Semi-analytical theory of mean orbital motion for geosynchronous space debris under gravitational influence

This paper provides a hamiltonian formulation of the equations of motion of an artificial satellite or space debris orbiting the geostationary ring. This theory of order 1 has been formulated using canonical and non-singular elements for eccentricity and inclination. The analysis is based on an expansion in powers of the eccentricity and of the inclination. The theory accounts for the influence of the Earth gravity field expanded in spherical harmonics, paying a particular attention to the resonance occurring for geosynchronous objects. The luni-solar perturbations are also taken into account. We present the resonant motion and its main characteristics: equilibria, stability, fundamental frequencies and width of the resonant area by comparison with a basic analytical model. Finally, we show some results concerning the long term dynamics of a typical space debris under the influence of the gravitational field of the Earth and the luni-solar interactions.     

横向连续推力小偏心率人工冻结轨道设计

非临界倾角自然冻结轨道要求近地点幅角为90°, 偏心率在1× 10-3量级, 并且偏心率与轨道倾角和半长轴有特定的对应关系, 苛刻的要求极大地限制了轨道根数选择的多样性. 研究表明, 施加常幅值、方向半轨道周期切换的横向连续小推力可以形成任意轨道根数的小偏心率人工冻结轨道, 放宽自然冻结轨道对轨道根数的严苛限制. 维持小偏心率人工冻结轨道的横向连续推力a_T与半长轴的平方根成正比, 与偏心率大小成反比; 在临界倾角i_c附近, 推力a_T与倾角偏置量Δi近似呈正比, 且长期维持的燃料消耗较小. 此外, 在进行仿真计算时还需考虑拟平均轨道根数与瞬时轨道根数的转换.      

Robust model predictive control for satellite formation keeping with eccentricity/inclination vector separation

This study presents model predictive formation control based on an eccentricity/inclination vector separation strategy. Alternative collision avoidance can be accomplished by using eccentricity/inclination vectors and adding a simple goal function term for optimization process. Real-time control is also achievable with model predictive controller based on convex formulation. Constraint-tightening approach is address as well improve robustness of the controller, and simulation results are presented to verify performance enhancement for the proposed approach.     

基于 Brouwer 平根数的冻结轨道

基于Ｂｒｏｕｗｅｒ平根数的概念研究了冻结轨道,发现了这样一个事实：如果用Ｂｒｏｕｗｅｒ平根数来表示冻结轨道,则该平根数对应的轨道恰是一条精确的圆轨道。在此基础上还对冻结轨道的性状作了新的解释。此外还针对只包含二阶和三阶带谐调和项的地球引力场内的冻结轨道偏心率在临界倾角附近的性状作了分析,显示出临界倾角附近轨道的异常性状在这个低阶的引力场内仍未改变。     

航天GPS接收机信号搜索捕获策略

航天GPS接收机的无辅助冷启动时间是一项重要指标,研究近地轨道应用的12通道C/A码导航型接收机减小冷启动时间的方法.分析GPS信号的多普勒频率和伪码相位搜索方法、捕获检测器及其参数选择、多普勒频率搜索步长和伪码搜索速率, 得到多普勒频率搜索步长为500?Hz,伪码搜索速率为475码元/s.研究轨道倾角、轨道高度、GPS天线仰角和轨道偏心率等因素对多普勒频率搜索范围的影响.阐述根据GPS卫星间夹角的统计信息选择合理的卫星分配方法.分析和仿真结果表明,根据GPS卫星间夹角的统计信息选择合理的卫星分配方法,可将冷启动时间减少25%~30%,影响多普勒频率搜索范围的因素按程度依次为:轨道倾角、轨道高度、GPS天线仰角和轨道偏心率,再考虑这些因素时可将冷启动时间减少25%~40%.     

