动理学Alfven波在磁层中能广泛地被激发产生，特别是在磁层空间的极尖区、磁层顶和等离子体片边界层等具有明显的不均匀性区域中更容易被激发产生．本文的研究结果进一步表明动理学Alfven波对磁层空间中能量传输具有重要作用．     

等离子体密度对栅极系统束流影响分析

针对现有离子推力器栅极系统束流引出分析中未考虑放电室等离子体密度均匀性影响的不足,基于数值方法对该问题进行了研究。采用单元内粒子 （Particle In Cell,PIC） 方法对栅极系统束流引出进行了数值模拟。PIC方法中电场求解采用有限差分方法,离子加速方法采用跳蛙格式。以国产20cm Xe离子推力器作为算例,计算得到了栅极中心和边缘孔引出束流离子和电场的分布。结果显示栅极中心孔相对边缘孔束流聚焦性好,束流发散角小,但中心孔轴线的鞍点电势较边缘孔高24.8V。因此,放电室等离子体密度分布对束流引出具有重要影响,电子返流现象最先出现在栅极中心位置。     

离子迴旋波的参量激发

本文分析了极光区上空以低混杂波作为泵波激发静电离子迴旋波的可能性,并计算了增长率。结果表明,当泵波较强时(峰值100mV/m)增长率可达0.5ω_ci,大于电流驱动不稳定性及离子束流不稳定性等线性理论所可能期待的增长率。从而在某些情况下,离子迥旋波的这种参量激发可能是主要的。      

无碰撞激波上游低频波的激发及其对激波耗散机制的影响

由于很大一部分来自激波上游的粒子被激波面所反射,因此在准平行无碰撞激波的上游存在着等离子体束流．通过一维混合模拟方法,计算了束流密度较小(nb／n0=0．02)和较大(nb／n0=0．2)两种不同情形下的等离子体束流不稳定性．结果表明,在束流密度较小时,束流激发的主要是平行于背景磁场方向传播的右旋波,此波动只能对束流粒子产生影响,包括减速和加热．在束流密度较大时,束流可同时激发平行和反平行于背景磁场方向传播的右旋波,除能对束流粒子产生影响外,还可通过非共振作用加速和加热背景粒子．文中对准平行无碰撞激波耗散机制的影响也进行了讨论。     

磁层亚暴膨胀相的近地触发模型

本文指出现有亚暴的中性线模型其源区在赤疲乏面上离地球太远；以ＧＥＯＳ－２的观测资料为依据，提出了亚暴膨胀相的一个近地触发模型－气球模不稳定性模型，该模型认为，在增长相期间到达Ｒ≈（６－１０）ＲＥ的近地等离子体片内边缘区，出现指向地球方向的离子压强梯度，越尾电流强度增大，磁力线向磁尾拉伸。当等离子体片变薄，电子沉降增强，极光带电离层电导率骤增时，气球模不稳定性在近地等离子体片内边缘区被激发，场向电流     

参量激励过程中三波耦合的一般色散关系(Ⅰ)最容易激励参量不稳定性的频率和波矢条件

讨论了在各向同性的均匀无耗电离层背景下激励参量不稳定性的三波耦合过程．首先从波的非线性耦合理论出发，分析入射电磁波和多个等离子体本征波模间的耦合情况；然后得到了无耗情况下参量激励过程满足的色散关系，在激励等离子体波的临界情况下表现为两种频率和波矢匹配条件，进而从理论上证明最容易激励参量不稳定性的条件是耦合生成电子Langmuir波和离子声波．     

BGK模离子声波的实验研究

文中实验研究证实了BGK模离子声波的存在.用连续波和调制脉冲波两种方法研究了由慢电子漂移引起的增长离子声波不稳定性.同时首次测量了激发BGK模离子声波的条件.得到的结果与理论预言是一致的.      

