Residual Strength of Stiffened LY12CZ Aluminum Alloy Panels with Widespread Fatigue Damage

Experimental and analytical investigations on the residual strength of the stiffened LY12CZ aluminum alloy panels with widespread fatigue damage （WFD） are conducted. Nine stiffened LY12CZ aluminum alloy panels with three different types of damage are tested for residual strength. Each specimen is pre-cracked at rivet holes by saw cuts and subjected to a monotonically increasing tensile load until failure is occurred and the failure load is recorded. The stress intensity factors at the tips of the lead crack and the adjacent WFD cracks of the stiffened aluminum alloy panels are calculated by compounding approach and finite element method （FEM） respectively. The residual strength of the stiffened panels with WFD is evaluated by the engineering method with plastic zone linkup criterion and the FEM with apparent fracture toughness criterion respectively. The predicted residual strength agrees well with the experiment results. It indicates that in engineering practice these methods can be used for residual strength evaluation with the acceptable accuracy. It can be seen from this research that WFD can significantly reduce the residual strength and the critical crack length of the stiffened panels with WFD. The effect of WFD crack length on residual strength is also studied.     

Electron Beam-Physical Vapor Deposited TiAl-based Laminated Composite Sheet with Nb Layer Toughening

The TiAl-based laminated composite sheet of 150mm×100 mm×0.2mm, with 24 TiAl layers and 23 Nb layers laid alternately one on another, was successfully fabricated using the electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) method. The microstructure and properties of the sheet were investigated on an atomic force microscope (AFM), a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a tensile testing machine. The results indicate that the evenly distributed Nb layers are well joined with the TiAl layers, and the interfaces between layers are transparent, and every interlayer spacing is of about 8 μm. The fractures appear to be a mixture of intergranular fractures and somewhat ductile quasi-cleavage ones. Despite its slight influence on ultimate tensile strength, the inserts of Nb layers efficiently in-crease the room temperature ductility of TiAl-based alloys due to the crack deflection effect.     

Microstructures and fatigue properties of electron beam welds with beam oscillation for heavy section TC4-DT alloy

With the development of the manufacturing technology, electron beam welding（EBW） is capable of producing titanium alloy large parts in aero fields. To increase the applications and improve the properties, EBW with beam oscillation was investigated on TC4-DT alloy with50 mm thickness. We detected the welding samples by X-ray NDT, observed the microstructures of the welds, and tested the fatigue properties of the joints. The results showed that EBW with beam oscillation improved the weld morphology as well as welding quality, and the microstructure homogeneity of the welds and HAZ along the weld penetration were also improved. The fatigue properties of the joints with beam oscillation were more excellent than those of conventional EBW, even equal to those of the base metal under high stresses. The influences of the processing and the microstructure on the properties with beam oscillation were discussed.     

A Novel Processing Route for Ni-doped Alumina Composites

Alumina-based composites containing 0-15wt% Ni metallic phase were produced by hot press-sintering Ni-coated alumina pow-ders. The Ni-coated alumina powders were prepared by the aqueous heterogeneous precipitation of alumina micro-powders and nickel sulfate salt followed by reduction process. The microstructural features and dispersion of Ni phase in Ni-coated alumina powders and the subsequent alumina-Ni cermets were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and trans-mission electron microscope (TEM). The relative density of the hot press-sintered composites was measured with the Archimedes’ method while the fracture strength and the fracture toughness were defined with the three-point bending method and the mi-cro-indentation fracture method. In the formation of alumina-Ni cermets from sintered Ni-coated alumina powders, Ni phase to some extent limits the densification rate and stifles the coarsening and growing process of alumina grains. The Ni phase is found to be located at the interfaces and the triple-joint junctions of alumina grains which results into alteration of the fracture mode of alumina and its in-creased fracture strength and fracture toughness if compared with monolithic alumina.     

