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1.
W. R. Binns M. E. Wiedenbeck M. Arnould A. C. Cummings G. A. de Nolfo S. Goriely M. H. Israel R. A. Leske R. A. Mewaldt G. Meynet L. M. Scott E. C. Stone T. T. von Rosenvinge 《Space Science Reviews》2007,130(1-4):439-449
We have measured the isotopic abundances of neon and a number of other species in the galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) using the
Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer (CRIS) aboard the ACE spacecraft. Our data are compared to recent results from two-component
(Wolf–Rayet material plus solar-like mixtures) Wolf–Rayet (WR) models. The three largest deviations of galactic cosmic ray
isotope ratios from solar-system ratios predicted by these models, 12C/16O, 22Ne/20Ne, and 58Fe/56Fe, are very close to those observed. All of the isotopic ratios that we have measured are consistent with a GCR source consisting
of ∼20% of WR material mixed with ∼80% material with solar-system composition. Since WR stars are evolutionary products of
OB stars, and most OB stars exist in OB associations that form superbubbles, the good agreement of our data with WR models
suggests that OB associations within superbubbles are the likely source of at least a substantial fraction of GCRs. In previous
work it has been shown that the primary 59Ni (which decays only by electron-capture) in GCRs has decayed, indicating a time interval between nucleosynthesis and acceleration
of >105 y. It has been suggested that in the OB association environment, ejecta from supernovae might be accelerated by the high
velocity WR winds on a time scale that is short compared to the half-life of 59Ni. Thus the 59Ni might not have time to decay and this would cast doubt upon the OB association origin of cosmic rays. In this paper we
suggest a scenario that should allow much of the 59Ni to decay in the OB association environment and conclude that the hypothesis of the OB association origin of cosmic rays
appears to be viable. 相似文献
2.
During the solar journey through galactic space, variations in the physical properties of the surrounding interstellar medium (ISM) modify the heliosphere and modulate the flux of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) at the surface of the Earth, with consequences for the terrestrial record of cosmogenic radionuclides. One phenomenon that needs studying is the effect on cosmogenic isotope production of changing anomalous cosmic ray fluxes at Earth due to variable interstellar ionizations. The possible range of interstellar ram pressures and ionization levels in the low density solar environment generate dramatically different possible heliosphere configurations, with a wide range of particle fluxes of interstellar neutrals, their secondary products, and GCRs arriving at Earth. Simple models of the distribution and densities of ISM in the downwind direction give cloud transition timescales that can be directly compared with cosmogenic radionuclide geologic records. Both the interstellar data and cosmogenic radionuclide data are consistent with two cloud transitions, within the past 10,000 years and a second one 20,000–30,000 years ago, with large and assumption-dependent uncertainties. The geomagnetic timeline derived from cosmic ray fluxes at Earth may require adjustment to account for the disappearance of anomalous cosmic rays when the Sun is immersed in ionized gas. 相似文献
3.
The three-dimensional structure of the solar maximum modulation of cosmic rays in the heliosphere can be studied for the first
time by comparing observations from Ulysses at high solar latitudes to those from in-ecliptic spacecraft, such as IMP-8. Observations through mid-2000 show that changes
in modulation remain well correlated at Earth and Ulysses up to latitudes of ∼60° south. The observed changes seem to be best correlated with changes in the inclination of the heliospheric
current sheet. The spectral index of the proton spectra at energies <100 MeV in the ecliptic and at high latitudes remain
roughly consistent with the T
+1 spectrum expected from modulation models, while the spectral index of the helium spectrum at both locations has changed smoothly
from the flat or even negative index spectra characteristic of anomalous component fluxes toward the T
+1 galactic spectrum with increasing modulation. Intensities near the equator and at high latitude remain nearly equal, and
latitudinal gradients for nucleonic cosmic rays thus remain small (<1% deg−1) at solar maximum. In the most recent data fluxes of protons and helium with energies less than ∼100 MeV nucl−1 measured by Ulysses are smaller than those measured at IMP-8, suggesting that the gradients may have switched to become negative toward the poles
even before a clear reversal of polarity for the solar magnetic dipole has been completed.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
Cosmic ray particles respond to the heliospheric magnetic field in the expanding solar wind and its turbulence and therefore
provide a unique probe for conditions in the changing heliosphere. During the last four years, concentrated around the solar
minimum period of solar cycle 22, the exploration of the solar polar regions by the joint ESA/NASA mission Ulysses revealed
the three-dimensional behavior of cosmic rays in the inner and middle heliosphere. Also during the last decades, the Pioneer
and Voyager missions have greatly expanded our understanding of the structure and extent of the outer heliosphere. Simultaneously,
numerical models describing the propagation of galactic cosmic rays are becoming sophisticated tools for interpreting and
understanding these observations. We give an introduction to the subject of the modulation of galactic cosmic rays in the
heliosphere during solar minimum. The modulation effects on cosmic rays of corotating interaction regions and their successors
in the outer heliosphere are discussed in more detail by Gazis, McDonald et al. (1999) and McKibben, Jokipii et al. (1999) in this volume. Cosmic-ray observations from the Ulysses spacecraft at high heliographic latitudes are also described
extensively in this volume by Kunow, Lee et al. (1999).
