Detection of Known Signals in Nonstationary Noise

The basic design of a nonlinear, time-invariant filter is postulated for detecting signal pulses of known shape imbedded in nonstationary noise. The noise is a sample function of a Gaussian random process whose statistics are approximately constant during the length of a signal pulse. The parameters of the filter are optimized to maximize the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The resulting nonlinear filter has the interesting property of approximating the performance of an adaptive filter in that it weights each frequency band of each input pulse by a factor that depends on the instantaneous noise power spectrum present at that time. The SNR at the output of the nonlinear filter is compared to that at the output of a matched filter. The relative performance of the nonlinear system is good when the signal pulses have large time-bandwidth products and the instantaneous noise power spectrum is colored in the signal pass band.     

A Superlimiting Phased-Array Receiving System in a Two-Source Environment

The performance of a uniformly spaced phased-steered line array with element channel superlimiting is studied for far-field sources consisting of 1) two sinusoidal signals with different frequencies and angular locations, and 2) a sinusoid and a noise signal at different angular locations. Attention is focused on the nonlinear case where internal noise is negligible compared to both input signals. The analysis for the two-sinusoid case gives the precise frequencies, positions, and amplitudes of all apparent sources. In addition to the two active sources, the array output has an array of images arranged symmetrically in sine space about the larger input, at intervals equal to the spacing between the two active sources. For the case of a separated sinusoid and a noise source, the analysis shows that the angular positions and average powers of the array outputs duplicate the double-sinusoid results, but the images have noise-like spectra. The analyses are confirmed by experimental results obtained with a 60-element superlimiting X-band array.     

Noise Performance of a Gated Phase-Locked Loop

The objectives of this paper are two. The first is to show that a gated phase-locked loop (GPLL) is a tracking device whose operation approximates that of a maximum likelihood estimator of the phase of a pulsed sinusoid imbedded in noise. The second is to determine the behavior of theb loop in the presence of noise. It is found that the loop performance is equivalent to that of a continuous phase-locked loop driven by the same noise, plus a continuous sinusoid which has the same power as the pulsed sinusoid at the input of the GPLL.     

Fourier Analysis of Commutated-Capacitor-Type Integrator Output Signal

It is shown that an operational amplifier with four commutated capacitors in the feedback path produces an output signal whose fundamental is equal in magnitude but 180 degrees out of phase with the input. The analysis is carried out by expressing the output signal in a Fourier series.     

Hard-Limiting an Offset Signal

Expressions are derived for the output autocorrelation function of a hard limiter driven by the sum of signal, noise, and an offset term. Two signal types are considered: a random-phase sinusoid and a stationary, zero-mean Gaussian process. For each signal the offset at the sampling times is modeled first as a constant, and second, as a sequence of binary-valued random variables.     

On the Mean Frequency Measurement System Using Correlation Detection

This paper is concerned with the problem of measuring the mean frequency of the power spectrum of a zero-mean, stationary, narrowband Gaussian random signal in the presence of additive Gaussian noise. Signal-to-noise ratios at the output of the mean frequency measurement system using correlation detection are analyzed in terms of input signal-to-noise ratio, input signal and noise bandwidths, and integration time. The results obtained are verified experimentally, and a comparison with a conventional zero-crossing detector is also made.     

基于LMD的包络谱特征值在滚动轴承 故障诊断中的应用

滚动轴承故障振动信号往往是多分量的调幅-调频信号,而传统包络分析方法需要根据经验设置滤波器的中心频率与带宽,因而会带来解调误差.基于此,提出了一种基于局域均值分解(local mean decomposition,简称LMD)的包络谱特征值的滚动轴承故障诊断方法.该方法可以将一个多分量的调幅-调频信号分解成若干瞬时频率具有物理意义的PF (product function,简称PF )分量之和,由于每一个PF分量是分量包络信号和纯调频信号的积,因此可以直接对包络信号进行频谱分析得到包络谱.然后定义信号在包络谱中不同故障特征频率处的幅值比为包络谱特征值,并以此作为特征向量输入到支持向量机分类器中,用以区分滚动轴承的工作状态和故障类型.对滚动轴承正常状态、内圈故障和外圈故障振动信号的分析结果表明了该方法的有效性.      

高频振荡器噪声分析

 本文将高频振荡器视为具有深度正反馈噪声放大器。对它分析,给出正弦波信号的谱、等效带宽及相位噪声谱;同时还提出诸如高频振荡器内部产生的随机游走噪声形成机理等新看法。     

航空发动机振动环境谱统计归纳方法及振动试验台复现

为满足航空发动机及机载产品研制过程贴近使用环境的振动考核试验需求,需根据发动机实测振动数据给出振动考核试验所需的输入谱图。依据GJB/Z 126-99中给出的环境测量数据归纳方法,建立了发动机实测振动环境谱统计归纳方法并通过程序实现。利用发动机多架次实测试飞振动数据统计归纳得到发动机测点位置的振动实测谱。基于能量等效及信号频域特征分布一致原则,将归纳得到的实测谱转化为可用于振动台输入的振动环境谱,并在振动台上进行了振动信号的复现试验。结果表明：振动台输出信号与发动机实测振动信号频域分布特征一致,在统计频率带宽范围内振动总量最大相差5.7%,证明了转化方法是合理的,为航空发动机机载设备贴近使用环境的振动考核试验方法提供了真实的输入谱图。     

二阶系统输出响应及输入信号恢复的仿真

介绍用数学方法推导出二阶系统信号恢复的计算方法,并用算法语言在计算机上模拟出当其输入信号为标准半正弦波进的输出信号,以及当输出信号为计算出的信号时模拟恢复出原输入信号,并讨论了在该算法的数学推导及模拟实验的基础上恢复动态信号的可能性。     

