Experimental study of an insert and its influence on churning losses in a high-speed electro-hydrostatic actuator pump of an aircraft

The speed of an Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator (EHA) pump can recently reach 20000 r/min, and its churning losses increase obviously with an increasing speed, which results in low efficiency and thus increasing heat in aircraft EHA systems. In order to reduce churning losses at high speeds, more attention should be given to the design of an insert. In this paper, the effect of an insert with different design parameters on churning losses is investigated through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation and experiments by calculating the difference between churning losses torques of the test pump with and without the insert based on a high-speed churning losses test rig. Analytical results show that the gap between the insert and the cylinder is critical for churning losses reduction. It is found that the churning losses of the test pump can be reduced with a decreasing gap between the cylinder block and the insert at high speeds. This is because the insert can decrease the turbulence occurrence at high speeds. The results can be used for flow field analysis and optimization of the high-speed EHA pump and provide a new method for improving efficiency of high-speed EHA pumps.     

涡轮间隙泄漏涡破碎对损失的影响

采用数值方法联合标准k-ω两方程湍流模型求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程组,研究了不同间隙高度下GE-E³（Energy Efficient Engine）涡轮第一级动叶顶部间隙泄漏涡（TLV）的破碎特性及其对泄漏损失的影响。首先描述了泄漏涡的破碎现象,并对其动力学特性进行了理论分析,接着研究了间隙高度对泄漏涡结构及破碎特性的影响,最后对泄漏涡破碎与损失的关系进行了探讨。研究结果表明：涡轮叶顶间隙泄漏涡具有不稳定特性,当泄漏涡具有足够的强度可以克服通道涡卷吸形成完整涡结构时,在叶片后半部分逆压区发生了涡破碎现象,带来了额外的涡破碎损失;间隙高度对泄漏涡破碎位置的影响比较明显,在大间隙下泄漏涡趋于相对稳定;叶顶泄漏流产生的掺混损失以泄漏涡的破碎为标志分为两个阶段,大量的掺混损失发生在泄漏涡破碎之后,这也是叶顶泄漏流产生损失的主要部分。     

齿轮风阻损失仿真及其实际应用

对多种齿形大小相似但种类不同的齿轮进行了仿真研究,对轮齿周围的空气流场以及齿面压力场进行了分析,并对某型航空发动机中央传动锥齿轮的风阻损失进行了评估.结果表明,齿轮的风阻损失由压力损失和黏性力损失构成,其中黏性力损失占比为4%～17%.由于壁面作用,斜齿轮轮齿旋向不同也引入了约60%的风阻损失差异.航空发动机中央传动锥齿轮的风阻损失则在总损失中占比约为49%.      

径向预旋系统温降与流阻特性的数值研究

为了探索“预旋降温效应”在航空发动机中应用的新形式,研究径向预旋结构的温降和流阻特性,对径向预旋系统结构的简化模型进行了数值模拟,通过实验验证了数值方法,分析模型内部的流动结构,获得旋转雷诺数和无量纲质量流量对径向预旋系统温降和流阻特性的影响规律.结果表明:数值计算得到的结果与实验值趋势一致,最大相对误差不超过20%.计算的参数范围内,当流经径向预旋系统的冷气质量流量一定时,气流温降和压降均随旋转雷诺数的增大而降低;当径向预旋系统工作的旋转雷诺数一定时,气流温降和压降均随无量纲质量流量的增大而增加.      

叶尖间隙高度对某高压涡轮级损失分布的影响

利用三维湍流数值模拟方法模拟某一级跨声速高压涡轮流场,研究转子叶片叶尖间隙高度对涡轮性能及二次流动损失分布的影响.研究结果表明:转子叶尖间隙高度对涡轮性能影响明显,随着间隙高度的增加涡轮效率明显降低,但效率的降低速度与间隙高度并非简单线性关系,间隙高度增加1%相对叶高,涡轮性能最快下降1.8%.分析表明:涡轮转子间隙高度变化主要影响转子叶栅通道上部流动并对通道内的损失分布产生影响.其中损失最严重的区域为转子通道中部至叶片尾缘处;尾缘后的损失则对间隙的高度最敏感,随着间隙高度的增加,叶片尾缘后损失明显增加.      

