适合于机动弹道导弹的星光—惯性组合制导系统研究

机动弹道导弹通常会带来较大的初始定位定向误差,星光-惯性组合制导系统能有效地修正初始定位定向误差,提高惯导系统的精度。本文详细介绍了基于一种随动平台的星光-惯性组合制导系统的原理;研究了随动平台跟踪星体的机理;推导了控制随动平台转动所需的计算公式;讨论了星体跟踪器对平台误差角的观测过程;导出了星体跟踪器的测量输出与平台误差角之间的数学方程。仿真结果表明了该方案的有效性。     

面向失锁在线补偿的高超声速飞行器组合导航方法研究

根据高超声速飞行器导航的主要需求，针对高动态飞行条件下可能出现的卫星导航信号跟踪丢失等问题，本文设计了基于卫星观测值在线补偿的组合导航方法，该方法可在GPS导航接收机失锁的情况下，基于预存卫星星历外推模型和卫星信号误差模型，在线重构虚拟卫星导航观测值并补偿由信号失锁导致的组合滤波器发散情况，从而确保飞行器组合导航的精度。结合助推—滑翔高超声速飞行器航迹对该方案进行了仿真验证，结果表明，该方案能够在助推—滑翔高超声速飞行器强动态条件下确保卫星导航数据输出的连续性，在一定程度上克服了卫星导航信号丢失带来的不利影响，确保高超声速飞行器GPS/捷联惯导组合导航的基本导航定位性能。     

远程长航时飞行器惯性/天文组合导航技术研究

为实现天文导航系统位置和航向信息对惯性导航系统误差的有效修正,设计了一种远程长航时惯性/天文位置、航向组合导航总体方案,提出了天文信息辅助的惯导航向修正方法,并推导了惯性/天文位置组合导航动态方程。仿真结果表明,提出的远程长航时惯性/天文位置、航向组合导航方案和算法是正确的,且有效地提高了组合导航系统性能。     

依赖GPS和国际海事卫星（Inmarsat）的人员跟踪装置

英国最近推出了一种新产品，它可以利用卫星来帮助跟踪处于危险和遥远地带的人员。这种叫做人员跟踪器（PT）的新产品，能利用GPS导航信号，经Inmarsat通信卫星中继，对工作在没有可靠的移动通信或无其他无线电覆盖的地区的人员，进行监视。这种人员跟踪器既能装在背包里，也能安装在汽车上。在发生紧急情况时，它还能使用户触发恐慌警报。     

CNS/SINS姿态组合导航系统仿真

针对大部分飞行器导航采用地理坐标系导航,天文导航在地理坐标系下姿态解算依赖导航位置而容易发生精度发散的问题,文章研究了地理坐标系下,天文,质性姿态组合导航系统滤波算法,以有效提高导航系统的精度。首先,对天文愤性组合导航系统数学模型进行分析;然后,用Matlab软件根据实际情况设定参数并获得仿真数据,在仿真数据的基础上进行标准的卡尔曼滤波的仿真研究。仿真结果表明,当惯导与天文导航进行姿态组合后,各导航参数精度明显提高,在短期内可认为是收敛的,但仿真时间较长后,各导航参数出现缓慢的发散趋势。     

弹道导弹天文/惯性导航误差修正方法研究

通过分析导弹天文导航和惯性导航的导航原理和误差模型,在基于充分利用高精度天文导航参数的思想上,提出了组合导航的误差修正方法。首先对两种导航参数进行了归算,而后提出了利用多次的天文测量参数对惯性测量误差进行修正的方法。该方法能较为准确地分离出引起射程误差较大的关机点速度、位置等的误差值,从而为实现利用天文导航进行射程误差修正提供前提条件。仿真计算表明,该方法是行之有效的。     

一种全天时星跟踪器相对惯导的安装阵在线快速估计方法

全天时星跟踪器与捷联惯导组成的惯性/天文组合导航系统具有精度高、自主性强等优点,在飞机、无人机、船舶等领域具有广泛的应用前景。组合导航系统长时间工作中力热变化导致安装矩阵漂移进而影响导航系统精度,全天时星跟踪器由于天空光影响视场小,一次只能观测一颗恒星,无法根据一副星图直接进行安装阵估计。提出了一种基于Levenberg-Marquart （L-M）算法的捷联惯性/天文组合导航系统安装阵在线快速高精度估计方法,利用捷联惯导姿态测量值,将不同时刻的观测星矢量转移到同一时刻同一坐标系中,构造多颗观测星的观测矢量误差与导航星矢量最小二乘目标函数,利用自适应步长的L-M算法对其进行迭代求解,实时得到系统安装矩阵的变化量。试验结果表明,使用该方法后星跟踪器在捷联惯导本体坐标系的输出恒星投影矢量精度提升了1倍以上,在线估计时间优于5 ms,满足用户实时性和高精度要求。     

