In situ observations of magnetic field fluctuations

It is well known that the irregularities of the magnetic field are intimately related to the motion of charged particles. Although transport theories need the spatial and time variations of the magnetic field as input, in situ observations are very limited. Ulysses observations have provided a major step forward by entering the unexplored high latitude regions of the heliosphere, the knowledge of which is vital to interpret particle flux measurements, even at the ecliptic. We analyze the magnetic field data of Ulysses during the mission to study the waves and discontinuities in the heliosphere at different locations, covering a total sunspot cycle. Various tools are employed, including power spectral and structure function analysis. A remarkable difference was found between the fluctuations in the fast and slow solar wind. We argue that the latitudinal extent of the high speed solar wind contributes significantly to the latitudinal variation of the transport parameters, which should also affect the 11 (and 22) year modulation cycle.     

磁云边界层与间断的观测研究

利用WIND飞船的磁场和等离子体观测数据,分析了1995年2月至2003年8月之间82个磁云中的边界层事件.我们认为(1)磁云边界层中方向间断DD(Directional Discontinuity)类型中RD(Rotational Discontinuity),TD(Tangential Discontinuity),ED(Either Discontinuity),ND(NeitherDiscontinuity)的分布为37:18:44:1(%),与背景太阳风中的分布51:12:35:2(%)不同;主要区别在于RD与TD的比例变化. (2)磁云边界层的内外边界切向间断的比例很高,占总数的20%,而且两侧的密度和温度平均相对变化分别为|△N/N|=0.24和|△T/T|=0.19,大于边界层内部的平均值,显示了更多的切向间断特征;此外,磁云边界层中方向间断的出现频次约为太阳风中的1.87倍. (3)磁云边界层中方向间断的法向分布在θ-φ平面中不是随机分布,而是以θ=-24.90°,φ=217.49°为几何中心,主要是指向远离太阳的方向,而不是简单的各向同性分布.初步结果表明,间断是磁云边界层中的重要结构,它有着不同于背景太阳风间断类型比,为诊断磁云边界层的形成机理提供了依据.      

单流体二维太阳风结构的磁流体力学模拟

在添加动量项的条件下，对单流体二维磁流体力学方程组进行模拟，得到了子午面上的太阳风结构，结果表明，添加动量项的形式及其被加入的位置对远区太阳风速度和质子密度有重要的影响。本文在适当的区域加入合适的动量项得出了远区太阳风速和质子密度与Ulysses观测基本符合的结果。文中给出了较合适的动量添加区域为3.5-10Rs(Rs为太阳半径）。     

磁流体力学的共面黎曼问题

MHD黎曼问题的求解对分析行星际扰动演化趋势和激波相互作用具有重要意义。本文基于MHD共面间断可以分解为前后向快慢激波、中心简单波和接触间断的假定,提出MHD共面黎曼问题的一种三参数迭代解法,运用该解法实现纯法向速度间断的分解,并初步探讨该解法的适用范围。      

The heliospheric modulation of 3–10 MeV electrons: Modeling of changes in the solar wind speed in relation to perpendicular polar diffusion

The discrepancy between cosmic ray model predictions representing solar minimum conditions in the heliosphere and the 3–10 MeV post-1998 electrons observations by the Kiel Electron Telescope (KET) onboard Ulysses suggests the need for consistent changes in model parameters with increasing solar activity. In order to reduce this discrepancy, an effort is made to model the KET observations realistically during periods of increased solar activity by applying an advanced three-dimensional, steady-state electron modulation model based on Parker’s transport equation including the Jovian electron source. Some elements of the diffusion tensor which were not previously emphasized are revisited. A new relation is also established between the latitudinal dependence of the solar wind speed and the perpendicular polar diffusion. Based on this relation, a transition of an average solar wind speed from solar minimum to solar maximum conditions, as observed on board the Ulysses spacecraft, is modeled on the concept of the time-evolution of large polar coronal holes. These changes are correlated to different scenarios of the enhancement of perpendicular polar diffusion. Effects of these scenarios are illustrated, as a series of steady-state solutions, on the computed 7 MeV Jovian and galactic electrons in comparison with 3–10 MeV electrons observed from the period 1998 to the end of 2003. It is shown that this approach improves compatibility with the KET observations but it also points to the need for a time-dependent electron modulation model to fully describe modulation during moderate to extreme solar maximum conditions.     

