Wearable computers open a new era in support resource management

Our aerospace customers are demanding that we drastically reduce the operating and support costs of our products. In today's aerospace maintenance environment, the vast majority of maintenance technicians are using paper technical publications, with fixed troubleshooting trees, and manual or semi-automated post maintenance documentation. Interactive Electronic Technical Manuals (IETMs) are at this time being deployed with portable maintenance aids, often an electronic notebook-sized data presentation system, some with expert system based troubleshooting aids. Many of the IETM based systems still require post maintenance documentation and, the maintenance control function is at best, updated when each maintenance task is completed and the vehicle departs. Advances in wearable computer technologies allow us to integrate the maintenance technician with a highly automated, tightly managed support system that will significantly reduce support costs and turn-around times while improving the quality of maintenance. A “Portable Maintenance Terminal” is a wearable computer configured to meet a maintenance technician's information and communication needs. The Portable Maintenance Terminal (PMT) will place the maintenance technician in the loop with the support system. Wearable computers are intended for use in locations where easy access to a desktop computer or laptop is not practical, or where operators are required to have their hands on the job rather than being busy with a computer. The wearable PMT can provide a hands-free, heads-up, networked computing environment     

Evaluation of built-in test

Built-in test (BIT) provides fault finding as a means to aid in system assembly, test, and maintenance. An investigation to evaluate BIT of a particular electronics board used in the in-flight entertainment system for Boeing 777s is described. We found BIT proved useful when failure occurrences were uniquely associated with the operating environment, situations which can result in no-fault found, or could-not duplicate (CND) failures upon test. We also observed cases where the BIT failed to observe failures, and in some cases pointed to the wrong cause of failure. These and other advantages and disadvantages of BIT implementation are discussed     

An aero-engine life-cycle maintenance policy optimization algorithm: Reinforcement learning approach

An aero-engine maintenance policy plays a crucial role in reasonably reducing maintenance cost. An aero-engine is a type of complex equipment with long service-life. In engineering,a hybrid maintenance strategy is adopted to improve the aero-engine operational reliability. Thus,the long service-life and the hybrid maintenance strategy should be considered synchronously in aero-engine maintenance policy optimization. This paper proposes an aero-engine life-cycle maintenance policy optimization algorithm that synchronously considers the long service-life and the hybrid maintenance strategy. The reinforcement learning approach was adopted to illustrate the optimization framework, in which maintenance policy optimization was formulated as a Markov decision process. In the reinforcement learning framework, the Gauss–Seidel value iteration algorithm was adopted to optimize the maintenance policy. Compared with traditional aero-engine maintenance policy optimization methods, the long service-life and the hybrid maintenance strategy could be addressed synchronously by the proposed algorithm. Two numerical experiments and algorithm analyses were performed to illustrate the optimization algorithm in detail.     

基于TOPSIS法的飞机维修方案的决策

针对航空公司如何选择一种经济高效的维修方案的难题,提出了基于TOPSIS法的飞机维修方案决策方法。利用TOPSIS法的原理,通过对维修方案进行定量与定性相结合的分析,给出了飞机维修方案最优决策模型。此模型可对飞机维修备选方案进行优劣排序,确定最优的飞机维修方案,从而提高飞机维修方案决策的科学性。     

不同检测方式下的维修心理分析

 初步探讨航空维修心理学的概念和航空维修人员应具备的心理品质。当前维修通用直接检测、仪器检测、智能机检测三种方式,分析人-机系统结构特点,论述了维修检测人员心理品质的特征,提出提高检测水平进行心理训练的主要内容。     

某型飞机维护规程编制初探

针对某型飞机维护规程编制的特点，通过消化、学习专业知识，与外场维护人员的沟通与交流，给出了某型飞机维护规程编制的内容、依据和要求，解决了相关专业的协调与分工，检查条件苛刻及项目多的编制难题，并对维修项目和区域的确定进行了探索和研究。     

基于状态维修的预防性维修策略优化模型研究

基于状态的维修着眼于系统的具体运行状况,对被监测装备的真实状态进行评估,克服了维修的盲目性,可有效减少由于维修不足而引起的意外故障和由于维修过剩带来的资源浪费。提出一种基于状态的多部件系统非周期预防性维修计划的优化方法,引入"机会维修阈值"概念,优化不同维修方式转移概率的表达式,将多个维修作业按照机会维修阈值进行归并,运用马尔可夫决策过程理论,给出不同维修方式转移概率的表达式和目标函数,并进行算例分析。结果表明:提出的优化模型减少了预防性维修活动,节约了维修工时和经费,可为系统预防性维修策略决策提供参考。     

