直升机桨距主动控制对旋翼性能的影响

为摸索直升机桨距主动控制对旋翼性能的影响规律并揭示其机理,首先建立能够考虑2阶谐波桨距控制影响的旋翼气动力模型,进一步建立相应的直升机飞行动力学模型,将旋翼需用功率作为性能评估的依据,在全机配平状态下开展2阶谐波桨距控制对旋翼性能的影响研究.对于样例直升机,前进比为0.2时,施加任何2阶谐波桨距控制均使旋翼需用功率增加;前进比为0.35时,施加幅值为1.5°、初相位为90°的2阶谐波桨距控制使旋翼需用功率降低约5%.通过分析样例直升机桨盘平面迎角分布和阻力系数分布,总结出利用2阶谐波桨距控制提升旋翼性能的物理本质:当直升机处于高速、大载荷飞行状态时,施加适当的2阶谐波桨距控制可以改善桨盘平面迎角分布,推迟后行边桨叶失速,从而降低旋翼需用功率,有效提升旋翼性能.     

Experimental research of active vibration and noise control of electrically controlled rotor

Electrically Controlled Rotor (ECR), also called as swashplateless rotor, applies blade pitch inputs via trailing-edge flaps system instead of traditional swashplate mechanism. In addition to primary control, rotor vibration reduction and noise alleviation are also achievable via applying higher harmonic control inputs with the trailing-edge flaps. In this paper, the feasibility of ECR to reduce vibration and noise actively is verified experimentally. Firstly, the test scheme of ECR active vibration and noise control is proposed, and the ECR test platform is modified according to the test scheme. Then, an adaptive control algorithm based on Kalman filter is developed. Lastly, hover and wind tunnel tests is performed to verify the feasibility of ECR active vibration and noise control. The results demonstrate that the ECR are effective for reducing rotor vibration and noise simultaneously. In the hover condition, the ECR can reduce the in-plane hub vibration by 42% and the in-plane noise by 4 dB. In wind tunnel condition, ECR can reduce the hub vibration by 75% and the BVI noise by 3 dB.     

电控旋翼稳态操纵响应研究

电控旋翼是于21世纪初提出的一种新概念旋翼系统。为探索其操纵规律,首先给出电控旋翼的理论计算模型。以此为基础,对SA349基准电控旋翼的稳态操纵响应进行了计算分析。得出结论:(1)襟翼操纵可有效改变桨叶桨距,时滞约为1/10旋转周期;(2)前飞状态下,襟翼总距操纵会产生周期变距效应;(3)襟翼周期变距操纵响应与传统旋翼类似。在原理性电控旋翼系统上,进行了悬停和前飞状态下襟翼的总距和周期变距操纵试验。通过对操纵响应试验结果的对比分析,证明了理论计算模型的正确性,同时也说明电控旋翼完全可用于旋翼操纵。     

加装格尼襟翼旋翼的直升机飞行性能

为研究加装格尼襟翼旋翼的直升机飞行性能,建立了加装格尼襟翼旋翼的直升机飞行动力学模型。采用UH-60A直升机试飞数据验证了计算模型的正确性。在此基础上,分析了样例直升机加装格尼襟翼后重量系数、格尼襟翼高度、沿径向位置和加装方式对旋翼需用功率的影响,以及加装格尼襟翼后旋翼桨叶剖面迎角分布、旋翼操纵量和机身姿态角的变化等。研究表明,直升机在重量系数较大的状态下高速前飞时,旋翼加装格尼襟翼能够明显降低直升机的需用功率,且加装转动格尼襟翼的效果优于加装固定格尼襟翼。功率降低幅值随格尼襟翼高度的增加先增加后减小。格尼襟翼在桨叶上布置的位置越靠近桨尖,其对需用功率的影响越大。直升机在重量系数较大的状态下高速前飞时,加装格尼襟翼能够使旋翼后行侧最大迎角显著减小。加装格尼襟翼后旋翼总距和纵横向周期变距减小。     

电控旋翼直升机配平及操纵特点分析

对采用电控旋翼直升机的配平及操纵特性进行了研究。首先根据电控旋翼的刚体桨叶变距运动方程，推导了襟翼操纵量与桨叶桨距的显式关系式。以此为基础，建立了电控旋翼直升机的飞行动力学模型。以WZ-1直升机为样例直升机，对比分析了电控旋翼直升机与常规直升机的配平特性和操纵响应特性。结果表明，电控旋翼直升机具有与常规直升机类似的配平和操纵特性，桨叶预安装角和桨根扭簧刚度这两个参数对其影响显著。     