两种J_2摄动模型下卫星编队相对位置误差分析

为了研究一个轨道周期内卫星和卫星编队的运动规律,在J2摄动理论基础之上,采用摄动加速度分析方法,给出了J2瞬时摄动模型。以近地太阳同步轨道卫星和双星编队为例,与只考虑J2一阶长期项的平均摄动模型比较,仿真分析结果表明,对卫星而言,一个轨道周期内,卫星半长轴相对平均半长轴漂移达到18km,偏心率相对平均偏心率漂移达到10-3量级,轨道倾角相对平均轨道倾角漂移达到0.01°,即由于J2瞬时摄动的影响,卫星运动发生了摄动;对双星编队而言,一个轨道周期内,两星相对位置的径向误差达到5km,沿迹向误差达到19km,法向误差相对较小,在10-2量级上,相对距离的误差达到了19km,随着时间的推移,误差会越来越大。     

大面质比空间碎片在太阳光压和引力作用下的轨道演化

分析了较高轨道(a > 10000km)大面质比空间碎片的轨道动力学演化问题. 重点讨论了位于地球同步轨道的空间碎片轨道演化问题, 并给出轨道偏心率 随时间演化的表达式. 通过进一步分析得出, 倾角大于63°26'的GTO轨 道空间碎片, 仅在J₂和第三体摄动影响下, 会出现轨道偏心率升高; 而对 于大面质比空间碎片, 在J₂项和太阳光压同时作用下, 当近地点指向的角 变率与太阳平黄经变化率接近时, 会出现长期共振现象, 导致轨道偏心率升 高, 近地点降低. 分析还得出, 轨道演化过程中, 偏心率的最大值与初始轨 道近地点的指向有关.      

Impact of the orbital eccentricity on the attitude performance before and after the deorbiting phase for Alsat-1

Due to the presence of periodic forcing terms in the gravity gradient torque, orbit eccentricity may produce large response for the roll, yaw and pitch angles. This paper investigates the influence of the orbit eccentricity on the performance of the attitude determination and control subsystem (ADCS) pointing of passive Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites stabilized by a gravity gradient boom or having long appendages before and after the deorbiting operation. The contribution of this work is twofold. First, the satellite attitude dynamics and kinematics are modeled by introducing the orbit eccentricity in the equations of motion of a LEO satellite in order to provide the best scenario in which satellite operators can keep the nominal functionality of LEO satellites with a gravity gradient boom after the deorbiting operation. Second, a Quaternion-based Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is analyzed when the orbit eccentricity is considered in order to determine the influence of this disturbance on the convergence and stability of the filter. The simulations in this work are based on the true parameters of Alsat-1 which is a typical LEO satellite stabilized by a gravity gradient boom. The results show that the orbit eccentricity has a big influence on the pointing system accuracy causing micro-vibrations that affect the geocentric pointing particularly after the deorbiting phase. In this case, satellites have no orbital correction option. The Quaternion-based Extended Kalman Filter analyzed in this paper, achieved satisfactory results for eccentricity values less than 0.4 with respect to pointing system accuracy. However, singularities were observed for eccentricity values greater than 0.4.     

GEO卫星基于电推进系统的倾角与偏心率联合控制方法

针对配置电推力器的GEO卫星位置保持问题,提出一种对倾角与偏心率进行联合控制的方法,建立了求解控制方程的优化模型,并针对优化模型变量多、约束复杂的问题进行降维处理,得到两种简化的求解方法,降低了求解复杂度与计算量,适合星上自主计算。采用联合控制方法,仅靠电推力器就能够同时实现卫星倾角和偏心率的高精度控制,有效降低卫星位置保持总的推进剂消耗。仿真算例表明,与电推力器只控倾角的传统方法相比,在保证偏心率控制精度不变的前提下,采用电推力器倾角与偏心率联合控制方法,15年寿命期内节省推进剂质量39kg。     

卫星相对运动的新解法

卫星相对运动的研究在航天飞行中有着较为广泛的应用价值。Ｃ－ Ｗ的解对于计算两星近距离的相对运动是很有效的, 但是, 当两星距离变大时其误差就不断地放大。文章采用一种新解法： 首先建立相对运动的解析关系; 然后利用椭圆运动的结果导出三维的近似分析解。它可以精确到偏心率和倾角差的一阶项, 而且不再包括长期误差。理论分析和数值检验的结果表明, 整个新的解的精度大大高于Ｃ－ Ｗ 解的精度。     

太阳同步冻结轨道星座保持与捕获

太阳同步冻结轨道卫星在经过同一星下点时光照特性和轨道高度相同,便于载荷观测及定标.由多颗太阳同步冻结轨道卫星组成的星座,需要实现星座成员轨道倾角、轨道高度、偏心率矢量和相对轨道幅角的同时保持.提出了基于切向单脉冲的最低燃耗轨道面内保持策略,证明了该策略的稳定性和燃料最优性,给出了太阳同步轨道地方时保持简单算法.仿真证明...     

