Life as a set of matter transformation cycles: ecological attributes of life.

An approach to searching for extraterrestrial life on the base of "autotroph" concept of the origin of life is presented in the paper. According to this concept the origin of life took place in three stages. The first stage was developed inside the global geochemical cycle in which the turnover of different chemical transformations was implemented by solar radiation and/or heat energy of bowels of the Earth. At the second stage, after the autocatalytic systems have emerged these systems evolved as a result of "natural selection" by autocatalysis parameters up to emergence of special inheritance systems that drastically improved the autocatalysis parameters. The best in terms of autocatalysis parameters were the autocatalysis systems based on phase-separated particles where complex structures can form not only on the basis of covalent interactions. Such autocatalysis systems can emerge only in liquid in a certain range of temperatures and pressures. At this stage the geochemical cycle complicated involving new substances. At the third stage the evolution involved improvement of inheritance systems resulting in formation of the modern type of genetic apparatus. This concept formed the basis to consider approaches to experimental modeling of major aspects of the origin of life and to outlining some general features of life that can extend the sensitive horizon of searching for extraterrestrial life.     

Pre-biotic stage of life origin under non-photosynthetic conditions.

Spontaneous assembling of a simplest bacterial cell even if all necessary molecules are present in a solution seems to be extremely rare event and from the scientific standpoint has to be considered as impossible. Therefore, a predecessor of a living cell has to be very simple for providing its self-assembling and at the same time it should be able of progressive increase in complexity. Now phase-separated particles, first of all micelles, are put forward as possible predecessors of living cell. According to the offered working concept only phase-separated particles possessing autocatalytic properties can be considered as predecessors of living cells. The first stage of evolution of these phase-separated autocatalytic systems is the appearance of pre-biotic metabolism providing synthesis of amphiphiles for formation of capsules of these systems. This synthesis is maintained by the energy of a base reaction being a component of a planet-chemical cycle. Catalytic system providing functioning of pre-biotic metabolism is based on multivariate oligomeric autocatalyst, which reproduces itself from monomers, penetrating the particles from the outside. Since the autocatalyst realizes random polymerization then a collection of other oligomers possessing different catalytic functions is produced. In the paper the functioning of multivariate oligomeric autocatalyst in flow reactor is analyzed.     

基于本体的软件需求缺陷模式应用

提出软件缺陷模式的概念,给出其正交属性、说明及需求缺陷模式产生模型.对领域相关需求缺陷模式进行本体描述,并着重分析其发生的直接场景.直接场景能够帮助测试人员熟悉用户的实际使用情况及现实系统的各种行为和目的,并能指导审查和测试过程.通过实例应用证明了基于需求缺陷模式直接场景进行审查和测试的有效性,并通过缺陷模式的正交属性对软件开发及测试质量进行了分析.     

双柔性杆多次撞击力分析

柔性构件的多次弹性撞击现象在工程中普遍存在,其中撞击力的求解一直是关键问题.利用瞬态波函数特征值展开法,给出多次撞击过程和分离过程的杆中瞬态波传播的理论解,提出计算双柔性杆多次撞击力的瞬态波效应法,该方法避免求解具有未知奇异载荷项的强非线性方程.实现了对多次撞击问题的精确的数值分析,研究了初始撞击速度对撞击力和撞击发生时间的影响,表明瞬态波效应法可以计算多次撞击力时间历程.初始撞击速度越大,撞击力幅值越大,而且撞击力的峰值在前三次撞击过程中是逐次增加的,后趋于稳定,并可以研究"次撞击"现象.为进一步研究复杂柔性结构系统多次撞击问题以及重复撞击引起的长期系统动力学行为提供了可借鉴的有效研究方法.      

民机初始备件方案的优化

针对航空公司降低初始备件费用、提高机群出勤率的运营需求,提出了基于最大化边际效应的初始备件方案优化方法.介绍了以单类产品为对象、以保障概率为约束的泊松分布备件计算模型,并使用该模型计算了一个初始备件方案案例.给出了以初始备件项目清单为对象、以备件费用为约束的使用可用度最大的优化模型和实施步骤.利用备件优化软件对初始备件方案案例进行了备件费用相同和使用可用度相同两种情况下的优化,给出了费用-效能曲线图和优化方案数据表,通过曲线图上数据的比较可以看出使用可用度和备件费用分别得到了提高和降低,通过对数据表的分析可以看出各类备件数量变化的趋势符合备件优化模型原理.结果表明优化方法对解决航空公司的初始备件方案优化问题具有良好的适用性.     