电控旋翼低频面内谐波噪声主动控制试验

为降低旋翼低频面内谐波噪声,以电控旋翼(ECR)综合试验系统为平台,开发了相应的噪声测试与控制系统,并提出了电控旋翼噪声频域自适应主动控制方法。在此基础上,开展了悬停状态下的低频面内谐波噪声闭环主动控制试验。试验中,襟翼控制频率为10Hz以桨尖平面内传声器所测噪声作为闭环反馈,另两个位置处传声器所测噪声作为监测量,同时对桨毂位置处的振动水平进行监测。施加主动控制后,控制系统历时约5s达到稳态,收敛速度较快且收敛过程无明显超调;最大可降低桨盘平面传声器位置处的低频面内谐波噪声为9.4dB,桨毂位置处旋翼通过频率振动水平则略有增大。试验结果表明该噪声测试与控制系统可有效实现电控旋翼低频面内谐波噪声控制,同时也验证了频域自适应算法用于减小低频面内谐波噪声的可行性及有效性。      

悬停状态电控旋翼桨距控制

针对改进型电控旋翼系统,首先建立了其各控制环节的数学模型,采用串级PID(proportion in-tegration differentiation)控制算法设计了悬停状态下电控旋翼桨距控制律,PID参数根据Ziegler-Nichols方法进行整定.通过仿真计算分析,初步验证了该控制算法对于桨距控制的有效性.以上述控制方法为基础,进一步开展了悬停状态下电控旋翼桨距控制的闭环试验研究,成功的实现了电控旋翼桨距幅值和相位的控制,验证了串级PID电控旋翼桨距控制算法的正确性和有效性.      

一种无人直升机的双发动机控制策略

针对某无人直升机双发动机控制问题,提出两台发动机采用并联控制方式使其输出功率保持一致,利用两个发动机转速较高者替代旋翼转速作为转速反馈信号,提高旋翼转速的平稳性,并给出了影响旋翼转速平稳性的两个主要扰动因素总距和前飞速度的前馈补偿控制量的试验测量和计算方法;进一步利用两个发动机缸头温度差对其控制量进行差动补偿,从而使得两个发动机的输出功率趋于一致,提高传动系统的平稳性,抑制机身扭振.最后,通过地面系留试验和试飞试验验证了该控制策略的可行性和有效性.      

独立桨距控制对直升机飞行性能的影响

为研究旋翼独立桨距控制对直升机飞行性能的影响,在已验证的直升机性能分析模型基础上,以UH-60A直升机为样例,通过输入不同阶次、幅值和相位角的独立桨距,分析直升机的需用功率和升阻比变化,在此基础上给出了旋翼桨盘内迎角和阻力系数的分布,探讨了独立桨距控制提升直升机性能的机理。分析结果表明：高速时,2阶和3阶的独立桨距控制可降低旋翼需用功率、提高直升机的升阻比,但提升效果有限,直升机起飞重量较大时,效果更明显;2阶耦合3阶的独立桨距控制对旋翼性能的提升效果比单独的2阶或3阶桨距输入更好,样例直升机的需用功率最多降低了4.5%,4阶的独立桨距输入则不利于提升旋翼性能;输入独立桨距后,旋翼桨盘迎角分布改善,后行侧迎角减小,有利于推迟失速,桨盘的后行侧的阻力系数减小,可有效降低旋翼的需用功率,提升直升机飞行性能。     

直升机非线性运动方程及其数值分析

基于牛顿法建立了单旋翼带尾桨直升机的非线性运动方程，提出了一种求解直升机非线性运动方程的数值方法。建立方程时，用欧拉角描述直升机在空中的姿态，旋翼采用有挥舞铰且在铰上带有弹性约束的模型，桨盘处的入流采用线性模型，通过对一算例直升机的操纵响应进行数值仿真，将非线性与小扰动线性化的直升机运动方程进行了对比分析。结果表明：从操纵输入到随后的2s左右，非线性和小扰动线性化的直升机运动方程的计算结果非常接近，但在此之后，非线性运动方程的计算结果更能反映直升机的运动规律。     

Experimental study on transfer functions of an active rotor under different flight conditions

Vibrations impose negative impacts on the effectiveness and public acceptance of helicopters. Active rotors with trailing-edge flaps have been proved to be an effective way to actively eliminate helicopter vibrations. For the existing control algorithm based on offline system identification, the transfer functions of an active rotor under different flight conditions are pre-requisites to implement closed-loop vibration control. In this study, a three-bladed active rotor with improved trailing-edge flaps is designed, and wind-tunnel tests are conducted to identify the transfer functions of this active rotor using frequency sweep and phase sweep methods. The experimental results demonstrate that these transfer functions are insensitive to the variation of flight speeds: the amplitude of the transfer function varies slightly, while the phase delay almost remains unchanged. In addition, this finding is validated through closed-loop vibration control tests with the active rotor. The transfer function obtained from the hover test results is also applicable to closed-loop vibration control tests under the forward flight conditions. This will dramatically simplify the implementation and operation of an active rotor.     