Volland对流电场模型的实验参数

本文将几个地面和卫星观测结果结合起来给出Volland对流电场模型的实验参数.结果能很好地与GEOS-2卫星所测得的等离子体层顶运动特征、STARE雷达测得的Harang不连续性的运动及近年来探测的磁层电离层电场相吻合.文章指出只要Volland电场模型的参数由实验确定后, 将更有助于磁层和电离层物理的研究.      

一个基于观测的太阳风背景模型

建立由太阳光球磁场和日冕偏振亮度等观测约束的单流体太阳风模型,包括日冕和太阳风的等离子体密度、速度和磁场,温度还有待于以后处理.这里采用高山观测台(HAO)MKⅢ的日冕偏振亮度(pB)在1.36Rs上的观测概图,根据Guhathakurta在1996年发展的日冕电子密度反演模型确定日冕的电子密度分布.同时采用Wilcox太阳观测台(WSO)的光球磁场视向分量的观测概图作为底部边界,根据Zhao等在1994年发展的水平电流-电流片(HCCS)模型得到全球磁场.Phillips在1995年及McComas在2003年分别用Ulysses第一次和第二次跨极飞行的观测发现,归一化到1 AU的太阳风动量流密度除了在10°～30°的纬度范围内略低以外几乎不变.根据这一结论,结合已经得到的密度数据,就可以得到日冕和太阳风的速度.将上面的模型应用于1918卡林顿自转周稳态太阳风的研究,结果与太阳活动极小期的观测基本相符,但是与观测相比较低速高密度区偏大,因此密度模型还有待改进.      

Time-dependent cosmic ray modulation

Time-dependent cosmic ray modulation is calculated over multiple solar cycles using our well established two-dimensional time-dependent modulation model. Results are compared to Voyager 1, Ulysses and IMP cosmic ray observations to establish compatibility. A time-dependence in the diffusion and drift coefficients, implicitly contained in recent expressions derived by , ,  and , is incorporated into the cosmic ray modulation model. This results in calculations which are compatible with spacecraft observations on a global scale over consecutive solar cycles. This approach compares well to the successful compound approach of Ferreira and Potgieter (2004). For both these approaches the magnetic field magnitude, variance of the field and current sheet tilt angle values observed at Earth are transported time-dependently into the outer heliosphere. However, when results are compared to observations for extreme solar maximum, the computed step-like modulation is not as pronounced as observed. This indicates that some additional merging of these structures into more pronounced modulation barriers along the way is needed.     

The new ESA meteoroid model

The orbital distributions of meteoroids in interplanetary space are revised in the ESA meteoroid model to account for recently obtained observational data and to comply with the constraints due to the orbital evolution under planetary gravity and Poynting–Robertson effects. Infrared observations of the zodiacal cloud by the COBE DIRBE instrument, in situ flux measurements by the dust detectors on board Galileo and Ulysses spacecraft, and the crater size distributions on lunar rock samples retrieved by the Apollo missions are synthesized into a single model. Within the model, the orbital distributions are expanded into a sum of contributions due to a number of known sources, including the asteroid belt with the emphasis on the prominent families Themis, Koronis, Eos and Veritas, as well as comets on Jupiter-encountering orbits. An attempt to incorporate the meteor orbit database acquired by the AMOR radar is also discussed.     

Physical interpretation of interdisciplinary solar/interplanetary observations relevant to the 27–29 June 1980 SMY/STIP event no. 5

A sequence of six well defined interplanetary structures (magnetic clouds) was identified in the solar wind and magnetic field measurements of Helios-1 from 29 June-01 July, 1980. (location 0.64–0.67 AU, C. Long. ～165°, C. Lat. ～5.8°). These structures were characterized by a large northward directed solar wind flow; by well defined directional discontinuities of mainly the ‘tangential-type’ at their beginnings and ends; by some increase in proton and by very pronounced increases in alpha particle number densities - each accompanied by sudden temperature decreases (or in one case by an increase); by some times an increase in magnetic field strength and by values of Nα/Np typical of the inner solar atmosphere. These structures are suggested to have been ejections from a succession (27–29 June, 1980) of Type II producing flares in Hale Region 16923 which coronagraph and X-ray (GOES) data indicate constituted a family of transient producing events. Only two interplanetary shocks were identified in the relevant Helios-1 records. It is suggested on the basis of observations of the directionality of certain of the flare related Type II bursts that some of these shocks could have been missed by the spacecraft. This implies that, in the absence of directional information, correlation of an observed interplanetary shock wave with a solar Type II burst may not always lead to a unique result.     