小型无人机的导航与制导仿真系统研究

研究了基于飞行器动力学模型的小型无人机的惯性组合导航与制导系统仿真技术,组合导航系统嵌入了飞行器的轨迹和姿态控制回路,建立了基于MATLAB/AEROSIM的组合导航计算机仿真系统,仿真系统包括惯性组合导航仿真模块、传感器仿真支持模块、飞行器6自由度动力学模型模块、飞行器轨迹生成、轨迹控制与姿态控制模块、导航仿真评估模块。基于该仿真系统,目前已开展惯性/卫星深组合、惯性/大气数据融合等理论算法和技术研究。     

临近空间高超声速飞行器天文导航系统综述

临近空间是航天与航空业务领域的结合部，具有重要的战略价值。高超声速飞行器是临近空间力量部署的重要载体，已逐渐进入应用部署阶段。临近空间高超声速飞行器的飞行环境和任务条件对导航系统提出了新的更高要求。在总结临近空间高超声速飞行器的导航技术研究进展的基础上，对天文导航技术的应用环境和条件进行了系统的分析和探讨，提出了5个重点研究方向，包括：星图采集效能、光学误差模型、视场观测机理、姿态更新速率、小型化模块化工程化等。研究结果可为临近空间高超声速飞行器天文导航系统的设计提供参考。     

适合航天飞机应用的星体跟踪器

本文推导了航天飞机采用新型探测器件——电荷耦合器件CCD（ChargeCoupled DeVices）组成的星体跟踪器进行姿态稳定的公式。并提供一种适合航天飞机应用的星体跟踪器原理样机。     

Brightness-independent start-up routine for star trackers

Initial attitude acquisition by a modern star tracker is investigated here. Criteria for efficient organization of the on-board database are discussed with reference to a brightness-independent initial acquisition algorithm. Star catalog generation preprocessing is described, with emphasis on the identification of minimum star brightness for detection by a sensor based on a charge coupled device (CCD) photodetector. This is a crucial step for proper evaluation of the attainable sky coverage when selecting the stars to be included in the on-board catalog. Test results are also reported, both for reliability and accuracy, even if the former is considered to be the primary target. Probability of erroneous solution is 0.2% in the case of single runs of the procedure, while attitude determination accuracy is in the order of 0.02/spl deg/ in the average for the computation of the inertial pointing of the boresight axis.     

Star recognition algorithm for APS star tracker: oriented triangles

An efficient star pattern recognition algorithm is presented. The purpose of this algorithm is to make sure of the compatibility of the software and the imaging sensor noise level. The new CMOS APS sensors have not currently reached the same accuracy as the former CCD sensors in position as well as in magnitude determination, especially in the dynamic stages. This algorithm allows the system to recognize the star pattern 20% faster than with reference algorithms. No false recognition has been noticed. Used databases have a size 5 to 10 times smaller, depending on other reference algorithms. Oriented triangles are used to compare the measured star pattern with the catalogue stars. The triangle's characterization criteria propose several solutions in a first time. A unique solution is selected by means of identification and validation methods in a second time. First results, presented hereinafter, are very encouraging, and this algorithm may be used in the future APS star trackers. APS star tracker robustness is significantly enhanced by this method during the critical navigation phases     

Precession–nutation correction for star tracker attitude measurement of STECE satellite

Space Technology Experiment and Climate Exploration(STECE) is a small satellite mission of China for space technology experiment and climate exploration. A new test star tracker and one ASTRO 10 star tracker have been loaded on the STECE satellite to test the new star tracker's measurement performance. However,there is no autonomous precession–nutation correction function for the test star tracker,which causes an apparent periodic deflection in the inter-boresight angle between the two star trackers with respect to each other of up to ±500 arcsec,so the precession and nutation effect needs to be considered while assessing the test star tracker. This paper researches on the precession–nutation correction for the test star tracker's attitude measurement and presents a precession–nutation correction method based on attitude quaternion data. The periodic deflection of the inter-boresight angle between the two star trackers has been greatly eliminated after the precession and nutation of the test star tracker's attitude data have been corrected by the proposed method and the validity of the proposed algorithm has been demonstrated. The in-flight accuracy of the test star tracker has been assessed like attitude noise and low-frequency errors after the precession–nutation correction.     