基于D-S证据融合的民机维修性模糊综合评判

根据民用飞机维修性综合评判的特点,将模糊综合评判方法和D-S证据融合方法有机的结合起来,实现了对民用飞机维修性的综合评判。即通过对影响民机维修性指标及其与方案选择间的层次结构模型的确定,利用决策者采用同一标准的打分,确定了不同方案的指标综合的加权值,最终根据该值对设计方案或者不同机型的维修性优劣进行评判。     

复杂退化系统的组合维修策略优化

由于现有视情维修研究中没有考虑定期维护的影响,无法准确反映定期维护下的系统性能退化规律,因而不利于合理制定定期维护与视情维修组合的维修策略。针对该问题,重点开展了该组合维修策略下的性能退化建模与维修决策研究。通过结合组合维修策略下的性能退化特点,从失效机理出发,利用复合Poisson过程建立了性能退化模型,并通过退化强度函数描述了仅恢复累积性能退化量而不改变性能退化规律的维修效果。同时,分析了该条件下的可靠度函数,说明了其具有阶梯型变化和突变性的特性。基于性能退化模型,建立了长期运行条件下以费用率最低为目标、失效风险为约束的组合维修决策优化模型,并求解确定了最优维护周期和预防性维修阈值。通过数值分析,描述了费用率随维修策略值变化的规律,说明了优化解的存在性。同时,通过与系统自身寿命规律比较,说明采用该优化模型,可以有效地延长系统的使用时间,实时控制失效概率,确保其具有较高的安全等级,进而有效地降低维修费用。     

Aircraft air conditioning system health state estimation and prediction for predictive maintenance

The vast potential of system health monitoring and condition based maintenance on modern commercial aircraft is being realized through the innovative use of Airplane Condition Monitoring System (ACMS) data. However there are few methods addressing the issues of failure prognostics and predictive maintenance for commercial aircraft Air Conditioning System (ACS). This study developed a Bayesian failure prognostics approach using ACMS data for predictive maintenance of ACS. First, a health index characterizing the ACS health state is inferred from a multiple sensor signals using a data driven method. Then a dynamic linear model is proposed to describe the degradation process for failure prognostics. Bayesian inference formulas are carried out for degradation estimation and prediction. The developed approach is applied on a passenger aircraft fleet with ACMS data recorded for one year. The analysis of the case study shows that the developed method can produce satisfactory prognostics results, where all the ACS failure precursors are identified in advance, and the relative errors for the failure time prediction made when just entering the degradation warning stage are less than 8%. This would allow operators to proactively plan future maintenance.     

一种改进的两单元冷贮备系统保障策略

对于采用冷贮备冗余设计的导弹指挥仪,为了满足其高可靠性和可用性要求,提出了预先维修和备件订货的联合保障策略。考虑了以预先维修为主,以改正维修为辅的维修方式,采用了近似的（S-1,S）订货策略满足备件需求。建立了非线性规划模型反映可用性约束和保障费用目标。基于马尔可夫更新过程,推导了期望费用和可用性的公式。算例表明,与参考的策略对比,改进的更换策略能够显著地节省费用。     

Computer modeling of test particle acceleration at oblique shocks

We review the basic techniques and results of numerical codes used to model the acceleration of charged particles at oblique, fast-mode, collisionless shocks. The emphasis is upon models in which accelerated particles (ions) are treated as test particles, and particle dynamics is calculated by numerically integrating along exact phase-space orbits. We first review the case where ions are sufficiently energetic so that the shock can be approximated by a planar discontinuity, and where the electromagnetic fields on both sides of the shock are defined at the outset of each computer run. When the fields are uniform and static, particles are accelerated by the scatter-free drift acceleration process at a single shock encounter. We review the characteristics of scatter-free drift acceleration by considering how an incident particle distribution is modified by interacting with a shock. Next we discuss drift acceleration when magnetic fluctuations are introduced on both sides of the shock, and compare these results with those obtained under scatter-free conditions. We describe the modeling of multiple shock encounters, discuss specific applications, and compare the model predictions with theory. Finally, we review some recent numerical simulations that illustrate the importance of shock structure to both the ion injection process and to the acceleration of ions to high energies at quasi-perpendicular shocks.     

