模糊自适应过失速飞行控制

研究了带推力矢量飞机过失速非线性飞机控制问题。根据奇异摄动理论将受控变量分为快变量和慢变量，然后分别对内环和外环进行设计，外环利用滑动面控制进行设计，内环利用模糊逻辑系统的万能特性来抵消近似非线性动态逆所带来的误差，根据李亚谱诺夫稳定性理论了模糊系统权值的自适应调整规律，从而保证闭环系统的稳定性。数字仿真结果表明：在存在较大的模型不确定性以及飞机动力学对状态和控制输入均为非线性的情况下，该控制方案能对指令进行良好的跟踪。     

Proportional fuzzy feed-forward architecture control validation by wind tunnel tests of a morphing wing

In aircraft wing design, engineers aim to provide the best possible aerodynamic performance under cruise flight conditions in terms of lift-to-drag ratio. Conventional control sur-faces such as flaps, ailerons, variable wing sweep and spoilers are used to trim the aircraft for other flight conditions. The appearance of the morphing wing concept launched a new challenge in the area of overall wing and aircraft performance improvement during different flight segments by locally altering the flow over the aircraft's wings. This paper describes the development and appli-cation of a control system for an actuation mechanism integrated in a new morphing wing structure. The controlled actuation system includes four similar miniature electromechanical actuators dis-posed in two parallel actuation lines. The experimental model of the morphing wing is based on a full-scale portion of an aircraft wing, which is equipped with an aileron. The upper surface of the wing is a flexible one, being closed to the wing tip; the flexible skin is made of light composite materials. The four actuators are controlled in unison to change the flexible upper surface to improve the flow quality on the upper surface by delaying or advancing the transition point from laminar to turbulent regime. The actuators transform the torque into vertical forces. Their bases are fixed on the wing ribs and their top link arms are attached to supporting plates fixed onto the flex-ible skin with screws. The actuators push or pull the flexible skin using the necessary torque until the desired vertical displacement of each actuator is achieved. The four vertical displacements of the actuators, correlated with the new shape of the wing, are provided by a database obtained through a preliminary aerodynamic optimization for specific flight conditions. The control system is designed to control the positions of the actuators in real time in order to obtain and to maintain the desired shape of the wing for a specified flight condition. The feasibility and effectiveness of the developed control system by use of a proportional fuzzy feed-forward methodology are demon-strated experimentally through bench and wind tunnel tests of the morphing wing model.     

基于平均扩展速率的裂纹扩展模型

不同于基于线弹性断裂力学（LEFM）的经典裂纹扩展模型,基于平均扩展速率的裂纹扩展模型通过形式简单的经验公式来描述随机载荷谱下单位飞行小时的平均裂纹扩展,该模型将随机谱当作"当量常幅谱"处理,模型中仅有两个特征参数,反映了所有复杂的载荷顺序效应及其他影响。基于该模型,进一步提出速率类比法则,可基于试验谱下扩展速率对未试验谱下扩展速率进行合理预测。首先介绍了基于Frost&Dugdale公式和基于Paris公式的平均扩展速率模型的内涵及参数推导方法,然后通过典型机身框关键部位模拟件在多种随机谱下的疲劳试验数据对平均扩展速率模型和速率类比法则进行试验验证。经对比分析,推荐使用基于Paris公式的平均扩展速率模型。经验证,采用基于Paris公式的模型和速率类比法则,可实现随机载荷谱下裂纹扩展速率和寿命的高精度预测。同时,速率类比法则的准确度与理论参数推导时选取的经典LEFM模型有关。平均扩展速率模型和速率类比法则为外场飞机单机寿命监控提供了一种可靠的疲劳寿命预测方法。     

含多裂纹连接结构损伤容限试验研究

 针对机翼典型对接结构,进行了平板空孔试样和螺栓搭接件在等幅谱及飞－续－飞谱下的多裂纹损伤容限试验,通过该试验开展多裂纹开裂模式及多裂纹扩展规律的试验研究,为多裂纹断裂力学理论分析、多裂纹结构剩余强度准则提供试验依据。     