A Semi-Empirical Approach to the PLL Threshold

This correspondence considers the response of the PLL near threshold to an input consisting of a modulated carrier and white, Gaussian noise. For high input signal-to-noise power ratios ?, the output noise power is Gaussian with a parabolic spectrum. As ? is decreased, the PLL tends to lose lock which gives rise to impulses or ?spikes? in the output with a resulting white power spectrum. The additional output noise due to these ?spikes? causes a threshold in the output signal-to-noise ratio. Unfortunately the loss of lock rate in the PLL depends on the modulation as well as the noise power. A semiempirical approximate expression for the loss of lock rate as a function of the noise and sinusoidal frequency modulation is presented and is used to determine the optimum design procedure for PLL's to demodulate FM signals of varying modulation indexes, ?.     

Spurious Target Generation Due to Hard Limiting in Pulse Compression Radars

A method is presented to calculate the output of a hard limiter if the input consists of a superposition of three phase-coded signals. A detailed investigation is made of the case where the limiter input signals are phase reversal modulated according to a maximum length linear code. It is shown in this case that a false target signal is generated at the limiter output. The amplitude distribution of the false target signal is investigated along with the distribution of the captured true target signals. A digital computer simulation confirms the theoretically predicted effects.     

Some Matched Filter Configurations for Infrared Systems

An analysis of the output of three alternative matched filter configurations in an infrared scanning system model is presented. The sensor is corrupted by thermal noise, generation-recombination noise, photon noise, and modulation noise, the latter providing an extreme discoloration in the signal passband. Expressions for the signal voltage density spectrum, signal pulse shape, noise power spectrum, and average noise power at the matched filter output are derived where the integral evaluations attendant to these derivations do not appear elsewhere in the literature. The paper also provides graphical displays of the signal-to-noise power ratio at the filter output versus various system parameters, noise power spectrum out of the matched filter versus ?, and the signal pulse shape out of the filter versus time. Also included are discussions of practically realizable approximations to the matched filters and curve fitting techniques for the signal pulse shape function.     

A UHF True Logarithmic IF Amplifier

A UHF ?true logarithmic IF? which yields a carrier output proportional in amplitude to the logarithm of the carrier input has been constructed. Although this ?true? form has been known for a number of years, it appears to have been neglected in development. Good performance has been obtained over a 60-dB input signal range with rise and fall times of 2 ns per 20 dB. A high-level, detected dc coupled output without the use of any dc amplifier is obtained. Coherent signal processing of the output carrier is possible, and other important advantages to this type of logarithmic IF are described.     

Spectral Analysis with Sinusoids and Walsh Functions

The Walsh spectrum of a sinusoid of frequency f = p/2q with p odd consists entirely of lines at orders s that are odd multiples of 2/2q, and the Fourier spectrum of a Walsh function of order 2p/2q consists entirely of lines at frequencies that are odd multiples of 1/2q. For all other frequencies or orders, the spectrum contains no lines, but the power spectral density takes all values in the range [0,oo] in every interval, however short, while being almost everywhere zero. For detecting the presence of a sinusoid by means of Walsh analysis, the time scale should therefore be chosen so that the order of the Walsh function is a power of 2 and the Walsh function is a Rademacher function, i.e., a hard-limited sinusoid of the frequency being sought.     

机载MIMO雷达空时自适应杂波对消器

针对机载多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达杂波分布呈现空时耦合特性,提出一种空时自适应杂波对消器.利用机载MIMO雷达的脉冲回波数据,构造杂波对消器的系数矩阵.通过空时自适应杂波对消器的预处理,可以有效地抑制杂波,并通过与常规空时处理算法的级联,最终可以有效提高动目标的检测性能.实现了由传统地基雷达杂波对消器向机载运动平台的推广.仿真结果表明,这种自适应杂波对消器不仅适用于正侧视雷达,对于非正侧视雷达也同样适用.     

光纤陀螺仪中尖峰脉冲引起漂移 的误差分析及其抑制

首次分析了光纤陀螺仪探测器输出信号中频率固定的尖峰脉冲对光纤陀螺 仪零偏漂移的影响机理,给出了尖峰脉冲影响光纤陀螺仪零偏漂移的误差模型;根据干 涉式数字闭环光纤陀螺仪探测器输出信号的特点,提出了一种基于高速集成模拟开关的 时域选通尖峰脉冲抑制具体实现方法,实验验证了尖峰脉冲引起的零偏漂移大小和理论 分析接近,表明了误差模型的正确性,同时表明该方法能够有效降低尖峰脉冲引起的光 纤陀螺仪零偏漂移。     

基于自适应分段混合系统的轴承故障诊断

针对强噪声背景下轴承早期故障的诊断问题,提出一种基于自适应分段混合随机共振（adaptive piecewise hybrid stochastic resonance,APHSR）系统的检测方法。采用经验模态分解法（EMD）进行信号预处理,分别采用能量密度法和相关系数法去除高、低频噪声,自动筛选最优固有模态函数,经尺度变换后输入分段混合随机共振系统模型,提取故障信号。工程实验显示:经过APHSR系统,轴承故障特征频率的频谱幅值、频谱幅值与周围最大噪声之差和最大信噪比（SNR）均高于经验模态分解和经典随机共振方法,其中齿轮箱故障轴承信噪比分别提高了9.579 dB和7.473 dB,转子故障轴承信噪比分别提升了8.597 dB和5.695 dB,对凯斯西储大学故障轴承数据处理后的信噪比分别提升了3.369 dB和17.043 dB。数据表明APHSR方法具有高效性,提高了轴承故障信号诊断能力。