毫米波大气窗口在临近空间等离子体鞘套中的传播特性

针对飞行器再入和以高超声速在临近空间飞行时出现的通信黑障问题,依据RAM C提供的飞行试验数据建立等离子体鞘套模型,通过数值计算分析了等离子体厚度及等离子体碰撞频率和等离子体电子密度等参数对毫米波大气窗口传输的反射和衰减特性.综合分析表明,可以采用大气窗口35 GHz所在的Ka波段作为临近空间主通信平台,辅以大气窗口0.22 THz所在的太赫兹波段天基中继平台,以期实现飞行器在临近空间飞行时的实时测控.     

不同入射角度下等离子鞘套中C波段电磁波传输特性

为解决临近空间通信黑障问题,研究了不同入射角对等离子体鞘套中C波段（4~8GHz）电磁波传输特性的影响,分别采用均匀等离子体模型与高斯分布非均匀等离子体模型,根据电磁波在分层介质面的反射和透射传播原理,对不同角度下C波段通信电磁波的传输性能进行计算和对比分析.结果表明,入射波频率的增加以及入射角的减小有利于降低C波段的衰减值,提高透射率,使通信电磁波更有效地穿透等离子体鞘套,为解决临近空间通信黑障问题提供了理论依据.      

飞行器大气再入过程中黑障缓解方法综述

为了方便研究人员更好地掌握黑障的缓解方法及其研究现状,系统地介绍了目前航天领域中用于缓解黑障的多种技术方法.首先,简要介绍了黑障的成因以及研究现状,并阐述了电磁波在等离子体中的传播机理;其次,详细说明了14种黑障缓解方法的基本原理及其优缺点,这些方法包括改变空气动力学形状、引入正交电磁场、驻波检测法、提高入射频率以及太...     

再入航天器表面亚波长等离子体薄层对微波信号影响效应研究

为了建立电磁波在亚波长等离子体薄层中传播的物理数学模型,并针对通信频段的电磁波,研究电磁波在再入航天器表面等离子体薄层中的透射问题,相关研究成果可为再入航天器通信“黑障”现象研究提供理论基础。模型从麦克斯韦方程组出发,采用微分薄层法进行数值求解,获得了不同等离子体密度条件下亚波长等离子体中目标电磁波的透射特性及传播规律,揭示了截止反射效应和碰撞吸收效应在其中发挥的作用。本研究对于深入了解亚波长碰撞等离子体薄层中电磁波的传播过程具有意义。     

大气闪烁对近似无衍射激光通信系统的影响

在近似无衍射激光通信系统中,大气湍流的作用导致接收端光强起伏不定,这将对通信系统的误码率产生影响.以光强起伏的概率分布为基础,忽略系统中的其他噪声,推导出折射率结构常数、通信距离和激光波长等影响因素与误码率的关系式.通过计算机模拟,研究了误码率随折射率结构常数的变化规律,讨论了一定湍流强度下通信距离和激光波长对误码率的影响,并以10-9为误码率标准,确定了通信距离的允许范围.结果表明,合理地选择天气和日照条件、减小通信距离以及选择长波长的激光器可以减弱大气湍流对误码率的影响.      

太赫兹肖特基二极管混频性能分析

工作在太赫兹波段的肖特基混频二极管的混频性能会受到高频效应的影响而降低.将有限差分算法引入二极管内部电磁场的计算中,并从结电容并联效应、趋肤效应、等离子共振、速率饱和效应四个方面分析了高频效应对二极管混频性能的影响,并以截止频率作为品质因数,对二极管结构参数进行优化设计.仿真实验结果表明:随着频率的提高,减小阳极直径、减小外延层厚度和提高外延层掺杂浓度能减小高频效应的影响,提高太赫兹二极管的混频性能.     

大斜视直升机载太赫兹ViSAR振动补偿成像算法

太赫兹视频合成孔径雷达（ViSAR）载波波长短,直升机载平台的微小高频振动将引起回波信号相位的显著变化,进而严重恶化ViSAR的成像性能。本文在建立斜视ViSAR平台振动成像几何模型的基础上,提出了大斜视模式下的振动相位误差补偿成像算法。该算法结合运动补偿原理,将斜视成像侧视化处理,然后采用改进的多普勒Keystone变换方法在二维频域校正由平台振动引起的距离单元徙动,最终在距离多普勒域实现振动相位误差补偿。仿真结果验证了该算法的有效性。      

航空电子限时令牌太赫兹互连的实时性能分析

在航空电子设备内部采用太赫兹通信技术实现cm级的板间或芯片互连可以减少引脚和接插件，缩小电子设备的体积，并降低维护成本。针对采用全向天线收发和开关键控（OOK）调制的近距离太赫兹通信网络，通过考虑分子吸收噪声和损耗的点到点通信链路分析，给出太赫兹信道容量计算结果；结合节点间的限时令牌多路访问协议，依据信道容量采用服务曲线模型进行最坏情况下总流量分析（TFA）和隔离流量分析（SFA）；充分考虑概率保证下应用层通信任务的突发度，得到限时令牌太赫兹互连的实时性能分析方法。案例研究表明：相较于时分多址（TDMA）方式，基于限时令牌协议的无冲突多路访问机制可以适应物理层容量和应用层负载的随机变化，保证了更小的延迟，有利于实现航空电子芯片间和板间的太赫兹互连组网和实时通信。     

汽车板抗凹性评价体系及试验机系统

抗凹性是评价汽车板使用性能的一项重要指标.建立了汽车板抗凹性评价体系,并从试验原理 、试件制备以及评估参数等方面作了系统的描述.在此基础上,开发了基于微机控制的专用 抗凹性试验机系统,详细介绍了试验机构成、测控系统以及加载系统.应用表明试验结果 稳定可靠.      

