共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Wolfgang Kundt 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1989,9(12):81-86
The literature on cosmic-ray acceleration tends to favour strong shocks (in supernovae, stellar and galactic winds) over compact boosters. Difficulties are posed by the spectrum which does not reveal the implied upper cutoff (at E = 1013±1 eV), by the energy-dependent anisotropy at the high-energy end (at E 1018 eV), the missing hydrogen, the large required boosting efficiency, the high positron abundance at E 10 GeV, detailed studies of supernova shells, and by an inadequacy of the Sedov-Taylor model for supernova explosions. Solar and solar-wind data support single-step or few-step accelerations because of the large observed anisotropies and short time scales.
The importance of spindown in compact binary systems is often underestimated. Several neutron-star binaries have been detected at cosmic γ-ray energies. Cosmic-ray escape from the Galaxy may proceed supersonically through narrow tubes rather than via convective diffusion. 相似文献
2.
Shawqi Al Dallal 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2010
Diffuse Galactic gamma-ray flux resulting from the evaporation of primordial black holes has been the subject of intensive research work during the last few decades. Theoretical work addressing this issue started in the 1970s whereas data started pouring in only in the 1990s. We discuss in this paper a model of the potential contribution to the Galactic gamma-ray flux of primordial black holes in binary systems and extend the argument to include stable gravitational bound states called Holeums. The model has a predictive power and can be tested by looking for gamma-ray excess in the vicinity of violent events occurring in the Galaxy such as supernova explosions. 相似文献
3.
V.S. Ptuskin V.N. ZirakashviliA.A. Plesser 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
The propagation of cosmic rays in the interstellar medium after their release from the sources – supernova remnants – can be attended by the development of streaming instability. The instability creates MHD turbulence that changes the conditions of particle transport and leads to a non-linear diffusion of cosmic rays. We present a self-similar solution of the equation of non-linear diffusion for particles ejected from a SNR and discuss how obtained results may change the physical picture of cosmic ray propagation in the Galaxy. 相似文献
4.
《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2005,35(6):1031-1040
We analyse the results of the nonlinear kinetic theory of cosmic ray (CR) acceleration in supernova remnants (SNRs) in order to describe their relevant properties: the remnant dynamics and the characteristics of nonthermal emission produced by CRs. It is shown that the theory fits the existing data in a satisfactory way and that the magnetic field in SNRs is significantly amplified due to efficient acceleration of the nuclear CR component. From the fact that magnetic field amplification occurs in all the young SNRs for which relevant data exist, and given the strong theoretical connection between magnetic field amplification and efficiently accelerating the nuclear CRs, we tentatively conclude that the Galactic SNRs are the source population of the Galactic CRs. Due to high interior magnetic fields in young SNRs the π0-decay γ-rays generated by the nuclear CR component as a rule dominate over γ-rays generated by the electron CR component, and the calculated γ-ray flux fits existing data. 相似文献
5.
E.G. Berezhko 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,41(3):429-441
We analyse the results of recent measurements of nonthermal emission from individual supernova remnants (SNRs) and their correspondence to the nonlinear kinetic theory of cosmic ray (CR) acceleration in SNRs. It is shown that the theory fits these data in a satisfactory way and provides the strong evidences for the efficient CR production in SNRs accompanied by significant magnetic field amplification. Magnetic field amplification leads to considerable increase of CR maximum energy so that the spectrum of CRs accelerated in SNRs is consistent with the requirements for the formation of Galactic CR spectrum up to the energy ∼1017 eV. 相似文献
6.
《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1999,23(5-6):969-972
We report the column density distribution of X-ray binaries in the Galactic Center region using the X-ray satellite ASCA, and demonstrate a new method to determine the mass distribution of the cold interstellar matter near the Galactic Center. The column densities of these X-ray sources are given by a simple function of the angular distance from the Galactic plane. Assuming a disk-like mass distribution of 300 pc radius, we estimate the total cold mass to be ∼7 × 107 M⊙. We compare our results with the past results of other wavelength observations, and discuss physical conditions of the interstellar matter in the Galactic Center region. 相似文献
7.