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
Our knowledge of how galactic and anomalous cosmic rays are modulated in the inner heliosphere has been dramatically enlarged
as a result of measurements from several missions launched in the past ten years. Among them, Ulysses explored the polar regions of the inner heliosphere during the last solar minimum period and is now revisiting southern polar
latitudes under solar maximum conditions. This gives us for the first time the possibility to compare modulation of cosmic
rays at high heliographic latitudes during such different time periods. We present data from different instruments on board
the Ulysses spacecraft together with 1 AU measurements in the ecliptic. In this paper we focus on measurements that have direct implications
for our understanding of modulation of cosmic rays in the inner heliosphere.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
P. B. Price 《Space Science Reviews》1973,15(1):69-88
The composition of cosmic rays and solar particles is reviewed with emphasis on the question of whether they are representative samples of Galactic and solar matter. The composition of solar particles changes with energy and from flare to flare. A strong excess of heavy elements at energies below a few MeV/nuc decreases with energy, and at energies above 15 MeV/nuc the composition of solar particles resembles that of galactic cosmic rays somewhat better than that of the solar atmosphere. The elements Ne through Pb have remarkably similar abundances in cosmic ray sources and in the matter of the solar system. The lighter elements are depleted in cosmic rays, whereas U and Th may be enriched or not, depending on whether the meteoritic or solar abundance of Th is used. Two prototype sources of cosmic rays are considered: gas with solar system composition but enriched in elements with Z > 8 during acceleration and emission (by analogy with solar particle emission), and highly evolved matter enriched in r-process elements such as U, Th and transuranic elements. The energy-dependence of cosmic ray composition suggests that both sources may contribute at different energies.Miller Institute Professor, 1972–73. 相似文献
7.
R. A. Leske R. A. Mewaldt A. C. Cummings J. R. Cummings E. C. Stone T. T. Von Rosenvinge 《Space Science Reviews》1996,78(1-2):149-154
Measurements of the anomalous cosmic ray (ACR) isotopic composition have been made in three regions of the magnetosphere accessible from the polar Earth orbit of SAMPEX, including the interplanetary medium at high latitudes and geomagnetically trapped ACRs. At those latitudes where ACRs can penetrate the Earth's magnetic field while fully stripped galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) of similar energies are excluded, a pure ACR sample is observed to have the following composition: 15N/N < 0.023, 18O/16O < 0.0034, and 22Ne/20Ne = 0.077(+0.085, –0.023). We compare our values with those found by previous investigators and with those measured in other samples of solar and galactic material. In particular, a comparison of 22Ne/20Ne measurements from various sources implies that GCRs are not simply an accelerated sample of the local interstellar medium. 相似文献
8.
Clusters of galaxies are self-gravitating systems of mass ∼1014–1015
h
−1 M⊙ and size ∼1–3h
−1 Mpc. Their mass budget consists of dark matter (∼80%, on average), hot diffuse intracluster plasma (≲20%) and a small fraction
of stars, dust, and cold gas, mostly locked in galaxies. In most clusters, scaling relations between their properties, like
mass, galaxy velocity dispersion, X-ray luminosity and temperature, testify that the cluster components are in approximate
dynamical equilibrium within the cluster gravitational potential well. However, spatially inhomogeneous thermal and non-thermal
emission of the intracluster medium (ICM), observed in some clusters in the X-ray and radio bands, and the kinematic and morphological
segregation of galaxies are a signature of non-gravitational processes, ongoing cluster merging and interactions. Both the
fraction of clusters with these features, and the correlation between the dynamical and morphological properties of irregular
clusters and the surrounding large-scale structure increase with redshift.
In the current bottom-up scenario for the formation of cosmic structure, where tiny fluctuations of the otherwise homogeneous
primordial density field are amplified by gravity, clusters are the most massive nodes of the filamentary large-scale structure
of the cosmic web and form by anisotropic and episodic accretion of mass, in agreement with most of the observational evidence.
In this model of the universe dominated by cold dark matter, at the present time most baryons are expected to be in a diffuse
component rather than in stars and galaxies; moreover, ∼50% of this diffuse component has temperature ∼0.01–1 keV and permeates
the filamentary distribution of the dark matter. The temperature of this Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium (WHIM) increases with
the local density and its search in the outer regions of clusters and lower density regions has been the quest of much recent
observational effort.
