正交线偏振光成像制导镜头的设计与仿真

根据成像制导系统提高恶劣环境成像能力和识别真假目标能力的发展需求,研究设计正交线偏振光成像制导超透镜镜头。通过分析超透镜的偏振和相位调控原理,基于传输相位和矩形结构通过最小标准差匹配法设计了基于硅和氟化钡材料的中红外正交线偏振光成像超透镜,工作波长为3 μm。利用时域有限差分法对正交线偏振光超透镜进行了仿真,验证偏振成像效果和计算偏振对比度。仿真结果表明,当超透镜数值孔径为0.21时,正交线偏振光聚焦效率分别为80.5%和80.8%,最大偏振对比度为13dB。     

基于TCAD仿真建模的瞬时剂量率效应研究

针对一款百万门级0.18 μm互补金属氧化物半导体（0.18 μm CMOS）工艺抗辐射加固的微处理器电路,提出了采用TCAD仿真建模技术对加固电路开展瞬时剂量率效应研究的方法,仿真结果表明通过保护环结构加固设计,可有效提升电路的抗瞬时剂量率效应性能,并利用瞬时剂量率辐射源进行了仿真有效性的试验验证。结果表明,采用TCAD仿真手段得到的瞬时光电流峰值与试验得到的光电流峰值误差小于5%,证实了仿真研究电路瞬时剂量率效应方法的有效性。     

灵巧型大孔径四反星敏感器镜头设计

星敏感器镜头是星敏感器姿态轨道控制系统的重要组成部分，具有相对孔径大、工作谱段宽、绝对畸变低的特点，针对这些特点，在四反射镜初始结构的基础上，分析了镜头探测能力和相对孔径的关系，明确了镜头设计指标，利用非球面反射镜强大的像差校正能力，优化设计得到了全反射4反星敏感器镜头。镜头焦距170mm，轴向长度50mm，镜头F数2，等效入瞳直径51.2mm，圆视场±2.25°。镜头工作波段可由膜系决定，无色差，空间频率35lp/mm处传递函数优于0.6，畸变优于0.01%，弥散斑直径优于13μm，系统15μm范围内能量集中度优于80%，渐晕系数小于0.95，该镜头可用于亚像素精度的飞船姿态轨道控制系统，为星敏感器导航光学系统设计提供了参考。     

太阳同步轨道卫星光学特性

为了分析太阳同步轨道卫星的光学特性,对FY-1卫星的可见光和红外波段光学信号进行了仿真计算和模拟试验验证.通过对外部辐射及内部热源的分析,计算了卫星的温度场,采用随机起伏表面算法模拟表面覆盖材料外表面,通过阴影遮挡判断及双向反射分布函数(BRDF, Bi-directional Reflectance Distribution Function)模型计算卫星对外部辐射的反射特性,编程计算得到在可见光0.4~1.0μm和红外8~14 μm,14~16 μm波段下卫星的光学特性.结果表明红外辐射亮度与表面温度相关,8~14 μm最大约90 W/(m²·sr)、14~16 μm最大约20 W/(m²·sr).空间可见光辐射强度具有明显的镜面反射效应,卫星主体峰值2 200 W/sr.通过地面模拟测量空间目标的温度和红外辐射验证了温度及红外辐射仿真计算模型,可见光辐射强度仿真计算结果与地面模型卫星测量结果误差在20%以内.     

基于五阶自由曲面垂轴偏移的空间相机变焦方法

变焦光学系统在空间探测领域中有着重要的应用需求,提出了一种基于五阶自由曲面垂轴偏移的变焦方法,实现了具有两倍变焦能力的光学系统模型。分析了五阶自由曲面透镜的变焦原理和像差模型,采用两组五阶自由曲面透镜设计并搭建了伽利略望远系统,通过控制五阶自由曲面透镜的垂轴偏移量,来改变透镜的光焦度。仿真结果分析表明：该方法的变焦曲线具有单调性,且垂轴偏移量在8mm 以内。与传统变焦方法相比,该变焦方法的特点是结构紧凑、变焦连续、控制方法简单,避免了大幅轴向变焦运动,对于可见光、红外空间光学相机轻小型化具有重要的应用价值。     