基于均值的副翼作动筒载荷事件划分方法

副翼是民用飞机重要操纵面之一,主要功用是产生飞机滚转力矩,用于改变飞机的航向。现代中大型飞机的操纵系统大都采用伺服作动器-操纵面装置,当操纵面受到铰链力矩时作动器也相应受载。以民用飞机副翼作动筒为研究对象,基于试飞实测数据与主操纵面作动筒载荷计算模型,提出了一种基于均值的作动筒载荷事件划分方法。结果表明,该事件划分方法效果理想,较好地反映出了不同飞行事件之间载荷均值的差异。通过对14 000次飞行作动筒载荷历程进行雨流处理,给出了相应的载荷谱及载荷幅值、均值分布直方图,总结出相关分布规律。该疲劳载荷谱及相应的分布规律对工程实践中的寿命计算具有重要意义。     

倾转旋翼飞行器的建模和操纵分配策略

针对倾转旋翼飞行器试飞样机建立了旋翼、机翼、短舱、机身、平尾、垂尾等部件的非线性气动模型和飞行动力学模型,研究了直升机模式、倾转过渡模式和飞机模式下的操纵特性,根据配平分析和小扰动线性化处理结果得到了不同飞行模式下的操纵效率,提出了一套适用于全飞行模式的操纵分配策略,解决了飞行控制随飞行模式变化出现的气动结构部件变化与操纵冗余的难题.利用所提出的操纵分配策略可使飞行控制器统一设计,无需按不同飞行模式设计不同控制律,有效降低了飞行控制器的设计难度.仿真验证了倾转旋翼飞行器飞行动力学模型的可信性和操纵分配策略的有效性.      

某型飞机后减速板抗振动损伤设计分析

某型飞机后减速板在部队使用中 ,由于振动损伤原因 ,多次出现减速板梁断裂、蒙皮裂纹等故障 ,经分析 ,确定了能抗振动疲劳的打孔加型材结构改进方案 ,并经实际飞行测试取得了满意效果。本文是对后减速板的抗振动损伤设计思想和方法进行简要介绍 ,为类似问题的处理提供借鉴。     

涡轮盘材料低周叠加高周复合疲劳断裂特性研究

航空发动机的载荷谱,包含起飞和着陆间的各种巡航状态,可简化为梯形波表示。在涡轮盘和压气机盘的关键区域,如连接叶片的盘缘,离心力和热应力的变化,以起动——停车作为一个工作循环,称为主循环,是低周疲劳的主要损伤源。在载荷保持期间(巡航状态),局部高应力区可能产生蠕变或应力松弛,实际上还会有低幅值高周振动(称为次循环)应力叠加在主循环上,简化载荷谱如图1所示。这种状态除航空发动机外,在多数动力机械如原子能装置、内燃机等都可能发生。在评定承受低周叠加高周复合作用的构件及材料疲劳断裂性能时,应该考虑高周损伤的重要作用。本文介绍近年来所作初步研究的部分结果。      

非对称结构损伤飞机鲁棒容损控制器设计

当飞机发生非对称结构损伤时,飞机的质量、重心位置和气动特性都会发生突变,飞机机体的对称性遭到破坏,致使飞机的横纵向间运动产生强烈的耦合。针对飞机发生非对称结构损伤时导致的飞行控制问题,建立了非对称结构损伤飞机的损伤模型,并基于一种新型鲁棒容损控制策略,采用非线性扩张状态观测器和非线性动态逆相结合的方法,对飞机的姿态控制器进行了设计,兼顾了飞机系统的性能和对损伤的鲁棒性。最后,基于NASA的通用运输机模型,对所设计控制器的控制效果进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明,设计的姿态控制器有效地抑制了非对称结构损伤给飞机控制系统带来的不确定性和扰动,具有较好的控制性能。     

战斗机单机寿命监控中起飞重量的影响

飞机不同的装挂重量使飞机每次起飞时实际载荷变化。主要通过飞行参数记录仪(FPR)记录的数据研究战斗机起飞外挂重量对飞机结构疲劳寿命的影响。对某型飞机的一次完整飞行,按不同起飞外挂情况计算其损伤比值,结果表明分散度达到设计基准的27%。通过调查飞机挂弹架次比例,发现情况变化随意性很强,基本无统计规律可循,因而按每架次实际起飞外挂重量计算疲劳损伤显得尤为必要。对3架飞机近3 000架次记录数据的分析表明,按实际起飞重量计算的结构疲劳损伤比按设计情况要轻约20%。这一研究结果为基于实际载荷监控进行单机延寿挖潜提供了技术支持。     