Over the last thirty years, an impressive coherent picture of the formation and evolution of cosmic structures has emerged
from the intense interplay between observations, theory and numerical experiments. Future efforts will continue to test whether
this picture keeps being valid, needs corrections or suffers dramatic failures in its predictive power. 相似文献
9.
E. N. Parker 《Space Science Reviews》1969,9(5):651-712
On an astronomical scale cosmic rays must be considered a tenuous and extremely hot (relativistic) gas. The pressure of the cosmic-ray gas is comparable to the other gas and field pressures in interstellar space, so that the cosmic-ray pressure must be taken into account in treating the dynamical properties of the gaseous disk of the galaxy. This review begins with a survey of present knowledge of the cosmic-ray gas. Then the kinetic properties of the gas are developed, followed by an exposition of the dynamical effects of the cosmic-ray gas on a large-scale magnetic field embedded in a thermal gas. The propagation of low-frequency hydromagnetic waves is worked out in the fluid approximation.The dynamical properties of the gaseous disk of the galaxy are next considered. The equations for the equilibrium distribution in the direction perpendicular to the disk are worked out. It is shown that a self-consistent equilibrium can be constructed within the range of the observational estimates of the gas density, scale height, turbulent velocity, field strength, cosmic-ray pressure, and galactic gravitational acceleration. Perturbation calculations then show that the equilibrium is unstable, on scales of a few hundred pc and in times of the order 2 × 107 years. The instability is driven about equally by the magnetic field and the cosmic-ray gas and dominates self-gravitation. Hence the instability dominates the dynamics of the interstellar gas and is the major effect in forming interstellar gas clouds. Star formation is the end result of condensation of the interstellar gas into clouds, indicating, then, that cosmic rays play a major role in initiating star formation in the galaxy.The cosmic rays are trapped in the unstable gaseous disk and escape from the disk only in so far as their pressure is able to inflate the magnetic field of the disk. The observed scale height of the galactic disk, the short life (106 years) of cosmic-ray particles in the disk of the galaxy, and their observed quiescent state in the disk, indicate that the galactic magnetic field acts as a safety valve on the cosmic ray pressure P so that PB
2/8. We infer from the observed life and quiescence of the cosmic rays that the mean field strength in the disk of the galaxy is 3–5 × 10–6 gauss. 相似文献
10.
In this review the present state of our knowledge on the properties of heavy ions in low energy cosmic rays measured in the Skylab mission and in other spacecrafts is summarised and the possible mechanisms of their origin are discussed. A brief review of the general features of the galactic and solar cosmic rays is given in order to understand the special features of the low energy heavy ions of cosmic rays. The results of the cosmic ray experiment in the Skylab show that in the low energy interval of 8–30 MeV/N, the abundances of oxygen, nitrogen, and neon ions, relative to carbon are enhanced by a factor of 5 to 2 as compared to high energy cosmic rays; while Mg, Si, S, and A are depleted. In 50–150 MeV/N energy interval the abundance of nuclei of Ca-Cr relative to iron-group (Z = 25–28) is found to be highly enhanced, as compared to high energy cosmic rays. Furthermore the observations of the energy spectra of O, N, and Ne ions and their fairly large fluences in the energy interval of 8–30 MeV/N below the geomagnetic cut off energy of 50 MeV/N for fully stripped nuclei at the Skylab orbit indicate that these heavy ions are probably in partly ionised states. Thus, it is found that the Skylab results represent a new type of heavy ion population of low energy cosmic rays below 50 MeV/N, in the near Earth space and their properties are distinctly different from those of high energy cosmic rays and are similar to those of the anomalous component in the interplanetary space. The available data from the Skylab can be understood at present on the hypothesis that low energy interplanetary cosmic ray ions of oxygen etc. occur in partly ionised state such as O+1,O+2, etc. and these reach the inner magnetosphere at high latitudes where stripping process occurs near mirror points and this leads to temporarily trapped ions such as O+3, O+4, etc. It is noted that the origin of these low energy heavy cosmic ray ions in the magnetosphere and in interplanetary space is not yet fully understood and new type of sources or processes are responsible for their origin and these need further studies. 相似文献
11.
An increasing number of studies indicate that variations in solar activity have had a significant influence on Earth's climate.
