弱太阳闪烁中深空探测信道的自适应控制

为提高探测器发射机功率利用率,在探测器和地球间建立可靠的传输链路,弱太阳闪烁中的深空信道的自适应控制十分重要。根据CCSDS规范,提出了一种基于连续功率控制和离散速率控制策略的深空信道自适应控制方法。数学分析和计算机仿真表明,(1) 太阳闪烁越强,自适应功率控制效果越明显;(2) 当太阳闪烁引起的信号衰减不大,小于9.4dB时,MPSK自适应控制信道容量高于非自适应控制信道容量。
     

Cost effectiveness requirements for space power stations

The concept of converting solar energy in orbital space stations and transmitting electrical power to Earth at radio frequency, is receiving increasing attention both in paper studies and experimental and development work. The projects conceived are large in scale and implications and will demand major resources in their development and deployment. In addition to the technological requirements, the problem of reaching international decisions at political levels to fund and operate such systems will be immense. It will therefore be essential to establish as accurately as possible the basic parameters which will lead to a viable project, particularly with regard to economics.

This paper, therefore, examines the requirements which together will determine the appropriate levels of cost effectiveness of space power stations and should assist in establishing critical or sensitive areas which will influence the operational validity of the concepts. The r.f. transmission of electric power to and from, or between, spacecraft may itself have wider implications and is another aspect considered in the paper.

In summary, the paper does not seek to introduce new design concepts, but appraises the situation and exposes indicators concerning cost effectiveness.     

An erasure coding-based loss-tolerant file delivery protocol for deep spacecommunications

In deep space communications, huge delay, asymmetric bandwidth, large BER and packet loss ratio and intermittent link hinder the adoption of terrestrial transmission protocols. To decrease file delivery time, consultative committee for space data systems (CCSDS) file delivery protocol (CFDP) replaces acknowledge (ACK) by negative acknowledge (NAK) and simplifies the procedures of link establishment and link removal. However, feedback information cannot be avoided in CFDP; hence the file delivery performance cannot be further improved. Motivated by the idea of erasure coding, a one-way reliable transmission protocol named loss-tolerant file deliver protocol (LTFDP) that is suitable for deep space long-range file deliveryis proposed in this paper. For LTFDP, if a certain percent of the data segments interweaved by explorers is received, the original data can be de-interweaved successfully by Earth stations; hence reliable transmission is accomplished without NAK or ACK. Obviously, the Earth stations have enough power and memory resources for the iteration process of de-interweaving. In a shorter distance communications scenario such as from the Moon to the Earth, performance of LTFDP is greatly impacted by file size and transmission rate. In contrast, propagation delay is the main factor of file delivery time in a longer distance communication scenario, e.g. from the Mars to the Earth. This paper demonstrated that LTFDP can not only diminish file delivery time greatly and improve goodput by feedback-reduced transmission, but also improve the reliability of deep space communications.     

Early commercial demonstration of space solar power using ultra-lightweight arrays

Space solar power shows great promise for future energy sources worldwide. Most central power stations operate with power capacity of 1000 MW or greater. Due to launch size limitations and specific power of current, rigid solar arrays, the largest solar arrays that have flown in space are around 50 kW. Thin-film arrays offer the promise of much higher specific power and deployment of array sizes up to several MW with current launch vehicles. An approach to early commercial applications for space solar power to distribute power to charge hand-held, mobile battery systems by wireless power transmission (WPT) from thin-film solar arrays in quasi-stationary orbits will be presented. Four key elements to this prototype will be discussed: (1) Space and near-space testing of prototype wireless power transmission by laser and microwave components including WPT space to space and WPT space to near-space HAA transmission demonstrations; (2) distributed power source for recharging hand-held batteries by wireless power transmission from MW space solar power systems; (3) use of quasi-geostationary satellites to generate electricity and distribute it to targeted areas; and (4) architecture and technology for ultra-lightweight thin-film solar arrays with specific energy exceeding 1 kW/kg. This approach would yield flight demonstration of space solar power and wireless power transmission of 1.2 MW. This prototype system will be described, and a roadmap will be presented that will lead to still higher power levels.     