民用飞机气密腹板裂纹研究

民用飞机气密腹板主要承受机舱内部的气密载荷,气密腹板在面外气密载荷循环作用下可能发生疲劳破坏,产生裂纹,为研究气密腹板的疲劳性能,提出了一种裂纹预测分析方法,并通过疲劳试验验证方法的可行性。根据飞机气密腹板结构的传力特征和试验测量结果,确定了气密腹板疲劳典型部位和循环受载严重工况。选取疲劳典型部位腹板格子(包含连接紧固件),以六面体单元为最小单元建立精细有限元模型,进行仿真分析,分析得到裂纹发生位置以及裂纹发生机理和实际检测结果一致。基于细节疲劳额定值(detailed fatigue rating,简称DFR)法和疲劳检查表,进行气密腹板疲劳寿命分析,采用NASGRO软件进行气密腹板裂纹扩展寿命分析,裂纹萌生并扩展到临界裂纹长度的疲劳试验循环次数接近裂纹发现时次数,且理论分析偏保守。     

Flight safety oriented ice shape modulation using distributed plasma actuator units

Ice accretion on the wings seriously threatens the flight safety of an aircraft. From the perspectives of ensuring flight safety and saving power consumption, the ice shape modulation method using distributed plasma is proposed. Distributed plasma actuator units are designed to modulate the spanwise continuous ice at the leading edge into periodically segmented ice pieces, forming a wavy leading edge. Both airfoil and scaled aircraft model, with continuous and modulated ice, are experimentally investigated and simulated. Compared with the continuous ice, ice shape modulation can significantly improve the aerodynamic performance, flight control characteristics and flight safety. This method can save about half electric power, which is very beneficial for application.     

民用飞机结构非计划直接维修成本预计研究

民用飞机结构非计划直接维修成本在设计阶段难以预计。介绍DMC构成要素及影响因素,建立DMC预计流程、预计模型及预计调整模型;以前中机身上蒙皮壁板为例,基于工程设计输入及统计报告,计算来自MSG-3,DTA,DSEA的非计划维修任务DMC数值,对比并分析金属及复合材料非计划DMC预计结果。结果表明:该预计方法可行,反映预计模型准确性,金属结构环境退化及疲劳损伤是影响该结构DMC的主要因素,复合材料的使用可显著降低飞机结构非计划DMC。     

飞机结构可靠性分析数学模型

本文提出飞机结构可靠性分析的基本公式。在公式中,针对单危险部位结构,综合考虑了结构静强度,初始裂纹长度,疲劳裂纹的萌生、扩展与失稳,结构残余强度,载荷统计分布,裂纹检出概率、检查周期,意外损伤,事故讯息等因素。用此数学模型,可以定量地分析各种因素对可靠性的影响,并对飞机结构各种疲劳设计准则进行评价。     

Active fault tolerant control for vertical tail damaged aircraft with dissimilar redundant actuation system

This paper proposes an active fault-tolerant control strategy for an aircraft with dissim-ilar redundant actuation system (DRAS) that has suffered from vertical tail damage. A damage degree coefficient based on the effective vertical tail area is introduced to parameterize the damaged flight dynamic model. The nonlinear relationship between the damage degree coefficient and the corresponding stability derivatives is considered. Furthermore, the performance degradation of new input channel with electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) is also taken into account in the dam-aged flight dynamic model. Based on the accurate damaged flight dynamic model, a composite method of linear quadratic regulator (LQR) integrating model reference adaptive control (MRAC) is proposed to reconfigure the fault-tolerant control law. The numerical simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed fault-tolerant control strategy with accurate flight dynamic model. The results also indicate that aircraft with DRAS has better fault-tolerant control ability than the traditional ones when the vertical tail suffers from serious damage.     