Star trackers for attitude determination

One problem comes to all spacecrafts using vector information. That is the problem of determining the attitude. This paper describes how the area of attitude determination instruments has evolved from simple pointing devices into the latest technology, which determines the attitude by utilizing a CCD camera and a powerful microcomputer. The instruments are called star trackers and they are capable of determining the attitude with an accuracy better than 1 arcsecond. The concept of the star tracker is explained. The obtainable accuracy is calculated, the numbers of stars to be included in the star catalogue are discussed and the acquisition of the initial attitude is explained. Finally the commercial market for star trackers is discussed     

星点坐标辅助的全天区三角形星图识别算法

随着当前星敏感器视场（FOV）的增大,探测能力的提高,一帧图中拍摄到的恒星更多。但是受星敏感器光谱范围的限制及空间环境干扰影响,星等测试精度一般不高于0.2 mV。为了充分发挥当前星敏感器视场和探测能力的优势,并避免星等误差的影响,提高全天区星图识别算法在线应用的适用性,提出了一种星点坐标辅助的全天区三角形星图识别算法。该方法采用"全局初步搜索识别—局部精细匹配验证—最优结果选取"的算法思想。首先,根据星敏感器探测到的极限星等范围构建导航星表,选取亮星构建角距星表,既确保了星表的完备性,又有利于充分利用星敏感器的探测能力。然后,在三角形约束条件下进行角距匹配识别,得到一个或多个导航三角形,在该识别环节提出了非线性矢量法查找星表,既提高了定位精度,又能采用单精度数据类型降低存储空间。最后,提出局部天区星点坐标匹配算法进一步消除冗余匹配,同时又识别出视场内更多的观测星,有利于提高识别率和定姿精度。试验结果表明,与其他一些经典的星图识别算法相比,所提算法在识别率和星表容量方面更有优势。识别率可达99.9%,且随着星等的增加,存储容量增加的最少。所提算法更加适于大视场、高星等敏感范围的星敏感器在线应用。     

一种通过观测两颗恒星确定飞行器姿态的算法

本文介绍了通过固联安装在飞行器本体上的星跟踪器观测两颗恒星,确定飞行器姿态的一种算法,建立了相应的坐标系,推导了恒星观测角与描述飞行器姿态的四元数之间的关系。     

Attitude and Oribit Estimation Using Stars and Landmarks

An extended Kalman filter is used to process line-of-sight measurements to stars and known landmarks providing a statistical indication of performance in estimating spacecraft attitude, orbital ephemeris, and the bias drift of a set of three strapdown gyros. The landmark measurements were assumed to have been taken from the imagery of an Earth-observing multispectral scanner. It is shown that filtering of these noisy measurements results in highly accurate estimates of the above parameters. Results are given showing the sensitivity of performance to various system parameters such as star tracker accuracy, errors in the knowledge of landmark position, and number of stars and landmarks processed.     

空天飞行器星敏感器安装误差在线标定方法

空天飞行器高动态、长航时的运动特性可能导致一体化安装的惯性/天文组合导航系统中星敏感器与惯导间产生安装误差角。设计了一种星敏感器安装误差角动态辨识方法,建立了星敏感器安装误差角模型,设计了基于天文角度观测的星敏感器安装误差角动态辨识方案,分析了不同机动飞行方式下星敏感器安装误差角的可观测度。仿真结果表明,所设计的基于卡尔曼滤波的动态辨识方法能够在飞行器机动过程中快速地对星敏感器安装误差角进行在线标定,对安装误差角的标定值可以达到实际误差值的85%以上,有效地提高了组合导航系统的精度。     

一种高精度小型化星敏感器设计

星敏感器是以恒星为参照系,以星空为工作对象的高精度空间姿态测量装置,提供准确的空间方位和基准,具有高精度、无漂移、工作寿命长等特点.针对星敏感器高精度和小体积的应用需求,基于小型化镜头设计、分体式结构、高集成度电路、"FP GA+ARM"软件等内容,提出了一种高精度小型化星敏感器,解决了狭小空间高度集成的小型化问题,实现了测姿0.6″(3σ)的高精度预期目标.星敏感器样机通过了试验考核,性能符合设计要求,具备全天球搜索恒星定姿的能力.