离子非线性极化漂移对动力学Alfvén孤波特性的影响

考虑离子极化漂移中非线性项对动力学Alfven孤波特性的影响，采用双流体模型研究磁化等离子体中低频动力学Alfven稀疏型孤波的特性，所得的结果表明，两种类型的动力学Alfven稀疏型孤波在磁层中大范围内均存在（参数β约为10^-6,0,1,β为等离子体的热压之磁压之比，即β＝20μ0nT/B0^2)，它们或以超Alfven速或以亚Alfven速传播。同时发现在β值较小（10^-6-10^-4)时，离子极化漂移非线性项对动力学Alfven孤波特性有较大的影响，不可忽略，而在较大值时（β－0．1），此修正作用不大，由于动力学Alfven孤波允许平行电场存在，故它对等离子体中带电粒子的加速和能化起重要作用。同时也对离子的横向加速有一定的作用，它使一种新的能量转换机制成为可能。     

碘工质射频离子推力器栅极系统束流特性仿真

为分析碘工质射频离子推力器束流特性,应用粒子云网格算法（PIC）,对碘工质射频离子推力器栅极系统进行三维数值仿真。碘工质电离产物中除了大量存在的I⁺,还包含少量I₂⁺、I²⁺、I³⁺几种多价离子。对添加多价离子前后束流特性的仿真结果进行对比,得出该栅极系统离子空间分布、电势分布、离子相空间分布以及束流、束流发散角,并对变密度工况下束流大小进行统计。计算结果表明,程序能较好地模拟离子在栅极系统中的运动情况：添加多价离子后,等离子体悬浮电势有所上升,鞍点电势有所下降,但整体电势分布的变化幅度较小;添加多价离子后束流大小略有增加,束流发散角略有减小,通过理论分析可知仿真所得理论推力及理论比冲均有小幅度增加;放电室等离子体数密度增加到约2.4×10¹⁷m^-3时,该栅极系统达到了束流引出的极限,后续增大等离子体密度引出束流不增反降。模拟结果可以为碘工质射频离子推力器栅极系统的设计提供参考。     

Ion dynamics of magnetic reconnection in the magnetotail

We discuss the kinetic processes of plasma thermalization, acceleration, and mixing in magnetic reconnection. Non-Maxwellian, gyrotropic ion distribution functions such as anisotropic ion beams in the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL) and counter-streaming ions (CSIs) in the plasma sheet are often observed during a plasmoid passage of a satellite in the Earth's magnetotail. Non-gyrotropic ion distribution functions are also sometimes observed just after the passage of the plasmoid. We study the behavior of non-Maxwellian ion distribution functions observed by GEOTAIL. We further study theoretically the ion dynamics by using a particle-in-cell simulation, and discuss the role of non-Maxwellian distribution functions in magnetic reconnection.     

Generation of kinetic Alfvén waves by velocity shear instability on auroral field lines

Ion beams observed in the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL), cusp, and on the auroral zone field lines are expected to have spatial gradients in their drift velocity. Generation of kinetic Alfvén waves by velocity shear of the ion beams is discussed. It is shown that a hot ion beam can excite both a resonant kinetic Alfvén wave instability and a non-resonant coupled Alfvén-ion acoustic instability. For typical parameters, observed on the auroral field lines in the altitude range of 5–7 R_E (where R_E is the Earth’s radius), the frequency of the velocity shear modes, in the satellite frame of reference, lie in the ultra-low frequency (ULF) range. The noise due to velocity shear driven Alfvén modes is electromagnetic in nature, and has a finite parallel electric field component.     

Effects of tailward stretching geomagnetic field on drift motion of plasma particles in the magnetospheric equatorial plane

Drift paths of electrons and protons are calculated in the equatorial plane of the superquiet (SQ) and superdisturbed(SD) Mead-Fairfield magnetospheric models in order to study effects of tailward stretching geomagnetic field on drift motion of plasma particles. Magnetospheric electric fields in the equatorial plane are given by vector sums of uniform dawn-dusk electric field of 0.1 mV/m or 0.4 mV/m and corotation electric field projected onto the equatorial plane from the earth's surface along the MF geomagnetic field lines. All particles start from a geocentric circle of 17 earth radii (R_E) in the tail equatorial plane. The late-evening stagnation point for zero-energy particles and low-energy electrons is produced by the anticlockwise corotation drift larger than the sunward electric-field drift in the outer magnetosphere. The late-morning stagnation point for energetic protons and the late-afternoon stagnation point for energetic electrons result from small radial gradient of the MF geomagnetic field in the late-morning and the late-afternoon outer magnetosphere respectively.     