QAR数据处理在气动力矩参数辨识中的应用

长期飞行引起的结构疲劳损伤和复杂环境下的腐蚀损伤等因素导致飞机的气动模型会随时间略有变动,而飞机气动模型的辨识对于分析飞机当前的运行状况具有重要意义.为了完成飞机气动模型的再次辨识,通过分析、处理飞机自带的快速存取记录器(QAR)数据,根据动力学原理建立气动力矩数学模型,最后运用极大似然法辨识出各气动导数.经验证,辨识结果满足仿真要求,可应用于模拟飞行、机务维修信息指导和事故预警与重现等.     

A new method to predict fatigue crack growth rate of materials based on average cyclic plasticity strain damage accumulation

By introducing a fatigue blunting factor, the cyclic elasto-plastic Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren (HRR) field near the crack tip under the cyclic loading is modified. And, an average damage per loading-cycle in the cyclic plastic deformation region is defined due to Manson-Coffin law. Then, according to the linear damage accumulation theory-Miner law, a new model for predicting the fatigue crack growth (FCG) of the opening mode crack based on the low cycle fatigue (LCF) damage is set up. The step length of crack propagation is assumed to be the size of cyclic plastic zone. It is clear that every parameter of the new model has clearly physical meaning which does not need any human debugging. Based on the LCF test data, the FCG predictions given by the new model are consistent with the FCG test results of Cr2Ni2MoV and X12CrMoWVNbN 10-1-1. What’s more, referring to the relative researches, the good predictability of the new model is also proved on six kinds of materials.     

飞机总能量控制系统的研究Ⅱ─—非线性控制律综合与仿真

在已设计出的飞机总能量控制系统核心环节的基础上,研究了各种高度和速度控制模态下系统的构成和工作原理;研究了各种非线性安全保护功能在系统中的设置与实现;分析了极限推力状态下,飞机质点能量运动的特点;研究了对轨迹和速度的控制优先级的设置与实现技术;最后对此非线性多变量控制系统进行了综合与仿真,得到了满意的设计与仿真结果。     

机场沥青道面结构设计方法与指标探讨

详细分析了现有沥青道面结构类型、损坏模式、设计方法发展趋势和设计指标的选取,对适应新一代大型飞机的机场沥青道面设计方法与设计指标进行分析探讨。结果表明道面结构设计主要考虑疲劳开裂、轮辙和低温开裂等损坏模式;以CBR法为代表的经验法已不能适应新一代大型飞机复杂起落架的要求,力学经验法已成为道面设计方法发展的趋势;柔性沥青道面与半刚性道面设计指标的选取应该独立,分别采用相应结构层的应力、应变等指标控制对应损坏的出现。研究结果能满足B777、A380等新一代大型机的荷载要求,可为中国构建新的沥青道面设计方法提供参考。     

Crack monitoring method based on Cu coating sensor and electrical potential technique for metal structure

Advanced crack monitoring technique is the cornerstone of aircraft structural health monitoring.To achieve real-time crack monitoring of aircraft metal structures in the course of service,a new crack monitoring method is proposed based on Cu coating sensor and electrical potential difference principle.Firstly,insulation treatment process was used to prepare a dielectric layer on structural substrate,such as an anodizing layer on 2A12-T4 aluminum alloy substrate,and then a Cu coating crack monitoring sensor was deposited on the structure fatigue critical parts by pulsed bias arc ion plating technology.Secondly,the damage consistency of the Cu coating sensor and2A12-T4 aluminum alloy substrate was investigated by static tensile experiment and fatigue test.The results show that strain values of the coating sensor and the 2A12-T4 aluminum alloy substrate measured by strain gauges are highly coincident in static tensile experiment and the sensor has excellent fatigue damage consistency with the substrate.Thirdly,the fatigue performance discrepancy between samples with the coating sensor and original samples was investigated.The result shows that there is no obvious negative influence on the fatigue performance of the 2A12-T4 aluminum alloy after preparing the Cu coating sensor on its surface.Finally,crack monitoring experiment was carried out with the Cu coating sensor.The experimental results indicate that the sensor is sensitive to crack,and crack origination and propagation can be monitored effectively through analyzing the change of electrical potential values of the coating sensor.