Investigation on the Hydro-forming of SUS304 Stainless Steel Dome

The dome hydro-forming was studied theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical analysis shows that the process of dome hydro-forming can be divided into two stages, i.e., firstly forming a hemi-sphere and secondly forming a hemi-toroidal. Theoretically, being larger than those in the outer area of a hemi-toroidal shell, the radial tensile stresses take place in the inner area where fracture is more likely to occur in the forming process. The required hydraulic pressure to form the dome should be determined by the deformation in the outer area, hitting about 12 MPa in theory. The experimental results show that the dome could be produced in one operation by hydro-forming which needs a hydraulic pressure of about 9 MPa. The experimental results prove to agree well with the theoretical analysis. In order to avoid wrinkling and fracture, the closing force acted on the die should be adjusted properly in accordance with the hydraulic pressure.     

Failure of EB-PVD Thermal Barrier Coatings Subjected to Thermo-Mechanical Loading

Thermal barrier coatings （TBCs） were developed to protect metallic blades and vanes working in turbo-engines. The two-layered structure TBCs, consisting of NiCoCrAlY bond coat and yttria stabilized zirconia （YSZ）, were deposited on a cylinder of superalloy substrate by the electron beam-physical vapor deposition （EB-PVD）. The failure mechanism of the TBCs was investigated with a thermo-mechanical fatigue testing system under the service condition similar to that for turbine blades. Non-destructive evaluation of the coated specimens was conducted through the impedance spectroscopy. It is found that the crack initiation mainly takes place on the top coat at the edge of the heated zones.     

Failure of EB-PVD Thermal Barrier Coatings Subjected to Thermo-Mechanical Loading

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were developed to protect metallic blades and vanes working in turbo-engines. The two-layered structure TBCs, consisting of NiCoCrAlY bond coat and yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ), were deposited on a cylinder of superalloy substrate by the electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD). The failure mechanism of the TBCs was investigated with a thermo-mechanical fatigue testing system under the service condition similar to that for turbine blades. Non-destructive evaluation of the coated specimens was conducted through the impedance spectroscopy. It is found that the crack initiation mainly takes place on the top coat at the edge of the heated zones.     

GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF SHORT FATIGUE CRACKS FOR ALUMINUM- LITHIUM ALLOY 8090

The growth behaviors of short through cracks (0.2 < △a < 2.2mm) and long cracks are compared using CT type specimens in aluminum-lithium alloy 8090 T651. It is found that the short cracks grow much more than long ones and are observed to grow at the stress intensity ranges far below the long crack threshold. The distinction of growth bahavior between short and long cracks is attributed to the difference of their crack closure effect. The growth behavior of short cracks can be rationalized with that of long ones in terms of effective stress intensity ranges. The upper demarcation value of short through cracks for aluminum-lithium alloy 8090 is presented.     

Quasi-static tensile behavior of large-diameter thin-walled Ti–6Al–4V tubes at elevated temperature

As promising light-weight and high-performance structure components, large-diameter thin-walled(LDTW) Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy(TC4) bent tubes are needed most urgently in many industries such as aviation and aerospace. Warm bending may be a feasible way for manufacturing these components. Understanding their temperature and strain rate dependent tensile behavior is the foundation for formability improvement and warm bending design. In this paper, uniaxial tensile tests were conducted at elevated temperatures ranging from 298 K to 873 K at tensile velocities of 2, 10, 15 mm/min. The main results show that the tensile behavior of LDTW TC4 tubes is different from that of TC4 sheets. The typical elongation of TC4 tubes at room temperature is 10%lower than that of TC4 sheets. The flow stress of TC4 tubes decreases greatly by about 50% with the temperature rising to 873 K. At temperatures of 573–673 K, the hardening exponent is at its highest value, which means the deformation mechanism changes from twining to more dislocation movement by slipping. The fracture elongation of TC4 tubes fluctuates with increasing temperature,which is associated with changes in the deformation mechanism and with the blue brittleness. The fractography of TC4 tubes at various temperatures, especially at 673 K, shows that second phases and impurities significantly influence fracture elongation. By considering the characteristics of the tensile behavior and by properly choosing the die material, the warm bending for TC4 tubes can be achieved at temperatures of 723–823 K.     