一种空间协同探测系统的星座设计方法

研究了由多颗合成孔径雷达卫星和一颗可见光卫星构成的空间协同探测系统的工作模式.根据太阳同步轨道和冻结轨道的特点,结合近地轨道遥感卫星的应用需求,选择了轨道半长轴、偏心率、倾角、近心点幅角.考虑到卫星偏航控制对覆盖性能的影响,在不动的地心坐标系中推导了卫星观测方向与地表交点的表达式,提出了确定系统中各颗卫星的升交点赤经和过近心点时刻的算法.给出了包含两颗合成孔径雷达卫星与一颗可见光卫星的协同探测系统的星座设计结果,并利用国际公认的卫星软件工具包Satellite ToolKit进行了验证,表明该设计方法是正确的.     

基于偏心率和倾角矢量的双星隔离策略

针对中国地球静止轨道双星共位的需要, 研究了双星共位的工程实现问题, 提出了一种使用偏心率矢量和倾角矢量联合隔离实现双星共位的方法. 给出了基于偏心率矢量和倾角矢量联合隔离的基本方法、约束方程和工程实现的控制策略, 并通过模拟计算和工程实际应用情况, 验证了该方法的正确性.      

The classical Laplace plane as a stable disposal orbit for geostationary satellites

The classical Laplace plane is a frozen orbit, or equilibrium solution for the averaged dynamics arising from Earth oblateness and lunisolar gravitational perturbations. The pole of the orbital plane of uncontrolled GEO satellites regress around the pole of the Laplace plane at nearly constant inclination and rate. In accordance with Friesen et al. (1993), we show how this stable plane can be used as a robust long-term disposal orbit. The current graveyard regions for end-of-life retirement of GEO payloads, which is several hundred kilometers above GEO depending on the spacecraft characteristics, cannot contain the newly discovered high area-to-mass ratio debris population. Such objects are highly susceptible to the effects of solar radiation pressure exhibiting dramatic variations in eccentricity and inclination over short periods of time. The Laplace plane graveyard, on the contrary, would trap this debris and would not allow these objects to rain down through GEO. Since placing a satellite in this inclined orbit can be expensive, we discuss some alternative disposal schemes that have acceptable cost-to-benefit ratios.     

计及弯折波的舰载飞机偏心拦阻动力学分析

为分析偏心度对舰载飞机拦阻过程的安全特性的影响,以某舰载飞机为研究对象,建立了拦阻系统动力学模型,研究舰载飞机在偏心状态下的拦阻动力学特性。基于离散的弯折波模型,进行了计及弯折波的对中拦阻动力学仿真,仿真结果与相关标准的试验数据进行了对比,变化规律基本一致。在此基础上进行了偏心拦阻动力学仿真,并研究了偏心度对于弯折波的影响,结果表明:因偏心拦阻,两侧拦阻索初始长度和拉伸速度不同,导致弯折波产生的载荷波动产生差异。当偏心度超过20%时,一侧拦阻索拉力不再呈现波动增大趋势,超过24%时,拦阻索拉力会出现负载和接近破断拉力。随着偏心度的增加,偏心侧的拦阻索承受更多的拦阻冲击载荷,偏心度过大会对拦阻系统的安全特性产生不利影响。      

全方向长期伴飞卫星集群轨道设计与仿真

主要研究在J2摄动的影响下,在中心卫星周围全方向上部署长期相对有界伴飞卫星的轨道设计方法。首先,利用J2不变的条件,由已知中心卫星轨道根数建立伴飞卫星的半长轴、偏心率及轨道倾角之间关系。然后,通过对伴飞卫星和中心卫星之间初始相对位置及轨道根数之间关系的分析,得到伴飞卫星的全部初始轨道根数,使其能够部署到中心卫星周围的任意方向上,从而能实现卫星集群在中心卫星的周围全方向长期有界伴飞。最后,通过轨道仿真验证了该方法的有效性。     

