北斗星载铯钟在轨性能评估方法实践

北斗卫星导航系统装备高精度的原子钟为卫星提供高准确度、高稳定性以及低漂移率的基准频率。在某颗卫星上装备了一台铯原子钟，开机作为热备份提供备份的基准频率，在卫星上配备且提供服务的工作钟为一台氢原子钟。通过对2019年12月6日至2020年5月17日此卫星上每秒一次的主备钟相差采样数据测量值的统计、处理，以及对处理结果的分析，完成了对此卫星上星载铯原子钟的在轨性能评估。通过对处理结果的分析得出，星载铯原子钟在轨表现出的频率准确度、10 s以上的频率稳定度以及漂移率等性能与此铯原子钟在地面的测试结果基本一致。使用主备钟相差采样数据的测量值分析备份铯原子钟在轨性能方法的可行性、可信度很高。国内研发的高精度铯原子钟达到了可以为卫星提供服务的水平。     

时差定位型卫星铷钟的双钟热备份设计

针对传统星载铷钟备份设计中对铷钟状态判断不准确和主备切换时输出信号不稳定的不足,在分析时差测算铷钟指标原理和频率信号切换方法的基础上,提出了一种适用于时差定位型卫星铷钟的双钟热备份设计,通过GPS时差测算铷钟频率性能指标,以及无扰切换设计实现频率信号的稳定输出。地面试验表明,铷钟的准确度和稳定度指标测算误差小于5%,频率输出信号在切换时连续稳定,无突波干扰。研究结果可以为后续定位型卫星和导航卫星的高精度时频系统设计提供参考。     

双极型磁选态单束铯束管内铯原子运动轨迹的算法改进

针对简化算法得到的铯原子运动轨迹精度不高的结果,通过分析磁选态单束铯束管内双极型选态磁铁的磁场分布,提出了不简化磁场梯度和有效磁矩,用布利厄施-施多厄方法求解铯原子运动方程的算法。用此算法得到的铯原子运动轨迹与通常采用的简化算法得到的轨迹相比,最大差异约为10 mm。此计算结果影响管内机械组件的安装对中位置,可用于束光学模拟计算,提高短期稳定度指标。     

时间同步误差对星载寄生式InSAR系统干涉相位的影响分析

时间同步是星载寄生式InSAR系统的关键问题之一。提出了一种新的时间同步误差模型，并在该模型的基础上详细分析了不同形式的时间同步误差对双站SAR成像及InSAR干涉相位的影响。建立了时间同步误差到干涉相位误差的传递模型，指出了星载寄生式InSAR系统对频率源准确度和稳定度的指标要求，仿真验证了理论分析的正确性，分析结果对星载分布式InSAR系统的设计具有重要意义。     

北斗在轨卫星广播星历精度分析

为分析北斗广播星历的精度,采用激光测距资料和精密星历作为参考进行分析。由于没有提供BDS-3试验卫星精密星历,本文设计了3天弧段的DBS-3试验卫星精密定轨试验,解算的轨道精度约为50 cm,钟差精度约为2 ns。之后联合国际GNSS监测评估系统iGMAS发布的事后BDS-2精密星历,对BDS-3/BDS-2广播星历轨道、钟差精度进行分析。为准确评估广播星历轨道精度,还采用SLR观测数据作为外部检核手段分析北斗在轨卫星广播星历轨道精度。统计了广播星历轨道误差的1D RMS和钟差误差的STD,结果表明：多数钟差精度优于 10 ns ,轨道精度优于5 m。另外为分析广播星历卫星钟的时频性能,计算了在轨卫星钟差的频率稳定度、漂移率和准确度,试验结果表明：BDS-3试验卫星各项性能指标普遍优于BDS-2,频率准确度、频率漂移率和频率稳定性指标计算结果显示BDS-3卫星相对于BDS-2卫星分别提升了42.8%,22.5%,9.5%。     

某型号卫星内部磁场分析计算

文章对某型号卫星的磁力矩器在星体内部产生的磁场进行了逐点计算,并提供了大量卫星内部磁场分布图。计算结果表明,卫星内部一些关键磁敏感部件,例如铷钟、行波管等处磁场值较大,尤其是铷钟位置影响更大一些。文中对计算结果进行分析,并给出建议。     

基于频率源稳定度的钟差序列生成方法研究

基于频率源噪声特性和幂率谱密度之间的关系，构建了一种通过频率源目标稳定度反向生成虚拟钟差序列模型，利用虚拟钟差序列模型可以快速、高效地生成目标频率源的长期钟差数据。针对不同类型频率源的组合噪声特征，采用传统的噪声模型生成5种频率源噪声，然后利用仿真分析验证虚拟钟差序列生成模型的正确性。通过比对仿真结果可知，基于铷钟、氢钟和铯钟的虚拟钟差序列的稳定度与实测钟差序列的稳定度基本相符，重建虚拟钟差序列能够准确地反映其频率噪声特性，因此，文中采用频率源目标稳定度生成其钟差序列的方法可行、有效。     