Evaluation of mixed mode-Ⅰ/Ⅱ criteria for fatigue crack propagation using experiments and modeling

In this study, in-plane mixed mode-Ⅰ/Ⅱ fatigue crack growth simulations and experiments are performed for the Al 7075-T651 aluminum alloy which is widely used in the aerospace industry. Tests are carried out under different mode mixity ratios to evaluate the applicability of a fracture criterion developed in a previous study to mixed mode-Ⅰ/Ⅱ fatigue crack growth tests.Results obtained from the analyses and experiments are compared with existing and developed criteria in terms of crack growth lives. Compact Tension Shear(CTS) specimens, which enable mixed mode loading with loading devices under different loading angles, are used in the simulations and experiments. In an effort to model and simulate the actual conditions in the experiments, crack surfaces of fractured specimens are scanned, crack paths are modeled exactly, and contacts are defined between the contact surfaces of a specimen and the loading device for each crack propagation step in the analyses. Having computed the mixed mode stress intensity factors from the numerical analyses, propagation life cycles are predicted by existing and the developed mixed mode-Ⅰ/Ⅱ criteria and then compared with experimental results.     

铝锂合金8090+Ce的疲劳断裂特征

研究了铝锂合金8090+Ce的疲劳寿命和断裂特征,并与2024铝合金相对比。结果表明,铝锂合金8090+Ce各应力水平的疲劳寿命均低于2024铝合金;其早期沿晶萌生的微小裂纹一般沿晶纵向扩展,而发展成为非扩展短裂纹,不构成对疲劳寿命的危害;其主断裂面上的短裂纹沿粗滑移带扩展,显示宽而平直的典型脆性疲劳条带;其瞬断方式为穿晶粗滑移带开裂+穿晶和沿晶撕裂的混合型,对应于较小的失稳扩展临界尺寸。     

形变热处理LC4铝合金强度及应力腐蚀性能的研究

一、引言 应力腐蚀开裂敏感及疲劳强度较低,是高强度铝合金应用中面临的两个主要问题。应力腐蚀造成的低应力破断,常常引起灾难性后果。虽然过时效处理可以显著改善应力腐蚀敏感性,但同时也使合金的强度比时效峰状态有所降低,因此,不能充分发挥材料的性能潜力。形变热处理可以提高高强铝合金的强度,但对该类合金应力腐蚀及疲劳强度的影响,尚缺乏深入研究。     

机翼连接耳片微动疲劳裂纹萌生机制

 对歼击机机翼全尺寸模拟疲劳试验的耳片断口进行了观察和分析,从断裂处存在磨痕和磨屑的形貌及耳片受力变形状态,证明耳片属于微动疲劳断裂。本文提出铝合金耳片和钢衬套接触时,微动疲劳裂纹萌生过程的模型。     

航空发动机供油管裂纹失效分析

针对某航空发动机供油管钎焊焊缝边缘出现裂纹而导致的供油管渗油故障,对其断口及源区附近表面进行宏、微观检查,明确了供油管裂纹性质为高周疲劳裂纹,疲劳源区呈沿晶开裂特征。利用能谱分析手段发现裂纹源区存在外来Cu元素,通过对焊缝及开裂部位进行金相分析,发现钎焊料中的Cu元素沿基体晶界发生扩散,导致晶界粗化,在拉应力作用下,Cu与基体形成的脆性相开裂形成沿晶裂纹。晶界粗化和沿晶裂纹是供油管过早发生疲劳开裂的主要原因。建议将Cu基钎料更换为Ag焊料。     

GH4169合金自然萌生小裂纹扩展行为的试验研究

为了研究镍基GH4169高温合金自然萌生小裂纹的扩展行为,采用单边缺口拉伸(SENT)试样进行了室温下应力比R=0.1,0.5的小裂纹扩展试验。在长裂纹近门槛值区域,观察到明显的小裂纹效应,疲劳小裂纹扩展寿命占全寿命的大部分。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱分析仪(EDS)对试样断口表面进行微观分析,结果表明,疲劳小裂纹起始于合金中的夹杂(Ti(C,N)或Nb(C,N)),并且倾向于以半圆形向试样内部扩展。试样的断裂模式存在由晶体学小平面断裂向疲劳条带断裂的转变,该断裂模式转变处对应小裂纹扩展速率曲线上裂纹加速扩展前的急速降低点。     