月面钻取式自动采样机构的设计与分析

月面自动采样机构是月球探测的重要工具之一,对实现月壤采样起着关键作用,是中国月球探测任务中急需解决的关键问题.文章提出了一种用于深层月壤样品采集的、具有同轴双管单动钻具和柔性取样袋的钻取式自动采样机构设计方案,详细阐述了采样机构的功能、组成与原理.通过对采样过程的力学特性进行分析,得到钻杆螺旋叶片升角为14°、轴向进给速度为5.7 mm/s和回转角速度为13.1 rad/s时钻进效果最优;且为获取1m深度月壤,钻杆直径不能小于7 mm.利用土力学仿真分析软件ABAQUS建立了月壤和钻具的力学模型,对钻具钻入月壤过程进行了动力学仿真,结果为钻进阻力约300 N、钻进阻力矩7.5 N·m.     

红外导引头平台底座拓扑优化设计

为了提高红外导引头动静态性能,以底座轻量化为设计目标,静刚度和基频为限制条件,采用变密度法的拓扑优化理论,利用三维设计软件和有限元分析软件对红外导引头平台底座进行拓扑优化设计。并对比分析了拓扑优化前后底座结构的各项指标,结果表明优化后的底座在质量减小了26.3%的情况下,最大变形量减小了7.6％,最大应力基本不变,基频提高了11％,有利于红外导引头轻量化水平的提升和整机性能的提高。最后,通过冲击振动试验,验证了红外导引头的跟踪性能,说明了红外导引头平台底座拓扑优化的可行性。     

红外空空导弹抗干扰效能评估建模

为了摸清红外空空导弹性能、提高导弹作战效能，需要全面有效地对导弹抗干扰能力进行评估。但是受限于无穷多的对抗情况，目前多数基于典型对抗场景进行研究分析，不够全面。为此使用改进的拉丁超立方采样法在全范围内设计采样点。首先，对红外对抗原理和仿真系统进行说明和构建，确定输入参数范围和类型；其次，对拉丁超立方采样进行改进优化，并将其生成的采样结果按需离散化，满足诱饵离散型参数设置需求；最后，运用上述生成的初始参数组合运行仿真系统，将获取的数据作为样本集交给随机森林模型学习，通过调优参数及调整损失矩阵后，得到预测精度为90.4%的红外空空导弹抗干扰效能评估模型。通过仿真，验证了所提模型在不同红外对抗态势和不同提取误差下的有效性。      

用于GMA的新型永磁偏置闭合磁路

利用ANSYS有限元软件进行仿真模拟,对超磁致伸缩执行器(GMA,Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator)的磁路结构进行了分析和优化.根据磁致伸缩棒内磁场均匀性好,场外漏磁小的设计目标,利用极性相反的双永磁补偿原理,提出了一种新型的内置式永磁组合偏置结构,使得沿磁致伸缩棒长方向磁场分布均匀的同时,偏置磁场和激励磁场都形成良好的闭合磁路.ANSYS分析结果表明,棒中偏置磁场不均匀度为3.51%,激励磁场不均匀度为8.73%,均满足不均匀度小于10%的设计目标;在执行器指定位置(距离GMA 7 cm)的总漏磁场强度为30.4 A/m,符合实际应用的标准要求(<80 A/m).     

低功耗CMOS带隙基准电压源的设计

设计了低功耗、高电源抑制比CMOS带隙基准电压发生器电路。其设计特点是采用了共源共栅电流镜 ,运放的输出作为驱动的同时还作为自身的偏置电路 ;使用CSMC标准 0 6 μm双层多晶硅n -wellCMOS工艺混频信号模型 ,利用Cadence的Spectre工具对其仿真 ,结果显示当温度和电源电压变化范围为 - 5 0℃～ 15 0℃和4 5V～ 5 5V时输出基准电压变化小于 1 6mV和 0 13mV ;低频电源抑制比达到 75dB。电路在 5V电源电压下工作电流小于 10 μA。该电路适用于对功耗要求低、稳定度要求高的集成温度传感器电路中     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