一种自冷却结构燃油泵滑动轴承润滑特性分析

为研究低介质黏度和自冷却结构限制下的航空燃油泵滑动轴承润滑特性分布规律,基于油膜动压润滑流动的Reynolds方程和等效黏度润滑流动模型,以绝热流动为假设简化滑动轴承内部流动的能量积分方程,构建一种联合Reynolds方程和绝热流动能量积分方程的燃油泵滑动轴承热流动润滑流动模型。采用CFD数值模拟和有限差分法相结合的混合仿真方法,分别对不同的间隙比、偏心率、宽径比条件下的滑动轴承的油膜压力、油膜厚度、油膜温度、端泄漏量、摩擦阻力等润滑特性进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明:采用CFD计算滑动轴承径向载荷精度优于4.0%;保持偏心率不变,油膜承载力随着间隙比的增加而单调下降,油膜厚度随着间隙比的增高而增加;保持间隙比不变,油膜的承载力随着偏心率的增大也逐渐增大,油膜厚度随着偏心率的增高而下降,而油膜温度与油膜厚度成反比,且随着偏心率的升高,油膜温度的峰值越来越明显;当偏心率、间隙比一定时,可通过增加宽径比提高滑动轴承的油膜承载力。因此在滑动轴承的设计中,需综合考虑油膜承载力、端泄漏量、油膜厚度和温升间的相互制约因素,合理地优化间隙比、宽径比和偏心率以提高滑动轴承润滑性能。      

A simulation of Martian gravity field recovery by using a near equatorial orbiter

An improvement to the Martian gravity field may be achieved by means of future orbiting spacecraft with small eccentricity and low altitude exemplified through a newly proposed mission design that may be tested in upcoming reconnaissance of Mars. Here, the near equatorial orbital character (with an inclination approximating 10°, eccentricity as 0.01 and semi-major axis as 4000 km) is considered, and its contribution to Martian gravity field solution is analyzed by comparing it with a hypothetical polar circular orbiter. The solution models are evaluated in terms of the following viewpoints: power spectra of gravity field coefficients, correlations of low degree zonal coefficients, precise orbit determination, and error distribution of both Mars free air gravity anomaly and areoid. At the same time, the contributions of the near equatorial orbiters in low degree zonal coefficients time variations are also considered. The present results show that the near equatorial orbiter allows us to improve the accuracy of the Martian gravity field solution, decrease correlation of low degree zonal coefficients, retrieve much better time variable information of low degree zonal coefficients, improve precise orbit determination, and provide more accurate Mars free air gravity anomaly and areoid around the equatorial region.     

改进的Tour-Map借力飞行图形设计方法

针对借力飞行轨道初始设计阶段的任务需求,提出一种改进的Tour-Map借力飞行图形设计方法,用于分析借力效果,确定借力方案和设计参数初值.在圆锥曲线拼接假设基础上,建立了借力飞行超越速度矢量和借力天体位置、速度的几何模型,推导了借力后日心轨道要素的解析表达式,并将分析结果绘制成经纬度坐标的Tour-Map轨道要素等高线图,图中综合了借力飞行后大量可行的日心转移轨道信息,为分析借力飞行的作用提供了形象的参考.将其应用在木星借力太阳高纬度探测轨道设计中,证明了方法的有效性和实用性.     

Dust ring/torus around Mars,waiting for detection by NOZOMI

Two small satellites of Mars, Phobos and Deimos, can be dust sources around Mars. Orbits of circummartian dust particles are controlled by solar radiation pressure as well as Martian oblateness. Their orbital eccentricity and inclination can be enhanced greatly by the orbital resonance. Particles from Phobos would form a thin dust ring where dust radius is dominant in 20–200μm. On the other hand, particles from Deimos would form an extended dust torus. Collisions of ring particles on Phobos and Deimos may be the most important dust source. The upper limit of dust production from this self-sustaining mechanism can be estimated from the erosion rate of Phobos. Japanese Mars mission NOZOMI (PLANET-B) could discover dust ring/torus through direct detection by MDC (Mars Dust Counter).