飞机排故方法模糊与统计综合评估算法的研究

针对民航飞机维修过程中故障描述对应的多种故障原因和排故方法,无法进行确定性选择问题,采用模糊综合评估理论,在统计已往维修经验数据的基础上,提出一种在各种故障原因和排故方法中进行选择的优先排序算法,进而解决了飞机故障诊断信息应用的关键问题,提高了排故速度。此评估算法已应用到民航的维修实践中。     

等离子体射流作用下光壁面超声速燃烧室点火试验研究

针对光壁面超声速燃烧室的点火需求，利用中心嵌入式等离子体射流在模拟马赫数6，总温1860K的直连式试验台上实现了煤油燃料的可靠点火和稳定燃烧，研究了超声速燃烧室起动过程中等离子体建立与维持特征，获取了不同当量比下火焰传播与燃烧特性。试验表明：在自身工质的高压射流维持下，等离子体点火器可以在点火起动的不同压力变化环境中保持稳定；中心等离子体射流产生一定尺度的高温区域且含有丰富的自由基，但需要在恰当的中心喷油流量形成的混气当量比下产生等离子体诱导火焰；诱导火焰沿燃烧室轴向传播进而发展形成了稳定的超声速燃烧。     

航空维修训练模拟系统关键技术研究

针对当前模拟训练在我军航空维修领域应用还不成熟,模拟系统仿真逼真度和可信度不高的问题,通过分析航空维修训练模拟系统国内外发展现状,并通过对我国相关科研机构进行实地调研考察,总结出了目前航空维修领域较典型的几种模拟系统构建方式,给出了各种构建方式的优缺点及各自的典型代表,归纳出了航空维修训练模拟系统实现的关键技术途径以及每种技术途径研究的重点、难点,给出了我军航空维修训练模拟系统未来应重点努力发展的方向.     

基于模糊Petri网的维修保障活动可视化建模与仿真研究

介绍了模糊Petri网矩阵推理算法,并对模糊Petri网中的元素进行了抽象定义,同时,为了仿真实现矩阵推理算法,定义了用于存储模型数据和中间计算结果的动态数组,并给出具体代码建模流程图。最后,作为验证实例,应用飞机前轮更换轮胎对该维修保障活动仿真软件进行验证。结果表明,该软件可对该维修保障活动进行建模,即直观清晰地体现出飞机某环节维修保障活动的进程,同时也可以根据相关参数进行分析,将能为在航空系统产品保障效能评估中找出可靠性、维修性、测试性和保障性设计存在的薄弱环节提供技术支持。     

基于Q-GERT的装备维修保障流程仿真模型

在分析流程仿真主要建模仿真方法特点的基础上,针对维修保障流程的特点,运用Q-GERT对装备基层级维修保障过程进行了建模,并给出了具体的仿真算法,仿真分析了不同维修保障资源配置下的资源利用率、任务成功率等指标,为装备基层级维修保障资源的优化配置提供决策支持,仿真结果证明该方法的实用性和可行性。     

Generic Integrated Maintenance Diagnostics

Maintenance Support for a weapon system involves both preventive and corrective maintenance actions. Preventive maintenance is normally associated with mechanical equipment, and requires prognostic maintenance techniques to predict failures before they occur. Corrective maintenance is more closely associated with electronic equipment, and requires diagnostic maintenance techniques to detect and isolate failures after they occur. To pursue a systems approach to weapon system maintenance using both prognostics and diagnostics, the Air Force has initiated a program entitled, ``Generic Integrated Maintenance Diagnostics (GIMADs)'. This paper provides insight into the GIMADS program at Aeronautical Systems Division.     

机务维修系统非例行维修平台的设计研究

非例行维修是航空公司机务维修方案的重要组成部分。由于非例行维修的不确定性,需要调研航空公司的业务流程和运行特点,分析具体的设计需求,开发出有效的现代化非例行维修管理平台。运用Delphi工具及Oracle数据库开发出航空公司非例行机务维修平台,以非单生命周期数据流转为核心,建立起航空公司对于非例行维修的管理平台,并介绍实现平台功能的几项关键技术。实际情况表明平台能够对航空公司的维修管理进行有效的控制,缩短维修时间,降低维修成本。     

基于灰色模型的军机两级维修人力效益预测

维修人力费用估算是军用飞机寿命周期费用估算的重要组成部分。将三级维修体制简化为两级维修,可节省维修人力,并提高战备完好性。引入灰色系统Verhulst模型理论,建立了转换维修体制后的人力节省预测模型,以美空军实际节省的人力数据为例进行预测,结果表明,模型的可信性较高。