Space communications in tomorrow''s society

Space communications are a successful, innovative technological model. They introduced many new and advanced technologies. The direct benefits of space communication services surpassed expectations. Also, space communications, as a steady resource, are truly a paradigm of socio-economic development. The urgent goal for all developing and developed societies is a steady-state economy. In tomorrow's society this paradigm will have a far greater influence on socio-economic life than other benefits.     

空间太阳能发电站拓扑架构及能量管理控制策略

针对超大功率空间太阳能电站(SSPS),提出了一种分布式+集中式系统拓扑架构,将系统电力传输分为太阳电池阵区、主结构电力传输区及发射天线阵区三大部分。根据系统三大阵区的能量流动关系,本文将SSPS系统的工作模式划分为最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)工作模式、跟踪功率指令工作模式及阴影区工作模式,并提出分层能源管理控制策略。最后,针对兆瓦级太阳电池阵的不同工作模式,利用Matlab/Simulink搭建空间太阳能电站系统仿真模型,进行仿真试验及对比分析,试验结果验证了拓扑架构的合理性及控制策略的有效性,为解决空间太阳能发电技术电力传输与能量管理问题提出了新思路。     

Superlight rotating reflectors in space

There is a general possibility of creation in space of large controlled mirror reflectors for solar and electromagnetic radiation with specific mass order of 1 g m^?2 or less. Such reflectors may be used in space energetics for concentration of solar energy for its further conversion into microwave beam and transmission to the Earth. They can also be used to illuminate the Earth surface in a dark period with reflected sunlight, to control the weather, for research work and some other purposes. Such reflector is a good solar sail. The control of its orientation and position in space is performed using solar energy and light pressure without spending fuel delivered from the Earth. Its form is maintained by centrifugal forces and light pressure. The film strength permits concentrators with radii of several kilometres and nearly flat reflectors for lighting applications with radii of hundreds of metres. Large series of identical reflectors can be built in space using superthin film tape at assembly station. For a year more than a hundred reflectors with a diameter of 600 m can be assembled at such a station. The assembly station can be placed at the height of 1000 km. The reflectors transfer to synchronous or other orbit is performed using their sail-likeness. For realization of such reflectors one should solve a very difficult problem of superthin film mass production as well as assembly technology problems. Careful study and experimental checks of their lifetime should be also made.     

利用等离子体通道实现空间太阳能无线能量传输

空间太阳能电站是高效利用太阳能的有效途径,受到了国际的广泛关注。空间无线能量传输技术是空间太阳能电站的关键技术之一。文章首先分析了微波与激光无线能量传输技术的问题,根据空间太阳能传输的具体需求进一步提出基于等离子体通道的无线能量传输技术,并对基于此项技术的空间太阳能传输系统进行了论证,完善并发展了空间太阳能传输模型。基于等离子体通道的无线能量传输技术为多个领域的能量补给提供了新颖的技术途径,是具有广阔应用前景的战略选择。     

Strategic, technological and ethical aspects of establishing colonies on Moon and Mars