On extended thermonuclear functions through pathway model

The major problem in the cosmological nucleosynthesis is the evaluation of the reaction rate. The present scenario is that the standard thermonuclear function in the Maxwell–Boltzmann form is evaluated by using various techniques. The Maxwell–Boltzmannian approach to nuclear reaction rate theory is extended to cover Tsallis statistics (Tsallis, 1988) and more general cases of distribution functions. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate in some more detail the extended reaction probability integral in the equilibrium thermodynamic argument and in the cut-off case. The extended reaction probability integrals will be evaluated in closed form for all convenient values of the parameter by means of residue calculus. A comparison of the standard reaction probability integrals with the extended reaction probability integrals is also done.     

两杆纵向非线性弹性碰撞的瞬间响应

把处于弹性碰撞接触状态下的两个杆件看作是一个振动体系,此弹性碰撞问题被转化成该碰撞体系在碰撞杆具有初始扰动速度下的振动响应问题,于是将此碰撞问题的分析纳入了常规的振动分析范畴.论文给出了该非线性弹性碰撞问题的描述方法,给出了一种考虑非线性Hertz弹性接触变形的线性化方法和详细的实现步骤,给出了该碰撞问题在不考虑接触变形和考虑线弹性接触变形两种情况的解析解,数值分析结果验证了上述分析方法的可行性和正确性.     

空间碎片能量转化利用技术

针对目前空间碎片问题,提出空间碎片发动机概念,立足于使用捕获到的空间碎片,转化为发动机可用的推进剂。在完成碎片清理目标的同时,获得可持续的动力来源,延长清理器的工作寿命。针对空间碎片制粉的方法进行研究,提出使用球磨仪对金属样本进行研磨。使用转刀式粉碎机对非金属材料进行粉碎。通过实验发现,多数粉末粒径达到微米量级。针对空间碎片粉末推进方式进行研究,提出使用静电加速推进方式对粉末进行加速。空间碎片发动机虽然起源于空间碎片清理任务,但是可持续的推进剂供应,也将为小行星探测等任务提供更好的思路。     

热电致冷器和毛细泵驱动的小型热公用回路

适合卫星应用的小型热公用回路,可以实现发热设备在星内立体布局,摆脱对散热面的依赖,使卫星的集成度提高,满足大型有效载荷按功能集成后的散热需要。用毛细泵代替机械泵,可以实现无运动部件的高可靠、长寿命、适合卫星应用的小型两相热公用回路。该回路需要对毛细泵主动加热促使工质流动,需要消耗一定的功率。如何降低毛细泵的功耗,是毛细泵驱动的热公用回路实用化的关键。理论和实验证明,热电致冷器在小温差下有较高的热泵系数,用热电致冷器加热毛细泵比直接电加热更经济。     

基于小波的反作用轮力矩测量系统校准

将反作用轮实时输出力矩值由力矩测量系统采集引入卫星半物理闭环仿真试验是一种更为优越的闭环仿真新方法。但由于仿真过程中,存在持续的外力矩干扰引入仿真控制闭环,导致半物理仿真试验无法长时间准确运行。为解决这一问题,结合实验数据分析,确定了力矩测量系统为半物理仿真试验外力矩干扰来源,并结合小波阈值滤波原理分别使用实时小波滤波方法和基于小波去噪的均值滤波算法对力矩测量系统初始及过程中产生的外力矩干扰进行消除,使测量系统得以准确校准。最后,将此方法应用于半物理闭环仿真试验中,取得了良好的效果。     

空间小推力轨道最优Bang-Bang控制的两类延拓解法综述

介绍了空间小推力轨道优化问题中的最优Bang-Bang控制问题,对两类延拓解法给出了描述:第一类解法首先求解能量最优解,然后采用能量–燃耗同伦得到最优Bang-Bang控制;第二类解法引入推力开关切换准则,以双脉冲解作为初解,通过参数延拓得到最优Bang-Bang控制。对两类延拓解法进行了比较,指出了各自的优势与特点。对延拓方法应用于求解更加复杂的小推力轨道设计问题进行了展望,提出了包含初解、延拓与拼接三要素的人工智能轨道优化概念。     