I. Büsching C. VenterO.C. de Jager 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
PSR J0437-4715 is one of the closest millisecond pulsars (MSPs) to Earth, lying at a distance of ∼140 pc. This pulsar has a characteristic age of 4.9 Gyr and a relatively low spindown power of ∼1034 ergs/s. During its rather long lifetime, a large fraction of the energy output has been in the form of multi-TeV electrons. In this paper, we investigate the possible contribution of this nearby MSP to the local interstellar electron spectrum (LIS). The old age of the system justifies a steady-state evaluation of the contribution from this pulsar to the LIS. We calculate the electron spectrum at the light cylinder in the framework of a General Relativistic polar cap (PC) model, and use this as an injection spectrum in a diffusion model. The younger Geminga pulsar is also very close to Earth and warrants investigation. A steady-state approach is however no longer justified, so we use an impulsive injection model. We will present results of a study of the contribution from these pulsars to the cosmic ray (CR) LIS. Our calculations show that pulsars like Geminga can make a non-negligible contribution to the LIS. 相似文献
8.
G. Courtès M. Golay M. Viton W. Bentz J.M. Deharveng M. Laget J. Donas J.P. Sivan B. Milliard 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1981,1(11):81-88
The use of the 2 000 Å transmission window of the atmosphere permitted to observe for the first time from a balloon gondola the nearest galaxies ; 30 arc/sec. resolution images were obtained for M 31, spiral arms and nucleus, M 33, M 101, with their external spiral structure, M 82 and NGC 3 077. Nearly three hundred more distant galaxies have been detected up to the magnitude V = 13. Several HII regions of the Galaxy have been observed, chiefly NGC 7 000 and the Cyghus Loop. Numerous blue stars of the halo have been identified. 相似文献
9.
M. M. Shapiro R. Silberberg 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1981,1(13):141-144
The initial power outputs Po of pulsars are not yet well known, but these seem to follow approximately a distribution law N(> Po) ∝ Po−n where 0.5 ≤ n ≤ 1.0. It seems likely that Po ≥ 1038 ergs/sec. With these assumptions, we estimate that the DUMAND detector can record ≥ 103 high-energy (> 4 TeV) neutrino events in a four-month period per Galactic supernova; (in our Galaxy, these are estimated to occur at the rate of about 8 per century.) Neutrinos from supernova shells in the Virgo supercluster would be marginally detectable (one very bright supernova per decade at about 20 Mpc) if N(> Po) ∝ Po−0.5, but undetectable if N(> Po) ∝ Po−1. The diffuse flux summed over distant extragalactic supernovae is likely to be well below the detection threshold. 相似文献
10.
A.M. Galper O. Adriani R.L. Aptekar I.V. Arkhangelskaja A.I. Arkhangelskiy M. Boezio V. Bonvicini K.A. Boyarchuk Yu.V. Gusakov M.O. Farber M.I. Fradkin V.A. Kachanov V.A. Kaplin M.D. Kheymits A.A. Leonov F. Longo P. Maestro P. Marrocchesi E.P. Mazets E. Mocchiutti A.A. Moiseev N. Mori I. Moskalenko P.Yu. Naumov P. Papini P. Picozza V.G. Rodin M.F. Runtso R. Sparvoli P. Spillantini S.I. Suchkov M. Tavani N.P. Topchiev A. Vacchi E. Vannuccini Yu.T. Yurkin N. Zampa V.G. Zverev 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2013
The preliminary design of the new space gamma-ray telescope GAMMA-400 for the energy range 100 MeV–3 TeV is presented. The angular resolution of the instrument, 1–2° at Eγ ∼ 100 MeV and ∼0.01° at Eγ > 100 GeV, its energy resolution ∼1% at Eγ > 100 GeV, and the proton rejection factor ∼106 are optimized to address a broad range of science topics, such as search for signatures of dark matter, studies of Galactic and extragalactic gamma-ray sources, Galactic and extragalactic diffuse emission, gamma-ray bursts, as well as high-precision measurements of spectra of cosmic-ray electrons, positrons, and nuclei. 相似文献
11.
I. Büsching O.C. de Jager 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
In this study, we investigate how restrictive the γ-ray emission from the Galactic center region, as seen by HESS and other Cherenkov air shower arrays, is against various models for cosmic ray injection. We derive diffusion coefficients which fit the observed spatial scales of diffuse γ-ray emission from the extended emission associated with the molecular clouds SgrA, B and C. Using these diffusion coefficients, we then obtain a limit for time scale of assumed recent proton acceleration near the SMBH, as the spatial size of SgrA∗ in VHE γ-rays has to be consistent with the observed unresolved HESS point source size at this position. The signal from this hadronic component may be mixed with the expected VHE inverse Compton emission from the nearby unresolved pulsar wind nebula. 相似文献
12.