With the vast experience gained by Aerospace Community in the last five decades, the natural future course of action will be to expand Space Exploration. Our understanding of Moon is relatively better with a number of unmanned satellite missions carried out by the leading Space Agencies and manned missions to Moon by USA. Also a number of unmanned satellite missions and surface rover missions were carried out to Mars by those Space agencies generating many new details about Mars. While the future exploration efforts by global community will also be centered obviously on Moon and Mars, it is noteworthy that already NASA had declared its plans for establishing a Surface Base on Moon and developing the technical infrastructure required. Surface Bases on Moon and Mars give rise to a number of strategic, technical and ethical issues both in the process of development, and in the process of establishing the bases. The strategic issues related to Moon and Mars Surface Bases will be centered around development of enabling technologies, cost of the missions, and international cooperation. The obvious path for tackling both the technological development and cost issues will be through innovative and new means of international cooperation. International cooperation can take many forms like—all capable players joining a leader, or sharing of tasks at system level, or all players having their independent programmes with agreed common interfaces of the items being taken to and left on the surface of Moon/Mars. Each model has its own unique features. Among the technical issues, the first one is that of the Mission Objectives—why Surface Bases have to be developed and what will be the activity of crew on Surface Bases? Surface Bases have to meet mainly the issues on long term survivability of humans on the Mars/Moon with their specific atmosphere, gravity and surface characteristics. Moon offers excellent advantages for astronomy while posing difficulties with respect to solar power utilization and extreme temperature variations. Hence the technical challenges depend on a number of factors starting from mission requirements. Obviously the most important technical challenge to be addressed will be in the areas of crew safety, crew survivability, adequate provision to overcome contingencies, and in-situ resource utilization. Towards this, new innovations will be developed in areas such as specialized space suits, rovers, power and communication systems, and ascent and descent modules. The biggest ethical issue is whether humankind from Earth is targeting ‘habitation’ or ‘colonization’ of Moon/Mars. The next question will be whether the in-situ resource exploitation will be only for carrying out further missions to other planets from Moon/Mars or for utilization on Earth. The third ethical issue will be the long term impact of pollution on Moon/Mars due to technologies employed for power generation and other logistics on Surfaces. The paper elaborates the views of the authors on the strategic, technical and ethical aspects of establishing Surface Bases and colonies on Moon and Mars. The underlying assumptions and gray areas under each aspect will be explained with the resulting long-term implications.     

Strategic,technological and ethical aspects of establishing colonies on Moon and Mars

With the vast experience gained by Aerospace Community in the last five decades, the natural future course of action will be to expand Space Exploration. Our understanding of Moon is relatively better with a number of unmanned satellite missions carried out by the leading Space Agencies and manned missions to Moon by USA. Also a number of unmanned satellite missions and surface rover missions were carried out to Mars by those Space agencies generating many new details about Mars. While the future exploration efforts by global community will also be centered obviously on Moon and Mars, it is noteworthy that already NASA had declared its plans for establishing a Surface Base on Moon and developing the technical infrastructure required. Surface Bases on Moon and Mars give rise to a number of strategic, technical and ethical issues both in the process of development, and in the process of establishing the bases. The strategic issues related to Moon and Mars Surface Bases will be centered around development of enabling technologies, cost of the missions, and international cooperation. The obvious path for tackling both the technological development and cost issues will be through innovative and new means of international cooperation. International cooperation can take many forms like—all capable players joining a leader, or sharing of tasks at system level, or all players having their independent programmes with agreed common interfaces of the items being taken to and left on the surface of Moon/Mars. Each model has its own unique features. Among the technical issues, the first one is that of the Mission Objectives—why Surface Bases have to be developed and what will be the activity of crew on Surface Bases? Surface Bases have to meet mainly the issues on long term survivability of humans on the Mars/Moon with their specific atmosphere, gravity and surface characteristics. Moon offers excellent advantages for astronomy while posing difficulties with respect to solar power utilization and extreme temperature variations. Hence the technical challenges depend on a number of factors starting from mission requirements. Obviously the most important technical challenge to be addressed will be in the areas of crew safety, crew survivability, adequate provision to overcome contingencies, and in-situ resource utilization. Towards this, new innovations will be developed in areas such as specialized space suits, rovers, power and communication systems, and ascent and descent modules. The biggest ethical issue is whether humankind from Earth is targeting ‘habitation’ or ‘colonization’ of Moon/Mars. The next question will be whether the in-situ resource exploitation will be only for carrying out further missions to other planets from Moon/Mars or for utilization on Earth. The third ethical issue will be the long term impact of pollution on Moon/Mars due to technologies employed for power generation and other logistics on Surfaces. The paper elaborates the views of the authors on the strategic, technical and ethical aspects of establishing Surface Bases and colonies on Moon and Mars. The underlying assumptions and gray areas under each aspect will be explained with the resulting long-term implications.     