太阳表面水平运动驱动的磁圈与开放磁场重联的模拟研究

太阳大气的诸多观测事件(如耀斑、喷流等)均被归因于磁重联产生的能量转换. 近年来, 关于太阳风起源, 有研究提出了磁重联使闭合磁圈开放为太阳风供应物质的新模式. 在该模式中, 闭合磁圈被光球超米粒组织对流携带, 向超米粒边界运动, 与位于边界的开放磁场相碰撞进而发生磁重联. 该模式中磁重联的驱动及其效应是本文的研究目标. 磁流体力学(MHD)数值模拟是研究太阳大气磁重联物理过程的重要途径. 本文建立了一个二维MHD数值模型, 结合太阳大气温度和密度的分层分布, 在超米粒组织尺度上模拟了水平流动驱动的闭合磁圈与开放磁场的重联过程. 通过对模拟结果的定量分析, 认为磁重联确实能够将闭合磁圈的物质释放, 进而供应给新的开放磁结构并产生向上流动. 该结果为进一步模拟研究太阳风初始外流奠定了基础.      

多孔板水升华器在恒热流条件下的试验研究

探索了多孔板的制造方法,设计了水升华器试验组件和试验装置,对不同的多孔板升华器在恒热流条件下进行了试验研究.试验重点研究了不同热流密度、多孔板物理参数、给水室压力及升华器放置情况对升华器性能的影响,并对水升华器的击穿特性进行了讨论.试验结果证明文中提出的升华器基本的设计概念是可行的,粉末烧结多孔板可以满足升华器的试验要求.最后,给出了关于水升华器进一步设计的一些有益的结论.     

Possible applications of aquatic bioregenerative life support modules for food production in a Martian base.

Water is the essential precondition of life in general and also for the establishment of a Martian base suitable for long duration stays of humans. It is not yet proven if there is indeed a "frozen ocean" under the surface of Mars but if this could be verified it would open innovative aspects for the construction of bioregenerative life support systems (BLSS). In a general concept higher plants will play the predominant role in a Martian BLSS. It is not clear, however, how these will grow and bring seed in reduced gravity and there may be differences in the productivity in comparison to Earth conditions. Therefore, organisms which are already adapted to low gravity conditions, namely non-gravitropic aquatic plants and also aquatic animals may be used to enhance the functionality of the Martian BLSS as a whole. It has been shown already with the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINIMODULE in the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions that the water plant Ceratophyllum demersum has an undisturbed and high biomass production under space conditions. Moreover, the teleost fish species Xiphophorus helleri adapted easily to the micro-g environment and maintained its normal reproductive functions. Based on this findings a possible scenario is presented in which aquatic plant production modules and combined animal-plant production systems may be used for human food production and water and air regeneration in a Martian base.     

The generation of DC and AC electric fields, and electron fluxes in a rocket experiment with barium injection in the auroral ionosphere

The results of an active rocket experiment with barium injection in the auroral ionosphere designed to check possible scenario of the initial phase of substorm are presented and discussed.     

How far is far enough? Requirements derivation for planetary mobility systems

The origination of duration and distance requirements on planetary mobility systems (generally, rovers) are reviewed in detail. It is found that a ‘clean’ flow down from scientific objectives to requirement to capability is rarely presented. Rather, the historical record shows that the capability of emerging designs has been adopted post-hoc as a requirement, simple comparative superiority to predecessor missions has been invoked in competitive situations, or the requirement has been driven by capability of other elements of a mission architecture, such as delivery precision or astronaut life support. These deviations from the idealized systems engineering process have nonetheless resulted in missions that have generally been considered highly successful.     

疲劳强度分布参数的贝叶斯分析

以贝叶斯估计为分析基础,用Monte Carlo方法产生大样本来计算机模拟升降法,由疲劳强度分布参数的估计值推导出了参数本身的后验分布.通过参数的后验分布,可以对参数进行区间估计和置信分析.该法解决了由于实验费用昂贵而一般只对长寿命区疲劳强度分布参数进行点估计的问题,为疲劳强度分布参数的进一步研究打下了基础.通过一个算例验证了方法的可行性,并且由计算结果分析比较了升降法的3种数据处理方法.      

人机协作中人的动作终点预测

为实现安全高效的人机协作（HRC）,需要机器人及时对人的动作做出预测,从而积极主动地辅助人工作。为解决在HRC装配场景中机器人对人的动作终点预测问题,提出了一种基于长短时记忆（LSTM）网络的动作终点预测方法。在训练阶段,用人的动作序列与对应的动作终点组成的样本训练LSTM网络,构建动作序列与动作终点之间的映射。在应用阶段,根据人的动作的初始部分对动作终点提前做出预测。通过在装配场景中,对人抓取工具或零件的动作终点进行预测,验证了所提方法的有效性。在观测到50%的动作片段时,预测准确率达到80%以上。