应用协同射流原理的旋翼翼型增升减阻试验研究

协同射流技术作为一种新型主动流动控制技术,是突破旋翼翼型高增升减阻设计的最有潜力的发展方向之一。以 OA312 旋翼翼型作为基准翼型,研制微型涵道风扇组为驱动的旋翼翼型 CFJ 风洞测力模型,开展基于前缘高负压零质量内循环协同射流原理的旋翼翼型高增升减阻低速风洞试验,研究吹气口大小、吸气口大小和上翼面下沉量等基础参数对增升减阻的影响规律,探讨 CFJ 旋翼翼型关键参数最佳取值。结果表明：与OA312 基准翼型相比,小攻角状态时,CFJ 旋翼翼型可显著降低阻力系数,甚至出现“负阻力”现象,实现了零升俯仰力矩基本不变;大攻角状态时,CFJ 旋翼翼型可显著提升最大升力系数和失速迎角,其中,最大升力系数可提升约 67.5%,失速迎角推迟了近 14.8°。     

HELICOPTER VIBRATION REDUCTION TECHNIQUE WITH HARMONIC ACTIVE CONTROL

ＨＥＬＩＣＯＰＴＥＲＶＩＢＲＡＴＩＯＮＲＥＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴＥＣＨＮＩＱＵＥＷＩＴＨＨＡＲＭＯＮＩＣＡＣＴＩＶＥＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＹａｎｇＹｉｄｏｎｇ；ＹｕａｎＳｕｏｚｋｏｎｇ；ＹｕａｎＷｅｉｄｏｎｇ（Ｄｅｐｔ．ｏｆＡｕｔｏｍａｔｉｃＣｏｎｔｒｏｌ，Ｎａｎ...     

Efficient prediction of ground noise from helicopters and parametric studies based on acoustic mapping

Based on the acoustic mapping, a prediction model for the ground noise radiated from an in-flight helicopter is established. For the enhancement of calculation efficiency, a high-efficiency second-level acoustic radiation model capable of taking the influence of atmosphere absorption on noise into account is first developed by the combination of the point-source idea and the rotor noise radiation characteristics. The comparison between the present model and the direct computation method of noise is done and the high efficiency of the model is validated. Rotor free-wake analysis method and Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equation are applied to the aerodynamics and noise prediction in the present model. Secondly, a database of noise spheres with the characteristic parameters of advance ratio and tip-path-plane angle is established by the helicopter trim model together with a parametric modeling approach. Furthermore, based on acoustic mapping, a method of rapid simulation for the ground noise radiated from an in-flight helicopter is developed. The noise footprint for AH-1 rotor is then calculated and the influence of some parameters including advance ratio and flight path angle on ground noise is deeply analyzed using the developed model. The results suggest that with the increase of advance ratio and flight path angle, the peak noise levels on the ground first increase and then decrease, in the meantime, the maximum Sound Exposure Level (SEL) noise on the ground shifts toward the advancing side of rotor. Besides, through the analysis of the effects of longitudinal forces on miss-distance and rotor Blade-Vortex Interaction (BVI) noise in descent flight, some meaningful results for reducing the BVI noise on the ground are obtained.     

Numerical study on flow control of ship airwake and rotor airload during helicopter shipboard landing

A numerical study on flow control of ship airwake during shipboard landing is carried out to address the effect of flow control devices on helicopter rotor airload. The in-house Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) based solver Rotorcraft AeroDynamics and Aeroacoustics Solver (RADAS), with combination of momentum source approach is employed to conduct the helicopter shipboard landing simulation. The control effects of three aerodynamic modifications of ship superstructure, i.e. ramp, notch and flap, in different Wind-Over-Deck (WOD) conditions are discussed. From the steady simulation results, the effect of spatial variation of ship airwake on rotor airloads is concluded. The aerodynamic modifications reduce the strength of shedding vortex and increase rotor normal force through delaying and relieving flow separation, and therefore are beneficial to alleviate the limitation of control inputs. By contrast, the perturbation of unsteady ship airwake can cause the serious oscillation of rotor forces during shipboard landing. The unsteady simulations show that the turbulence intensity of ship airwake and oscillatory rotor airloading, represented by Root-Mean-Square (RMS) loading, can be remarkably reduced by the ramp and notch modifications, while the flap modification has adverse effect. It means that flow control devices have large potential benefits to alleviate the pilot’s workload and improve the shipboard landing safety, but they should be well designed to avoid the introduction of more vortex, which leads to increase in disturbance of flow field.     