空间太阳能电站构想及其相关技术的发展

文章介绍了太阳功率卫星（SPS）的发展背景、基本原理和系统构成,分析了实现SPS的主要技术条件。通过分析目前国际上建设SPS所开展的实验及其相关技术的发展,以期对中国未来发展空间太阳能电站技术提供借鉴。     

Manufacture in space: the MINOS system

The manufacture in Space of products for use on Earth is a possibility for the 1990s. The MINOS project is based on the idea of a free-flyer station for the current medium-level production of either unique products (which cannot be made on Earth), or of economic yields of products which cannot be obtained in sufficient quantities on Earth.At present, only the main system may be defined from general specifications: electrical power (10 kW), residual acceleration (10^?5 g), processing cycle duration (10 hr).The launch vehicle is Ariane I and its improved versions (models II, III and IV).The outer structure of the spececraft is described with solar panels, energy storage (battery and inertial storage) and control systems.The definition of orbital parameters capable of accommodating the basis specifications, especially the high energy level and the re-entry conditions on the Guiana base, is a major problem. The re-entry vehicle is studied from a pure ballistic trajectory point of view. From the results of orbital performance, the mass of the spacecraft and also the mass of the ascent vehicle are evaluated. For this latter value, its determination is directly related to the cost of space-processed materials.A general overview is given of the other spacecraft sub-systems such as satellite tracking, communications, ground stations, resources requirements, telemetry, onboard computing system etc.     

Combining solar science and asteroid science with the space weather observation network (SWON)

The peculiarity of space weather for Earth orbiting satellites, air traffic and power grids on Earth and especially the financial and operational risks posed by damage due to space weather, underline the necessity of space weather observation. The importance of such observations is even more increasing due to the impending solar maximum. In recognition of this importance we propose a mission architecture for solar observation as an alternative to already published mission plans like Solar Probe (NASA) or Solar Orbiter (ESA). Based upon a Concurrent Evaluation session in the Concurrent Engineering Facility of the German Aerospace Center, we suggest using several spacecraft in an observation network. Instead of placing such spacecraft in a solar orbit, we propose landing on several asteroids, which are in opposition to Earth during the course of the mission and thus allow observation of the Sun's far side. Observation of the far side is especially advantageous as it improves the warning time with regard to solar events by about 2 weeks. Landing on Inner Earth Object (IEO) asteroids for observation of the Sun has several benefits over traditional mission architectures. Exploiting shadowing effects of the asteroids reduces thermal stress on the spacecraft, while it is possible to approach the Sun closer than with an orbiter. The closeness to the Sun improves observation quality and solar power generation, which is intended to be achieved with a solar dynamic system. Furthermore landers can execute experiments and measurements with regard to asteroid science, further increasing the scientific output of such a mission. Placing the spacecraft in a network would also benefit the communication contact times of the network and Earth. Concluding we present a first draft of a spacecraft layout, mission objectives and requirements as well as an initial mission analysis calculation.     

深空通信中的一种级联编码调制及其迭代接收

在深空通信中,由于通信距离大幅增加,通信信号的自由空间传播损耗很大,提高系统的功率利用效率是深空通信系统设计需要考虑的重要问题之一。提出了基于LDPC码和FQPSK调制的级联编码调制体制,首先提出该编码调制体制的系统模型,通过修改相应的算法给出适合FQPSK的迭代解调解码算法,通过计算机仿真分析了该体制的误码率性能。研究结果表明：该体制利用FQPSK的恒包络特性克服信道非线性问题并使功放工作在饱和区,利用LDPC码实现低信噪比通信,同时在接收端通过迭代解调解码获得增益,从而能够缓解深空通信中由于传输距离过远而带来的极低信噪比通信问题。     