磁层顶旋转间断的稳定性

本文应用三层模式和ISEE卫星观测资料,讨论了磁层顶旋转间断的稳定性。结果表明:(1)在磁层顶旋转间断中可以激发一种不稳定性。随着波数k增大,不稳定性增长率也将增加。(2)当行星际磁场为北向时,磁层顶旋转间断是稳定的;当行星际磁场逐渐变为南向时,不稳定性增长率将迅速增加。(3)当太阳风速度较大时,不稳定性增长率相应地也较大。(4)当行星际磁场为南向时,随着行星际磁场与磁层顶切平面交角的增大,不稳定性的增长率也迅速增加。      

Analysis of the DORIS contributions to ITRF2008

In its function as an ITRS Combination Centre, DGFI is in charge with the computation of an ITRF2008 solution. The computation methodology of DGFI is based on the combination of datum-free normal equations (weekly or session data sets, respectively) of station positions and Earth orientation parameters (EOP) from the geodetic space techniques DORIS, GPS, SLR and VLBI. In this paper we focus on the DORIS part within the ITRF2008 computations. We present results obtained from the analysis of the DORIS time series for station positions, network translation and scale parameters, as well as for the terrestrial pole coordinates. The submissions to ITRF2008 benefit from improved analysis strategies of the seven contributing IDS analysis centres and from a combination of the weekly solutions of station positions and polar motion. The results show an improvement by a factor of two compared to past DORIS data submitted to ITRF2005, which has been evaluated by investigating the repeatabilities of position time series. The DORIS position time series were analysed w.r.t. discontinuities and other non-linear effects such as seasonal variations. About 40 discontinuities have been identified which have been compared with the results of an earlier study. Within the inter-technique combination we focus on the DORIS contribution to the integration of the different space geodetic observations and on a comparison of the geodetic local ties with the space geodetic solutions. Results are given for the 41 co-location sites between DORIS and GPS.     

Lineament mapping and fractal analysis using SPOT-ASTER satellite imagery for evaluating the severity of slope weathering process

The present study describes a remote sensing approach for preparing lineament map that subsequently indicates the influence of lineament density in the severity of weathering development. In this study, SPOT-5 data, the integration of SPOT-ASTER and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data were used and processed. The existence of an active fault system in the south of Mashhad city, NE Iran and presence of schistose rocks in this area result in the development of numerous lineament features. This region was selected for this research. Lineament features including fractures, bedding plane, cleavage, shear zones and schistosity were mapped in the study area. The results indicate that the highest concentration of lineaments occurred in the central-western and south-eastern parts of the study area, which coincide with metamorphic outcrops and NW-SE trending fault system. A comparison of lineament statistical analysis and field survey demonstrated that the structural discontinuities have a significant effect on forming and distribution of weathering profiles. It was observed that increasing the number, length and density of structural discontinuities led to strong severity in weathering, which can produce deep residual soils susceptible to landslide occurrence. The remote sensing approach developed in this study can be applicable for preparing lineament maps and evaluating the severity of weathering development in other active fault zones around the world.     

卫星成形反射面天线波束赋形的研究

采用单馈成形反射面天线,将天线口面分为多个栅格,通过优化栅格的场的相位分布对中国版图进行波束赋形。在优化过程中附加了相位限制条件,以保证反射面的表面连续,并与阵馈抛物反射面天线的赋形效果作了分析比较,说明单馈成形反射在天线在波束赋形中是可取的,该单馈成形反射面天线有其实用价值。     

New evidence for strong non-thermal effects in Tycho’s supernova remnant

For the case of Tycho’s supernova remnant (SNR), we present the relation between the blast wave and contact discontinuity radii calculated within the nonlinear kinetic theory of cosmic ray (CR) acceleration in SNRs. It is demonstrated that these radii are confirmed by recently published Chandra measurements which show that the observed contact discontinuity radius is very close to the shock radius. Therefore a consistent explanation of these observations can be given in terms of efficient CR acceleration which makes the medium more compressible.     

Ion signatures of reconnection at the magnetopause

For a rotational MHD discontinuity the bulk flow is Alfvénic in the de Hoffmann-Teller frame. Using AMPTE/IRM data, we present ion distribution functions during three crossings of the dayside low-latitude magnetopause. For these crossings a well defined de Hoffmann-Teller frame can be found, but the field-aligned bulk flow is always slower than the Alfvén speed. Nevertheless, we find signatures in the distribution functions that provide clear evidence for magnetic reconnection: solar wind ions reflected off the magnetopause, “D-shaped” solar wind ion distributions in the boundary layer, and counterstreaming of solar wind ions and ionospheric ions in the boundary layer.     