清镇陨石（EH3）中陨硫钙石的REE微量元素及成因意义

本文运用INAA分析了14个清镇陨石中陨硫钙石单矿物颗粒的难熔元素(La、Ce、Sm、Eu、Yb、Lu、Ca、Sc、Hf和Th),挥发性元素(Na、Cr、Zn、Se、Br等)和亲铁元素(Fe、Ni、Co、Ir、Au、As)含量。结果表明陨硫钙石高度富集难熔亲石元素,是顽火辉石陨石中REE的主要载体,携带了约80％的全岩REE总量。相对于HREE,LREE有更大的富集程度,而且早期凝聚的颗粒较晚期凝聚的颗粒更富集REE,同时陨硫钙石富集挥发性元素Se、Br等。清镇陨硫钙石的微量元素特征揭示了它来自于太阳星云的高温凝聚特征和成因。     

柔性航天器IPACS建模与动力学分析

利用拟坐标下的拉格朗日方程和动量矩定理,建立了带变速控制力矩陀螺群(VSCMGs,Variable Speed Control Moment Gyroscopes)的柔性航天器的能量/姿态一体化控制系统(IPACS, Integrated Power/Attitude Control System)的动力学模型,该模型适合于姿态控制律设计及VSCMGs操纵律设计.采用动量管理和VSCMGs构型选取相结合的方法,有效地避免了VSCMGs设计时可能出现的奇异问题.分析了采用VSCMGs的柔性航天器IPACS中的动力学耦合问题,并以某大型航天器为例进行了数值仿真.分析和仿真结果显示出,当VSCMGs的力矩轴接近(或陷入)奇异或进行储/放能切换时,VSCMGs都会对柔性附件造成显著影响.      

Progress in tropospheric ammonia retrieval from the MIPAS satellite instrument

The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding is a polar orbiting high resolution mid-infrared emission limb sounder with a nominal vertical resolution of 3 km. Work to extend the list of routinely retrieved species led to the examination of ammonia, NH₃. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of upper tropospheric retrievals around 6-km altitude, discussing appropriate methods. We demonstrate a weak north to south gradient outside the error bars, using co-addition to improve signal-to-noise and compare these first results with a model.     

Monitoring spatio-temporal variations in aerosols and aerosol–cloud interactions over Pakistan using MODIS data

Clouds are important elements in climatic processes and interactions between aerosols and clouds are therefore a hot topic for scientific research. Aerosols show both spatial and temporal variations, which can lead to variations in the microphysics of clouds. In this research, we have examined the spatial and temporal variations in aerosol particles over Pakistan and the impact of these variations on various optical properties of clouds, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data from the Terra satellite. We used the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model for trajectory analysis to reveal the origins of air masses, with the aim of understanding these spatial and temporal variabilities in aerosol concentrations. We also documented seasonal variations in patterns of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over Pakistan, for which the highest values occur during the monsoon season (June–August). We then analyzed the relationships between AOD and four other cloud parameters, namely water vapour (WV), cloud fraction (CF), cloud top temperature (CTT) and cloud top pressure (CTP). Regional correlation maps and time series plots for aerosol (AOD) and cloud parameters were produced to provide a better understanding of aerosol–cloud interaction. The analyses showed strong positive correlations between AOD and WV for all of the eight cities investigated. The correlation between AOD and CF was positive for those cities where the air masses were predominantly humid, but negative for those cities where the air masses were relatively dry and carried a low aerosol abundance. These correlations were clearly dependent on the meteorological conditions for all of the eight cities investigated. Because of the observed AOD–CF relationship, the co-variation of AOD with CTP and CTT may be attributable to large-scale meteorological variations: AOD showed a positive correlation with CTP and CTT in northern regions of Pakistan and a negative correlation in southern regions.     

Technology development for a long duration,mid-cloud level Venus balloon

This paper describes the results of ongoing technology development activities for a Venus spherical superpressure balloon capable of flying for long durations (30 days) in the middle cloud layer at an altitude of 55.5 km. Data is presented from a successful aerial deployment and inflation flight experiment on a 5.5 m diameter prototype balloon conducted at a 2.5 km altitude above the Earth. Although the balloon in that test was not released for free flight, all other steps in the deployment and inflation process were successfully executed. Experimental and computational results are also presented from an investigation of the stress concentration phenomenon at the junction of the metal end fitting and fabric end cap of the prototype Venus balloon. Good agreement was found between the simulation and experimental results and a stress concentration factor of 1.55 determined for this end cap design compared to the expectations of thin membrane theory. Finally, results are presented for a new, second-generation Venus balloon material utilizing Aclar™ film instead of Teflon. Optical property and sulfuric acid tolerance data are presented for this material based on laboratory testing of samples.