H.J. Völk E.G. Berezhko L.T. Ksenofontov 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,41(3):473-476
For the case of Tycho’s supernova remnant (SNR), we present the relation between the blast wave and contact discontinuity radii calculated within the nonlinear kinetic theory of cosmic ray (CR) acceleration in SNRs. It is demonstrated that these radii are confirmed by recently published Chandra measurements which show that the observed contact discontinuity radius is very close to the shock radius. Therefore a consistent explanation of these observations can be given in terms of efficient CR acceleration which makes the medium more compressible. 相似文献
13.
《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1999,23(5-6):847-850
We have found compact, near-nuclear X-ray sources in 21 (54%) of a complete sample of 39 nearby face-on spiral and elliptical galaxies with available ROSAT HRI data. ROSAT X-ray luminosities (0.2 – 2.4 keV) of these compact X-ray sources are ∼1037 – 1040 erg s−1. The mean displacement between the location of the compact X-ray source and the optical photometric center of the galaxy is ∼390 pc. ASCA spectra of six of the 21 galaxies show the presence of a hard component with relatively steep (Γ ≈ 2.5) spectral slope. A multicolor disk blackbody plus power-law model fits the data from the spiral galaxies well, suggesting that the X-ray objects in these galaxies may be similar to a black hole candidate (BHC) in its soft (high) state. ASCA data from the elliptical galaxies indicate that hot (kT ≈ 0.7 keV) gas dominates the emission. The fact that the spectral slope of the spiral galaxy sources is steeper than in normal type 1 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and that relatively low absorbing columns (NH ≈ 1021 cm−2) were found to the power-law component indicates that these objects are somehow geometrically and/or physically different from AGNs in normal active galaxies. The X-ray sources in the spiral galaxies may be BHCs, low-luminosity AGNs, or possibly X-ray luminous supernovae. We estimate the black hole masses of the X-ray sources in the spiral galaxies (if they are BHCs or AGNs) to be ∼102–103 M⊙. The X-ray sources in the elliptical galaxies may be BHCs, AGNs or young X-ray supernova also. 相似文献
14.
David J. Helfand 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1984,3(10-12)
“With all reserve, we advance the view that a supernova represents the transition of an ordinary star into a neutron star.”This conclusion, reached just 50 years ago in a classic paper by Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky (1934), was published three decades before the first direct observational evidence for the existence of neutron stars was uncovered. It still informs the standard picture of neutron star production in the Galaxy. We examine herein some recent evidence bearing on this question which has been derived from
Observatory X-ray observations of supernova remnants and radio pulsars. In particular, the discovery that X-ray synchrotron nebulae are found surrounding most young ( 106 yr) pulsars observed to date is discussed. We explore the implications of the lack of such nebulae in the majority of supernova remnants (SNR) for the properties and frequency of neutron star formation in supernova events. 相似文献
15.
S. Drapatz L. Haser R. Hofmann N. Oda R. Wilczek 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1985,5(3):7-10
Far-infrared observations of the Galactic Center have been carried through with the MPE Im balloon-borne telescope “Golden Dragon”. The measurements are composed of photometric scanning (33–95 μm) of the inner 4′×4′ and low resolution spectroscopy (δν = 10 cm?1) of the center and of a position approximately 1.5′ to the north. A Mars spectrum has been obtained for calibration. The spatial resolution of the photometry map is increased using the Maximum Entropy Method and the resulting map is compared to other observations in the same and other spectral regions. A clear asymmetry in the ring-like structure around the center indicates the presence of noncircular motions. The shape of the spectra is fairly smooth with at least no prominent dust features. A simple modelling shows a drastic increase of column density within 2 pc from the center and a modest drop over the next 3 pc to the north. 相似文献
16.