Solar cycle and latitude dependence of high-beta suprathermal plasma conditions in interplanetary space between 1.3 and 5.4 AU

The analysis of energetic particles and magnetic field measurements from the Ulysses spacecraft has shown that in a series of events, the energy density contained in the suprathermal tail particle distribution is comparable to or larger than that of the magnetic field, creating conditions of high-beta plasma. In this work we analyze periods of high-beta suprathermal plasma occurrences (β_ep > 1) in interplanetary space, using the ratio (β_ep) of the energetic particle (20 keV to ∼5 MeV) and magnetic field energy densities from measurements covering the entire Ulysses mission lifetime (1990–2009) in order to reveal new or to reconfirm some recently defined interesting characteristics. The main key-results of the work are summarized as follows: (i) we verify that high-beta events are detected within well identified regions corresponding mainly to the vicinity of shock surfaces and magnetic structures, and associated with energetic particle intensity enhancements due to (a) reacceleration at shock-fronts and (b) unusually large magnetic field depressions. (ii) We define three considerable features for the high-beta events, concentrated on the next points: (a) there is an appreciable solar-activity influence on the high-beta events, during the maximum and middle solar-cycle phase, (b) the annual peak magnitude and the number of occurrences of high events are well correlated with the sunspot number, (c) the high-beta suprathermal plasma events present a spatial distribution in heliographic latitudes (HL) up to ∼±80°, and a specific important concentration on the low (−25° ? HL < −6°, 6° < HL ? 25°) and median (−45° ? HL < −25°, 25° < HL ? 45°) latitudes. We also reconfirm by a statistical analysis the results of Marhavilas and Sarris (2011), that the high-beta suprathermal plasma (β_ep > 1) events are characterized by a very large parameter β_ep (up to 1732.5), a great total duration (406 days) and a large percentage of the Ulysses-mission lifetime (which is equal to 6.34% of the total duration with usable measurements, and 11.3% of the duration in presence of suprathermal particles events).     

三阶中心无振荡格式性能分析

三阶中心无振荡格式Cn3(Centered nonoscillatory scheme of third order)使用对称模板构造具有三阶精度的插值公式.利用单调区域与精确区域修正原始插值参数,该格式能够获得间断附近无振荡、光滑区域高精度的计算结果.通过一维和二维典型算例,将Cn3格式与三阶和五阶WENO格式(Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory schemes)进行比较,重点分析了3种格式的间断分辨率、计算稳定性和数值耗散性.分析可见,Cn3格式能够精确、稳定地捕捉激波和接触间断,同时对光滑流动区域的小尺度流动结构保持较低的耗散,值得进一步研究及推广应用.     

Saturn kilometric radiation as a monitor for the solar wind?

Since the Voyager mission it is known that Saturn Kilometric Radiation (SKR) is strongly influenced by external forces, i.e., the solar wind and in particular the solar wind ram pressure. Recent studies using Cassini data essentially confirmed these findings for particular periods during the first Cassini orbit of Saturn. The data coverage of SKR by the Cassini/RPWS experiment for the period of six months prior to Saturn Orbit Insertion (July 1, 2004) is rather continuous, whereas there are gaps in the solar wind plasma data. The strong correlation of SKR with the solar wind may provide an indication on the variations of the solar wind plasma, specifically during the gap periods. These periods lacking solar wind data are substituted by Ulysses solar wind data which have been propagated over ∼4 AU, applying magnetohydrodynamic propagation models. Cross correlation studies showed that Ulysses solar wind data can be taken as a substitute for missing Cassini data. The use of SKR as monitor for solar wind variations is discussed. With the present set of observations the SKR proxy lacks significant reliability.     

多种观测数据驱动的三维行星际太阳风MHD模拟

三维磁流体力学（MHD）数值模拟是行星际太阳风研究的重要手段.本文发展了一种由多种观测数据驱动的三维行星际太阳风MHD数值模型.模型的计算区域为0.1AU到1AU附近，使用Lax-Friedrich差分格式在六片网格系统中进行数值求解.边界条件中磁场使用GONG台站观测的光球磁图外推获得，密度通过LASCO观测的白光偏振亮度反演得到，速度根据以上两种观测数据并利用一种基于人工神经网络技术（ANN）的方法得到，温度通过自洽方法根据磁场和密度导出.利用该模型模拟了第2062卡灵顿周（CR2062）时期的行星际太阳风，模拟结果显示出丰富的观测特征，并与OMNI以及Ulysses的实际观测值符合得较好.该模型可用于提供接近真实的行星际太阳风，有助于提高空间天气预报的精度.