Computer simulation of IGBT losses in PFC circuits

An analysis is presented that forms the basis for an algorithm for calculating the IGBT losses in a power factor correction (PFC) circuit. The method employs experimental data from an off-line test circuit that closely resembles the switching conditions in the actual PFC. This technique provides calculated values of both the conduction and switching losses of the main transistor in a boost-type PFC circuit. Results for a 6 kW PFC are included     

Collapsing losses of peak signal integrators

Collapsing losses are computed for systems in which the peak return of K samples of noise plus one sample of signal-plus-noise are integrated over N looks. The statistical approach, collapsing losses, and an application are described. The peak integrator is found to have substantially lower collapsing losses than conventional systems in which the average, not the peak, is integrated     

基于水滴型带状前缘的涡轮端区损失控制数值研究

探索了基于水滴型带状前缘的涡轮端区损失控制方法,研究了水滴型带状前缘对于涡轮二次流损失的控制机理.以典型的高负荷低压涡轮叶片T106叶栅为对象,对比分析了不同的端区叶片带状前缘造型设计参数对涡轮端区损失的控制效果.结果表明:带状前缘的向前延伸长度、吸力面延伸位置和压力面延伸位置对于带状前缘的总压损失系数有较大影响,最佳设计方案可以使T106叶栅总压损失系数减小约5.1%.水滴型带状前缘与余弦带状前缘相比,端区损失的减小量并没有明显差异,但是水滴型曲线与原始叶型的光滑融合不会引起叶型表面压力的局部波动.      

变冲角条件下等离子体对扩压叶栅性能的影响

进行了不同冲角、不同电压以及不同电极安装位置下等离子体对大折转角扩压叶栅性能的影响研究.结果表明,当冲角增大时,分离流动加剧是叶栅损失增加的主要原因,而端壁附面层内的摩擦损失则由于流向速度的减小反而减少;等离子体在三种工况下(i=0°,5°,-5°)均可有效控制栅内流动分离、减小叶栅损失、增加叶片负荷,电压越大、电极安装位置越接近分离起始位置,其控制效果越明显;随着冲角的增加,等离子体减小能量损失的效果减弱;虽然电极沿整个叶高方向布置,但等离子体仅对约10%叶高以上的损失影响较为明显,同一电压下该范围内各叶高处的损失减小量也基本相同.      

上游尾迹与涡轮叶栅通道涡相互作用研究

采用三维粘性非定常数值模拟方法研究了上游尾迹与涡轮叶栅通道涡的相互作用,对定常、非定常时均以及瞬时时刻流动机理进行了分析.结果表明:上游尾迹的非定常作用一方面增强了叶栅通道涡的径向涡,使得流动损失增大;另一方面能够一定程度上抑制通道涡中流向涡的发展,对控制损失起到正面作用,端区的综合非定常效应取决于两者之间的平衡.在本文计算条件下,上述两方面综合影响使得通道涡的非定常损失增大.      

The Losses Due to the Error in Estimating the Velocity in Clutter-Locking MTI Systems

The losses due to the statistical error inherent in estimating the mean clutter velocity by averaging over a limited number of range cells are derived. These results show that an accepted intuitive approach leads to a significant underestimation of the number of range cells required. Suggestions are made for reducing these losses.     

外端壁收缩与单向倾斜组合涡轮导叶的三维气动力研究

低展弦比涡轮导叶的外端壁收缩与单向正倾斜组合设计是既可减小两端二次流损失又可以满足冲击冷却叶片叶身需平直要求的技术措施。本文简要阐述了组合设计可减小二次流损失的力学机制、流场特征及三维流场设计分析的评价准则。通过三维流场计算 ,详细分析了诸如单向倾斜角度、子午面外端壁轮廓收缩起点、内外曲率半径等主要特征参数对流场品质的影响。给出了组合设计的方法与步骤及评价流场的定性准则。该组合设计方法对低展弦比高温涡轮导向叶片的成功设计具有指导意义。     

实际闭式燃气轮机回热循环热力参数数值分析

用有限时间热力学方法分析实际循环性能，计入工质与高、低温热源间换热器和回热器的热阻损失和压气机、涡轮机中的不可逆压缩、膨胀损失，导出变温热源不可逆闭式燃气轮机回热循环的功率输出和热效率与循环压比间的解析式，给出了详细的数值算例说明各项损失对循环参数的影响特点。计算与分析表明，回热对循环功率输出有影响，高、低温侧换热器和回热器的有效度之间存在最佳匹配。     