Spatial asymmetry in topside ion density and vertical E × B plasma drift velocity within 75°E–95°E

The ion density measured by the Ionospheric Plasma and Electrodynamics Instrument (IPEI) on board the ROCSAT -1 over the 75°E and 95°E meridian at 600km altitude has been utilized to examine the latitudinal and longitudinal distribution within the Indian sector, in particular, the north-south and east-west asymmetries of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). A longitudinal gradient in ion density at 600?km higher towards 95°E develops during the noontime and afternoon hours when the EIA is at its peak. The density gradient persists till evening hours when pre-reversal enhancements occur. The vertical E?×?B plasma drift velocity measured simultaneously by ROCSAT -1 for the same space-time configuration has also been studied. In addition to diurnal, seasonal and solar activity variations in E?×?B drift velocity, the longitudinal gradient is also observed. The EIA at the altitude of 600?km peaks at different latitudes and are mostly asymmetric about the magnetic equator. From midnight till 0800 LT, the ion density across the equator is nearly uniform in the equinoxes. But in the solstices, the density exhibits a north-south gradient. In the June solstice, density is higher in the northern hemisphere and decreases gradually towards south. The gradient in density reverses in December solstice. Normally, the EIA peaks within 1200 LT and 1600 LT while around 2000 LT, pre-reversal enhancement of ionization occurs affecting the EIA evening structure. The strength of the EIA also exhibits seasonal, year-to-year and hemispheric variations. The longitudinal asymmetry of drift velocity along 75°E and 95°E longitude sectors is the contributing factor behind the observed longitudinal asymmetry in ion density. Significant positive correlation between the strength of the EIA and E?×?B drift is observed in both longitudes.     

使用GAO-YONG湍流方程组对扩压器流动的计算

采用基于同位网格的SIMPLE方法求解GAO-YONG不可压湍流方程组,对二维扩压器流动进行了数值模拟.通过界面速度动量插值法解决了压力锯齿波问题,并且采用了正交贴体网格和二阶QUICK格式离散对流项以提高计算精度.与实验结果以及BL(Baldw-Lomax)模型计算结果的比较表明,不需要任何经验系数及壁面函数的GAO-YONG不可压湍流模型方程组能够对有压力梯度的湍流流动做出很好的预测.计算发现,在机械能方程中引入平均流压力梯度的作用,对GAO-YONG湍流方程组正确模拟逆压力梯度流动起到了关键作用.      

高纬磁层顶尾部边界层的离子流剪切不稳定性

研究了高纬磁层顶层部边界层在非均匀磁场条件下的离子流剪切不稳定性，由于考虑了尾向电流，我们发现离子流剪切不稳定性的激发与扰动波长有关，并得到了激发该不稳定性的准临界波长的表达式，对于磁层顶存在的波长为地球半径量级的表面波扰动，离子流剪切不稳定性倾向于发生在磁层顶边界层的内边界，沿磁层顶外边界传播的稳定的表面波和其内边界的离子流剪切不稳定性同时存在，这将有助于解释磁鞘太阳与动量持续不断地向地磁层的传输。     

Plasmaphere and plasmapause region characteristics as measured by DE-1

Thermal ion composition measurements by the Retarding Ion Mass Spectrometer (RIMS) on Dynamics Explorer-1 have revealed new and intriguing features of the thermal ion distributions in the plasmasphere and plasmapause regions. Some of the interesting new findings include: the presence of intense fluxes of heated and equatorially-trapped light ions within the plasmapause region; the existence of a heavy ion (0+, 0++, N+) ‘torus’ or ‘shell’ in the outer plasmasphere; and the relatively stable nature of the He+/H+ concentration ratio (∼0.2–0.3) within the plasmasphere. The relatively short (∼7.5 hours) orbital period of DE-1 has also allowed improved observations on the formation of the new outer plasmasphere during the recovery of geomagnetic storms. Statistical studies of plasmaspheric density structure and boundaries are beginning to reveal a picture of their relation to other magnetospheric boundaries, such as the inner edge of the electron plasma sheet, and trends in the internal density structure of the plasmasphere.     

Limitations of mass-loading models

The mass-loading concept is discussed in relation to the dynamics of magnetoplasma streaming through rarefied background gas. Changes in energy and momentum flux (generally losses) can outweigh the increases in mass flux. Suprathermal ion components cannot be simply described in fluid terms: as shown by the probes to comet Halley, the main cometary ions are depleted by interaction with the background gas faster than they are scattered and thermalised by plasma turbulence. MHD instabilities tend to isotropize pitch angles but do not thermalise the ions, while wave steepening into a bow shock occurs outside positions expected from mass-loading. In the strongly-loaded subsonic region, charge exchange of suprathermal ions causes energy losses that can be more significant than further increases of mass. Non-parallel pick-up of new implanted ions, large gyroradii and finite spatial scales also limit the validity of fluid models.