K.M. Schure J. Vink A. Achterberg R. Keppens 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009
Observations show that the magnetic field in young supernova remnants (SNRs) is significantly stronger than can be expected from the compression of the circumstellar medium (CSM) by a factor of four expected for strong blast waves. Additionally, the polarization is mainly radial, which is also contrary to expectation from compression of the CSM magnetic field. Cosmic rays (CRs) may help to explain these two observed features. They can increase the compression ratio to factors well over those of regular strong shocks by adding a relativistic plasma component to the pressure, and by draining the shock of energy when CRs escape from the region. The higher compression ratio will also allow for the contact discontinuity, which is subject to the Rayleigh–Taylor (R–T) instability, to reach much further out to the forward shock. This could create a preferred radial polarization of the magnetic field. With an Adaptive Mesh Refinement MHD code (AMRVAC), we simulate the evolution of SNRs with three different configurations of the initial CSM magnetic field, and look at two different equations of state in order to look at the possible influence of a CR plasma component. The spectrum of CRs can be simulated using test particles, of which we also show some preliminary results that agree well with available analytical solutions. 相似文献
17.
S. Cecchini T. Chiarusi G. Giacomelli E. Medinaceli L. Patrizii G. Sirri V. Togo 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2010
CAKE (Cosmic Abundances below Knee Energies) was a prototype balloon experiment for the determination of the charge spectra and abundances of the primary cosmic rays (CR) with Z > 10. It was a passive instrument made of layers of CR39® and Lexan®/Makrofol® nuclear track detectors; it had a geometric acceptance of ∼0.7 m2 sr for Fe nuclei. Here, the scanning and analysis strategies, the algorithms used for the off-line filtering and for the tracking in automated mode of the primary cosmic rays are presented, together with the resulting CR charge distribution and their abundances. 相似文献
18.
H. Krüger H. Moraal 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2010
This paper is a follow-on of that of Krüger et al. [Krüger, H., Moraal, H., Bieber, J.W., Clem, J.M., Evenson, P.A., Pyle, K.R., Duldig, M.L., Humble, J.E. A calibration neutron monitor: energy response and instrumental temperature sensitivity. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A08101, doi:10.1029/2008JA013229, 2008], that describes the characteristics of a pair of calibration neutron monitors that were developed to intercalibrate the count rates of the world’s neutron monitors against each other. Such an intercalibration will allow the calculation of energy (rigidity) spectra, which will enhance the quality of the neutron monitor data. Krüger et al. (2008) investigated the energy and temperature response of the calibrators. This paper studies the statistical accuracy of the calibration procedure, its repeatability, and the sensitivity to its environment. The paper concludes with a calibration procedure that can minimise the uncertainties caused by these five effects, or at least correct for them. 相似文献
19.
Jongdae Sohn Suyeon Oh Yu Yi 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2014
The RV-2N-series instruments onboard Luna missions and the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) instrument onboard Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) were designed to characterize the global lunar radiation environment and its biological impacts by measuring cosmic ray (CR) intensity. In this study, we have shown that the RV-2N-series instruments onboard of Russian Luna missions and the CRaTER reliably detect both background CRs and solar proton events (SPEs) in the lunar radiation environment using the proton intensity measured by the RV-2N-series onboard Luna missions out of the Russian Luna program for the exploration of the Moon (November 1970–August 1975) and the CR intensity on the Moon observed by the CRaTER (June 2009–March 2011). Those were compared with the CR intensities observed by neutron monitors (McMurdo, Thule, Oulu) on the Earth. The sunspot number is used as the index of solar activity (NOAA National Geophysical Data Center). As a result, the background CR intensities on the Moon turned out to have a good anti-correlation with the solar activity. We have also identified the proton intensity increasing events on the Moon which have the similar profiles to those observed by neutron monitors on the Earth. Most of these events show the significant increase of proton intensities in the lunar radiation environment when the SPEs associated with solar eruptions are verified. Therefore, most of the proton intensity increasing events are associated with the energetic solar particles in the lunar environment. 相似文献
20.
《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2005,35(6):1047-1051
We present multi frequency radio-continuum observations of Galactic SNR Vela Z (G266.2-1.2), associated with the prominent X-ray source RX J0852.0-4622 discovered in 1998. Our study of this Galactic supernova remnant (SNR) is based on low-resolution mosaic observations with the ATCA radio interferometer at 1384 and 2496 MHz, Parkes 4850 MHz and MOST 843 MHz survey data. We determine the radio spectral index for the most prominent features of this SNR and compare these features with X-ray observations. We note a sudden spectral turnover at higher then expected frequencies of ∼1384 MHz. 相似文献