相干光通信系统光锁相环性能分析

文章基于costas OPLL工作原理和数学模型,研究分析了costas OPLL环路数学模型和环路相位噪声,并计算得到了costas环的环路带宽、线宽和90°光混频移相器输出光功率分配比等重要环路设计参数。分析计算结果为星载相干光通信系统光锁相环的设计提供了理论依据。     

空间用Hg^＋频标

本文介绍以约束在线性离子阱中的Hg~ 离子为工作物质的空间用离子频标的设计要点。这种新型频标可以提供象氢原子钟一样的超高频率稳定度,重量却与NAVSTAR/GPS用的铯原子钟相当,约为11千克,所以非常适于空间应用。为了达到11千克的估值,文中将Hg~ 离子频标和现在使用的GPS铯频标进行对比。建议采取最近研制的延展型线性阱结构,从而使空间用的Hg~ 离子频标的物理部分的体积减小到与铯束管相近。在这种结构下,现有Hg~ 离子频标显示出的优于10~(-15)的频率稳定度将会保持甚至有所改善,并将具有比目前任何适合于空间使用的频标更高的频率稳定度与重量比。     

星载原子钟自主完好性监测方法研究

针对地基辅助系统监测星载原子钟的完好性时呈现出的对地面依赖程度高、故障告警及时性差的缺点,分析了星载原子钟常见异常现象及其对系统性能的影响,提出了一种基于差拍数字化测频和最小二乘法钟差预测比较的星载原子钟自主完好性监测解决方案.实验验证了该方案的可行性,针对星载原子钟故障能够在1秒内做出准确判断并发出告警信息.     

Attitude stabilization of a satellite by magnetic coils

Stabilization problem for a satellite is considered. The only measurement is of the geomagnetic field in the satellite coordinates. The control is carried out by a magnetic moment of current coils (magnetorquers) mounted on the satellite body. The stabilizer constructed in this work solves the problems of magnetic and gravitational stabilization. Qualitative analysis and results of numerical simulation are presented. The results of simulation show that the proposed stabilization system is reliable, and has an appropriate accuracy and does not need powerful sources of energy, and therefore can be used for attitude control of small satellites.     

CRYOGENIC TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE ELECTRIC THRUSTERS

This paper analyzes superconducting (SC) coils technology to improve satellite electric propulsion. SC magnets can generate very high magnetic fields with extremely low ohmic losses, low electric power and PCU weight. Moreover, the weight of SC magnet coils is quite low compared with conventional or permanent magnets capable of producing the same field strength. For instance, to obtain a 0.4 T magnetic field strength, typical of applied field magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters (AF-MPD), based on the Lorentz force, and with thrust in the range of 1 N, this paper shows that only a 40 g coil SC weight is needed, whereas an equivalent field copper winding would weigh about 36 kg. Using SC technology it is shown that the limited magnetic induction provided by a permanent magnet may be raised and also that it is possible to obtain high magnetic fields (of order of several Tesla) with fewer turns, drastically reducing coil volume, weight and complexity compared to conventional winding.

Superconductivity at low temperature (LTSC) requires liquid helium at 4.2 K to produce very high current densities: the thermal analysis in this paper shows that, depending on satellite and thruster, high temperature superconductors (HTSC) wires are sometimes better than LTSC because these can support lower current densities but with a critical superconductivity temperature higher than for LHe, requiring LN₂ at 77 K, easier to maintain during the whole mission.

Finally, this paper shows that implementing SC cryogenic technology on a satellite can be achieved with current active coolers technology.     

毫米波G波段的反射式准光环行器

为建立毫米波测试系统以及解决高频段的测试问题,研究了毫米波G波段(140-220GHz)的准光环行器。采用的反射式设计能够方便地调整偏置磁场,从而降低铁氧体厚度等参数的要求,由此合理优化器件的多层介质模型。实验中搭建了准光学的测试平台,建立准光学的测试方法,并研究了该频段的介质特性。频段170-195GHz上的测量结果显示,G波段的反射式环行器在8%的相对带宽上,隔离度大于20dB,插入损耗小于3.6dB。研究表明,反射式环行器放宽了设计参数的允许偏差,适合在高频段系统中应用。     

A heuristic design method for attitude stabilization of magnetic actuated satellites

In this paper a heuristic design strategy for stabilizing the satellite attitude has been proposed. It is assumed that the satellite is actuated by a set of mutually perpendicular magnetic coils. Using well-known Lyapunov direct stability method it is shown that the proposed controller causes to a global asymptotic stable system for all near polar orbits. The design procedure is based on analyzing of the conceptual effects of magnetic coils on the satellite attitude motion. Considering these effects lead to some intuitive results which determine the global stabilizing control law. The performance and robustness of the designed controller against actuators saturation and quantization error have been verified using a real-time-hardware–software in-loop (RTHSIL) simulation results. These results show that the global stability can be achieved although some disturbances and restrictions exist. This stabilizing controller can be simply combined with a linear explicit model predictive controller (EMPC) to achieve a full three-axis control law.     