原理性电控旋翼系统试验研究

电控旋翼是于本世纪初提出的一种新概念旋翼系统。本文首次开展了电控旋翼的试验研究。首先自行研制了一套用于试验的原理性电控旋翼系统。以此为基础,进行了悬停和前飞状态下的电控旋翼襟翼总距和周期变距操纵试验。试验结果表明,电控旋翼的襟翼总距和周期变距操纵效果与常规旋翼类似,电控旋翼完全可以取代传统的自动倾斜器操纵系统实现旋翼操纵。理论与试验结果的对比则相互印证了正确性。     

自适应旋翼性能研究进展

自适应旋翼不同于常规被动旋翼设计,通过主动改变旋翼参数,优化旋翼升阻比,以适应飞行环境和飞行状态的变化,从而降低旋翼需用功率、提升直升机飞行性能。本文归纳了自适应旋翼在提升旋翼性能方面的国内外研究进展,主要包括：变转速旋翼、变直径旋翼、独立桨距控制旋翼、智能扭转旋翼以及桨叶翼型变体等,并对自适应旋翼提升旋翼性能方面的研究进展进行了总结和展望。     

变转速旋翼直升机单发失效低速回避区分析

利用最优控制方法研究变转速旋翼直升机在遭遇单发失效时,旋翼转速对自转着陆低速回避区的影响。首先,以UH-60A直升机为样机,建立三维刚体飞行动力学模型,并分析低速范围内旋翼转速对直升机需用功率的影响。然后,在模型中加入单发失效后自转着陆阶段发动机输出功率以及旋翼转速变化方程,并利用直接多重打靶法将直升机单发失效后的自转着陆过程转换为非线性最优控制问题进行数值求解。最后,基于最小化回避区面积的思想,得到并分析直升机在不同旋翼转速下单发失效后的自转着陆低速回避区,以及回避区高悬停点、拐点和低悬停点对应的最优着陆轨迹和操纵过程。结果表明：随着旋翼转速的降低,直升机单发失效后的低速回避区首先会逐渐缩小,然后迅速增大。最小回避区对应的旋翼转速略高于最小需用功率对应的旋翼转速。适当降低旋翼转速不仅能有效降低直升机的需用功率,还有利于提高直升机单发失效后的自转着陆性能。     

悬停和前飞状态下旋翼在导弹发射线上的诱导影响计算

应用自由尾迹方法和旋翼配平模型,建立了一个悬停和前飞状态旋翼在导弹发射线上的诱导速度计算模型.基于该模型,以AH-1G直升机缩比模型为算例,计算了悬停和低速前飞状态导弹在发射线上受到的气流诱导影响,并通过与可得到的试验结果对比验证了计算方法的有效性;以Z-9直升机为算例,计算了悬停和前飞时的旋翼尾迹边界,分析了导弹在发射线上受到的下洗影响随直升机前进比的变化规律,表明了在大于某一前进比后,旋翼下洗流场对导弹发射线的诱导影响很小.     

基于数据驱动的变循环发动机多变量自适应控制算法研究

本文针对变循环发动机包线范围大,自适应控制需求高的问题,在增广线性二次型调节器(ALQR)基础上,提出一种基于数据驱动的自适应ALQR(DA-ALQR)控制算法。构建了多变量系统自适应控制准则函数,以梯度下降法对控制器参数进行调整,借助基于数据驱动的动态线性化建模方法,递推进行输出对输入梯度的近似计算,实现了对ALQR控制参数的自适应调整。仿真结果表明,所设计的DA-ALQR控制器参数随发动机状态变化得到了有效调整,相较于ALQR控制算法,闭环系统动态性能得到了大幅度提升,推力在单外涵模式表现出较快的响应速度,在双外涵模式表现出更小的超调,转速同样表现出了超调减小和响应速度加快特性,验证了所提出方法的有效性。