流向涡与涡轮叶栅二次流相互作用研究

研究有效的流动控制手段,降低涡轮内部二次损失,对于小展弦比涡轮的气动设计具有重要意义。利用涡发生器在叶栅入口前产生流向涡,通过试验和数值方法探讨这种基于旋涡相互作用的流动控制方法对涡轮平面叶栅二次流动的作用效果,并对不同流向涡情况做对比分析。结果表明：流向涡对涡轮叶栅内部流动会产生较为显著的影响,从而影响叶栅的性能,当所产生流向涡强度和位置较为合理时,有可能通过流向涡与二次流的相互作用达到较大幅度降低二次流损失的目的。     

Self-discharge losses in lithium-ion cells

The self-discharge losses in several lithium-ion cell designs have been measured by three different methods. The losses are separated into time-dependent and state-of-charge dependent contributions. For most cycling conditions, the time-dependent self-discharge losses are dominant; however, after several months of stand on open circuit or float charge, the state-of-charge dependent losses become significant. The self-discharge rate has been found to not increase monotonically with state-of-charge, but to drop somewhat at intermediate states of charge. The implications of these measurements for maintaining balanced cell capacities in batteries and establishing optimum storage voltage levels for batteries are discussed.     

向心涡轮进气结构的气动性能及损失机理

针对某向心涡轮,采用二维流动分析方法设计矩形截面蜗壳,同时采用商用计算流体动力学软件CFX对带蜗壳的向心涡轮流动损失进行数值计算.将计算结果与原型设计中带有集气室的向心涡轮计算结果进行对比.结果表明:蜗壳内流动损失要小于集气室内的流动损失,向心涡轮采用蜗壳后流道内流场有明显改善,效率有所提高.采用设计的矩形截面蜗壳,向心涡轮的功率提高1.7%.通过内部流场的分析,揭示了内部流场结构和损失机理,为向心涡轮的设计和优化提供了一定的参考.      

航空燃气涡轮冷气掺混流动损失的数值研究

采用理论分析的研究方法,对不同冷气掺混形式造成的涡轮气动性能的变化进行了数值计算研究。针对气膜冷却所造成的流动损失,采用修正的Ito等压混合模型;而针对尾缘冷气喷射所造成的流动损失,则采用了修正的Schoberi流动损失模型。对于不同的冷却方式,假定它们之间对主流造成的流动损失是相互独立。以某高压涡轮导向器作为研究对象,分析了各种冷气参数和几何参数对冷气掺混过程的影响规律。研究结果表明,涡轮叶片气冷过程引起的叶栅总压损失随冷气入射角度、吹气比、混合层厚度的变化而显著变化,通过优化设计可以使气冷过程造成的流动损失最小。     

Experimental research of the gas-dynamic efficiency of the high pressure-differential HPT blading

The results of the experimental investigation of gas-dynamic characteristics of two blade systems of high pressure-differential HPT with high reactivity are presented. The coefficients of the profile losses and secondary losses on the profile as a function of flow reduced velocity at the outlet of blading is determined. A comparison of the calculated and experimental results is provided.     

一种内置式永磁同步电机直接转矩控制系统的效率优化方法

提出了一种适用于内置式永磁同步电机(IPMSM)直接转矩控制驱动系统的效率优化方法。基于考虑铁心损耗的IPMSM模型,对电机损耗与运行转速、电磁转矩以及定子磁链三者之间的关系进行了研究分析。根据典型的IPMSM直接转矩控制不使用零电压矢量的特点,对电机功率损耗计算式进行了简化,推导得出在一定运行工况条件下IPMSM的效率最优定子磁链幅值。仿真结果验证了该方法不仅可以保持直接转矩控制动态响应的快速性,而且有效地提高了电机在稳态运行时的效率。     

Losses for Frequency Diversity Waveform Systems

The use of a frequency diversity waveform to improve target detectability by reducing the fluctuation loss is a well-established technique. The diversity gain is commonly computed under the assumptions of a matched filter processor and the independent fluctuation of the target from channel to channel. Sometimes these conditions are not met and the full diversity gain cannot be obtained. In order to accurately compute the attainable diversity gain, it is necessary to calculate losses that occur only for diversity waveforms. The losses that have been considered are 1) unknown target velocity loss, 2) dependent samples due to small channel-to-channel frequency spacing, 3) linear envelope detector law loss, and 4) constant false alarm rate (CFAR) lpss.