A heuristic design method for attitude stabilization of magnetic actuated satellites

In this paper a heuristic design strategy for stabilizing the satellite attitude has been proposed. It is assumed that the satellite is actuated by a set of mutually perpendicular magnetic coils. Using well-known Lyapunov direct stability method it is shown that the proposed controller causes to a global asymptotic stable system for all near polar orbits. The design procedure is based on analyzing of the conceptual effects of magnetic coils on the satellite attitude motion. Considering these effects lead to some intuitive results which determine the global stabilizing control law. The performance and robustness of the designed controller against actuators saturation and quantization error have been verified using a real-time-hardware–software in-loop (RTHSIL) simulation results. These results show that the global stability can be achieved although some disturbances and restrictions exist. This stabilizing controller can be simply combined with a linear explicit model predictive controller (EMPC) to achieve a full three-axis control law.     

过程集成与设计优化技术在碳纤维增强树脂材料设计中的应用

研究过程集成与设计优化(PIDO)技术在复合材料设计中的应用。以航空器领域上广泛应用的碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)为例,开展结构刚度优化设计。根据复合材料中层压板分布特性,以结构固有频率最大为优化目标,通过选择层压板各单层厚度和铺设角度,使用有限元方法模拟铺设角度变化并输出结果,采用优化算法对结果进行判定,得到结构刚度的优化结果。对比两种不同的PIDO优化过程,提出一种结果更优的优化策略——该策略在提高结构刚度的同时,兼顾轻量化,可为优化设计提供更多思路。     

基于旋翼无人机技术的近地磁测系统

为了提高无人机航空磁探测精度,文章利用大疆六旋翼无人机作为飞行平台,搭载三轴磁通门传感器及相应的数据采集子系统,组建了旋翼无人机磁场测量系统;分析和测量了六旋翼无人机本底磁性分布特征,优化了无磁伸杆的安装位置;采用综合系数法修正了三轴磁通门传感器的误差;最后进行了野外飞行试验,对旋翼无人机磁测系统的整体性能进行验证。结果表明,系统可持续飞行15 min,可有效完成低空磁场探测和磁矩计算,且飞行稳定性能高。文章进一步提出了技术改进方向。该研究可为无人机磁探技术和工程应用提供参考。     

圆柱形Hall推力器磁场的设计与数值模拟

霍尔(Hall)推力器的磁场设计是提高其性能的关键技术之一。针对传统环形Hall推力器小型化带来的缺点,提出了圆柱形的Hall推力器。简要对比了环形和圆柱形两种推力器,对圆柱形推力器的工作原理、磁场设计的要求以及利用ANSYS有限元软件进行的电磁场数值模拟的结果进行了详细分析。结果表明,圆柱形推力器磁路设计是合理的,另外也证明了用ANSYS有限元软件进行电磁场模拟的可靠性。     

Passive Magnetic Attitude Control System for the Munin Nanosatellite

The instrumental and applied problems related to the design of a passive magnetic attitude control system for the Munin nanosatellite are considered. The system is constructed from a strong permanent magnet and a set of hysteresis rods. These rods are made of magnetically soft material using a special technology, and they allow us to support the satellite orientation with respect to the local magnetic field vector with a given accuracy and time response. By using asymptotic and numerical methods, we investigate the satellite dynamics for different models of hysteresis. The issues concerning the arrangement of the rods and their interaction with the fields of permanent magnets mounted onboard the satellite are discussed.     

三体随动跟踪式重力卫星姿态与无拖曳控制方法

采用非接触洛伦兹力执行器代替微推进系统,提出一种“质量块—载荷舱—平台舱”三体随动跟踪式重力卫星总体架构,避免传统低低跟踪重力场测量卫星设计中的质心波动与执行机构带来的动力学不确定性影响。其次,建立了该架构下的卫星姿轨耦合动力学模型,并在此基础上针对动力学非线性耦合项的影响,构建了一种基于带宽参数化自适应补偿的复合自抗扰控制方法,提升姿态与无拖曳控制性能。最后,采用数学仿真验证了所提出的重力卫星总体架构及其控制方法的有效性。仿真结果表明,该方法有效提升了系统的频域性能。