Space and the fate of humanity

Current growth and consumption rates on Earth cannot be sustained into the future. Space technology is already a vital tool in the management of the planet and we should look at it to mitigate some of the problems we face. However, this should not include colonization of interstellar space. Rather we should focus on using solar energy from space and on mining asteroids, both of which would be feasible if the Moon was developed as a space base and power station. The most difficult and expensive part of getting into space is escaping Earth's gravity - something that could be avoided once a presence was established on the Moon. A lunar base would also provide the obvious site from which to reach GEO, travel to Mars or back to Earth and, ultimately, to explore the further reaches of the Solar System.     

Comparative economics of very high capacity communications satellites

Technology advances expected by the late 1980 or early 1990 time period will allow the construction of powerful and complex communications satellites with large multibeam antennas and very many transponders, and their operation and maintenance in geostationary orbit. The high sensitivity and effective radiated power of such satellites will enable the Earth stations using them to shrink dramatically in size and cost, thus becoming readily available to very large numbers of users as well as making possible new kinds and levels of communications services simply not possible with smaller satellites. This paper briefly describes three such new designs, concerning electronic mail transmission, educational TV distribution, and mass personal communications; it compares the users' service costs with those of terrestrial networks designed for the same performance.     

天基信息传输分发体系中新频段及新体制梳理

文章介绍了激光通信、太赫兹通信和量子通信等新的通信频段及通信体制在天基信息传输分发体系中的应用前景。激光通信链路可用于构建未来空间骨干网,附加在激光链路上的量子光通信链路可以极大提升链路保密性能,太赫兹通信链路可能在未来卫星星座及伴随飞行集群内部高速数据交换场合提供大带宽及灵活组网的通信能力。各种新形式的链路技术结合起来,可以为天基信息传输分发系统提供支撑。     

Outer space exploitability: International law and developing nations

This article outlines the principles upon which international space law is based. Space law has been successful so far in benefiting the developing countries without hampering the spacefaring nations. The principal treaty provisions that are of special interest to developing nations are discussed, and issues associated with remote sensing, communications and environmental harms are examined in detail. Since 1967 there has been a sharp change in the focus of legal concern towards ‘taking into account the particular needs of developing countries’, a principle that will be central to arrangements for the equitable sharing of the benefits of exploiting the space environment and its natural resources.     

Results of Kirari optical communication demonstration experiments with NICT optical ground station (KODEN) aiming for future classical and quantum communications in space

Bi-directional ground-to-satellite laser communication experiments were successfully performed between the optical ground station developed by the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), located in Koganei City in suburban Tokyo, and a low earth orbit (LEO) satellite, the “Kirari” Optical Inter-orbit Communications Engineering Test Satellite (OICETS). The experiments were conducted in cooperation with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), and called the Kirari Optical communication Demonstration Experiments with the NICT optical ground station (or KODEN). The ground-to-OICETS laser communication experiment was the first in-orbit demonstration involving the LEO satellite. The laser communication experiment was conducted since March 2006. The polarization characteristics of an artificial laser source in space, such as Stokes parameters, and the degree of polarization were measured through space-to-ground atmospheric transmission paths, which results contribute to the link estimation for quantum key distribution via space and provide the potential for enhancements in quantum cryptography on a global scale in the future. The Phase-5 experiment, international laser communications experiments were also successfully conducted with four optical ground stations located in the United States, Spain, Germany, and Japan from April 2009 to September 2009. The purpose of the Phase-5 experiment was to establish OICETS-to-ground laser communication links from the different optical ground stations and the statistical analyses such as the normalized power, scintillation index, probability density function, auto-covariance function, and power spectral density were performed. Thus the applicability of the satellite laser communications was demonstrated, aiming not only for geostationary earth orbit-LEO links but also for ground-to-LEO optical links. This paper presents the results of the KODEN experiments and mainly introduces the common analyses among the different optical ground stations.