机载雷达测控站性能分析CSCD

陆基、海基测控设备在跟踪低空特别是超低空飞行目标时受视距影响大,作用距离有限,而机载测控站作为空中测量平台,不受视距影响,有很大发展空间。介绍了机载测控站的组成、功能和工作原理,分析了机载测控站相关参数关系和工作能力,提出了提高跟踪能力的方法措施;给出了系统跟踪距离计算公式,通过几种典型目标速度分析了系统的跟踪能力,并与陆基、海基测控设备的跟踪能力进行了比对。结果表明,机载测控站在跟踪低空目标时作用距离较远,在低弹道大射程目标飞行试验中具有较大的应用空间。     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

清镇陨石（EH3）中陨硫钙石的REE微量元素及成因意义

本文运用INAA分析了14个清镇陨石中陨硫钙石单矿物颗粒的难熔元素(La、Ce、Sm、Eu、Yb、Lu、Ca、Sc、Hf和Th),挥发性元素(Na、Cr、Zn、Se、Br等)和亲铁元素(Fe、Ni、Co、Ir、Au、As)含量。结果表明陨硫钙石高度富集难熔亲石元素,是顽火辉石陨石中REE的主要载体,携带了约80％的全岩REE总量。相对于HREE,LREE有更大的富集程度,而且早期凝聚的颗粒较晚期凝聚的颗粒更富集REE,同时陨硫钙石富集挥发性元素Se、Br等。清镇陨硫钙石的微量元素特征揭示了它来自于太阳星云的高温凝聚特征和成因。     

柔性航天器IPACS建模与动力学分析

利用拟坐标下的拉格朗日方程和动量矩定理,建立了带变速控制力矩陀螺群(VSCMGs,Variable Speed Control Moment Gyroscopes)的柔性航天器的能量/姿态一体化控制系统(IPACS, Integrated Power/Attitude Control System)的动力学模型,该模型适合于姿态控制律设计及VSCMGs操纵律设计.采用动量管理和VSCMGs构型选取相结合的方法,有效地避免了VSCMGs设计时可能出现的奇异问题.分析了采用VSCMGs的柔性航天器IPACS中的动力学耦合问题,并以某大型航天器为例进行了数值仿真.分析和仿真结果显示出,当VSCMGs的力矩轴接近(或陷入)奇异或进行储/放能切换时,VSCMGs都会对柔性附件造成显著影响.      

Progress in tropospheric ammonia retrieval from the MIPAS satellite instrument

The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding is a polar orbiting high resolution mid-infrared emission limb sounder with a nominal vertical resolution of 3 km. Work to extend the list of routinely retrieved species led to the examination of ammonia, NH₃. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of upper tropospheric retrievals around 6-km altitude, discussing appropriate methods. We demonstrate a weak north to south gradient outside the error bars, using co-addition to improve signal-to-noise and compare these first results with a model.     

Monitoring spatio-temporal variations in aerosols and aerosol–cloud interactions over Pakistan using MODIS data

Clouds are important elements in climatic processes and interactions between aerosols and clouds are therefore a hot topic for scientific research. Aerosols show both spatial and temporal variations, which can lead to variations in the microphysics of clouds. In this research, we have examined the spatial and temporal variations in aerosol particles over Pakistan and the impact of these variations on various optical properties of clouds, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data from the Terra satellite. We used the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model for trajectory analysis to reveal the origins of air masses, with the aim of understanding these spatial and temporal variabilities in aerosol concentrations. We also documented seasonal variations in patterns of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over Pakistan, for which the highest values occur during the monsoon season (June–August). We then analyzed the relationships between AOD and four other cloud parameters, namely water vapour (WV), cloud fraction (CF), cloud top temperature (CTT) and cloud top pressure (CTP). Regional correlation maps and time series plots for aerosol (AOD) and cloud parameters were produced to provide a better understanding of aerosol–cloud interaction. The analyses showed strong positive correlations between AOD and WV for all of the eight cities investigated. The correlation between AOD and CF was positive for those cities where the air masses were predominantly humid, but negative for those cities where the air masses were relatively dry and carried a low aerosol abundance. These correlations were clearly dependent on the meteorological conditions for all of the eight cities investigated. Because of the observed AOD–CF relationship, the co-variation of AOD with CTP and CTT may be attributable to large-scale meteorological variations: AOD showed a positive correlation with CTP and CTT in northern regions of Pakistan and a negative correlation in southern regions.     

Technology development for a long duration,mid-cloud level Venus balloon

This paper describes the results of ongoing technology development activities for a Venus spherical superpressure balloon capable of flying for long durations (30 days) in the middle cloud layer at an altitude of 55.5 km. Data is presented from a successful aerial deployment and inflation flight experiment on a 5.5 m diameter prototype balloon conducted at a 2.5 km altitude above the Earth. Although the balloon in that test was not released for free flight, all other steps in the deployment and inflation process were successfully executed. Experimental and computational results are also presented from an investigation of the stress concentration phenomenon at the junction of the metal end fitting and fabric end cap of the prototype Venus balloon. Good agreement was found between the simulation and experimental results and a stress concentration factor of 1.55 determined for this end cap design compared to the expectations of thin membrane theory. Finally, results are presented for a new, second-generation Venus balloon material utilizing Aclar™ film instead of Teflon. Optical property and sulfuric acid tolerance data are presented for this material based on laboratory testing of samples.