Influence of laser shock peening on surface integrity and tensile property of high strength low alloy steel

Laser Shock Peening (LSP) is a well-established surface treatment commonly used to improve mechanical properties of material's surfaces. To further understand the relationship between tensile property and fatigue life improvement of high strength low alloy steel in the LSP process, LSP treatment of 32CrNi high strength low alloy steel was carried out by YAG laser with pulse energy of 15 J, and tensile property was tested by electronic universal material testing machine. Surface morphology, residual stress and tensile fracture of the specimens before and after LSP were observed by white light interferometer (WLI), X-ray measuring apparatus and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Result shows that LSP did not change tensile strength of 32CrNi steel but cause yield characteristic transform from obvious yield point to no yield phenomenon which is the only factor benefiting fatigue life, indicating that the increment of fatigue life was probably related to the disappearance of yield phenomenon. Formation mechanisms of tensile fractures and yield phenomenon induced by LSP at room temperature were also discussed and completely revealed. Deeper compressive residual stress and flat grains contributed to the transition of yield characteristic and lower elongation rate of 32CrNi steel subjected to LSP.     

激光喷丸强化TC6钛合金的振动疲劳寿命及断口形貌分析

为了研究TC6钛合金激光喷丸强化(Laser Shocking Peening,LSP)处理后对振动疲劳寿命的影响,采用不同喷丸次数的方法对TC6钛合金进行LSP处理,采用振动疲劳测试系统对振动试样进行振动疲劳测试,用X射线衍射仪和显微硬度计测试LSP前后试样的残余应力和硬度,研究LSP对TC6钛合金振动疲劳性能的影响...     

LC4铝合金厚板在复杂应力应变状态下的断裂机制

 <正> 一、引言 把铝合金厚板直接加工成整体构件,用作飞机大梁壁板等结构,是现代飞机设计和制造过程中的一项先进技木。我国目前也在开始进行这方面的研究。由于在整体构件上不可避免地要打孔、开槽或加工有其它形式的截面突变部位,材料实际所承受的应力应变状态比较复杂。为保证这类整体构件的安全可靠及最佳的使用性能,需要对厚板的断裂行为有所了解。因此,本文将在试验室条件下以LC4铝合金厚板在复杂应力应变状态下的断裂机制进行考察。     

非对称载荷下TC17合金超高周疲劳试验

通过试验研究了110Hz和20kHz两种频率正弦式非对称载荷作用下TC17合金材料的疲劳失效行为,结果表明:载荷频率对TC17合金的疲劳强度和疲劳失效机理影响不明显,两种频率载荷作用下TC17合金的疲劳失效均存在表面诱发疲劳失效和内部诱发疲劳失效。表面诱发的疲劳失效主要是由循环载荷作用下试样机械加工缺陷和表面滑移所导致的,内部诱发的疲劳失效主要是由于材料初生α相在非对称循环载荷作用下发生解理断裂而导致的,失效形式的不同使得材料的应力-疲劳寿命（S-N）曲线呈双线性。萌生于TC17合金试样内部的疲劳裂纹可分为3个阶段:初生α相的解理断裂阶段、短裂纹扩展阶段和长裂纹扩展阶段。由裂纹萌生区特征可以确定室温条件下,应力比为0.1时,TC17合金疲劳长裂纹扩展门槛值为3.3MPa·m1/2。      

拉伸塑性对TC11 500℃低循环应变疲劳的影响

 测定了TC11合金经不同制度热处理后试样的500℃低循环应变疲劳的△ε_t～N_f曲线,在不同的△ε_t值条件下,拟合出N_f与φ、δ_5之间的经验关系式。结果指出:强度相近时,合金的塑性越低,其500℃时的N_f越低;虽然魏氏组织500℃的N_f一般低于等轴组织,但若魏氏组织中的片状α或束域比较细小时,其500℃N_f值可明显提高,并与等轴组织的差别缩小。