However, the mechanisms responsible for a solar influence are still not known. One possibility is that atmospheric transparency
is influenced by changing cloud properties via cosmic ray ionisation (the latter being modulated by solar activity). Support
for this idea is found from satellite observations of cloud cover. Such data have revealed a striking correlation between
the intensity of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and low liquid clouds (<3.2 km). GCR are responsible for nearly all ionisation
in the atmosphere below 35 km. One mechanism could involve ion-induced formation of aerosol particles (diameter range, 0.001–1.0
μm) that can act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). A systematic variation in the properties of CCN will affect the cloud
droplet distribution and thereby influence the radiative properties of clouds. If the GCR-Cloud link is confirmed variations
in galactic cosmic ray flux, caused by changes in solar activity and the space environment, could influence Earth's radiation
budget.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
The containment lifetime of the cosmic radiation is a crucial parameter in the investigation of the cosmic-ray origin and plays an important role in the dynamics of the Galaxy. The separation of the cosmic-ray Be isotopes achieved by two satellite experiments is considered in this paper, and from the measured isotopic ratio between the radioactive 10Be (half-life = 1.5 × 106 yr) and the stable 9Be, it is deduced that the cosmic rays propagate through matter with an average density of 0.24 ± 0.07 atoms cm-3, lower than the traditionally quoted average density in the galactic disk of 1 atom cm-3. This paper reviews the implications of this result for the cosmic-ray age mainly in the context of two models of confinement and propagation: the homogeneous model, normally identified with confinement to the galactic gaseous disk, and a diffusion model in which the cosmic rays extend into a galactic halo. The propagation calculations use:
- a newly deduced cosmic-ray pathlength distribution.
- a self-consistent model of solar modulation.
- an up-to-date set of fragmentation cross sections.
13.
Satellite observations have recently revealed a surprising imprint of the 11-year solar cycle on global low cloud cover. The cloud data suggest a correlation with the intensity of galactic cosmic rays. If this apparent connection between cosmic rays and clouds is real, variations of the cosmic ray flux caused by long-term changes in the solar wind could have a significant influence on the global energy radiation budget and the climate. However a direct link between cosmic rays and clouds has not been unambiguously established and, moreover, the microphysical mechanism is poorly understood. New experiments are being planned to find out whether cosmic rays can affect cloud formation, and if so how. 相似文献
14.
The differences between the composition of Galactic cosmic rays and that of the interstellar medium are manifold, and they
contain a wealth of information about the varying processes that created them. These differences reveal much about the initial
mixing of freshly synthesized matter, the chemistry and differentiation of the interstellar medium, and the mechanisms and
environment of ion injection and acceleration. Here we briefly explore these processes and show how they combine to create
the peculiar, but potentially universal, composition of the cosmic rays and how measurements of the composition can provide
a unique measure of the mixing ratio of the fresh supernova ejecta and the old interstellar medium in this initial phase of
interstellar mixing.
In particular, we show that the major abundance differences between the cosmic rays and the average interstellar medium can
all result from cosmic ray ion injection by sputtering and scattering from fast refractory oxide grains in a mix of fresh
supernova ejecta and old interstellar material. Since the bulk of the Galactic supernovae occur in the cores of superbubbles,
the bulk of the cosmic rays are accelerated there out of such a mix. We show that the major abundance differences all imply
a mixing ratio of the total masses of fresh supernova ejecta and old interstellar material in such cores is roughly 1 to 4.
That means that the metallicity of ∼3 times solar, since the ejecta has a metallicity of ∼8 times that of the present interstellar
medium. 相似文献
15.
N. Prantzos 《Space Science Reviews》2007,130(1-4):27-42
After a short historical (and highly subjective) introduction to the field, I discuss our current understanding of the origin
and evolution of the light nuclides D, 3He, 4He, 6Li, 7Li, 9Be, 10B and 11B. Despite considerable observational and theoretical progress, important uncertainties still persist for each and every one
of those nuclides. The present-day abundance of D in the local interstellar medium is currently uncertain, making it difficult
to infer the recent chemical evolution of the solar neighborhood. To account for the observed quasi-constancy of 3He abundance from the Big Bang to our days, the stellar production of that nuclide must be negligible; however, the scarce observations of its abundance in planetary nebulae seem to contradict this idea. The observed
Be and B evolution as primaries suggests that the source composition of cosmic rays has remained ∼constant since the early
days of the Galaxy, a suggestion with far reaching implications for the origin of cosmic rays; however, the main idea proposed
to account for that constancy, namely that superbubbles are at the source of cosmic rays, encounters some serious difficulties.
The best explanation for the mismatch between primordial Li and the observed “Spite-plateau” in halo stars appears to be depletion
of Li in stellar envelopes, by some yet poorly understood mechanism. But this explanation impacts on the level of the recently
discovered early “6Li plateau”, which (if confirmed), seriously challenges current ideas of cosmic ray nucleosynthesis. 相似文献
16.
Robert H. Nichols Jr. 《Space Science Reviews》2000,92(1-2):113-122
Variations in the abundances of short-lived radionuclides such as 26Al (τ1/2 ≈ 0.74 Ma) and 53Mn (τ1/2 ≈ 3.7 Ma) in meteoritic solids may be used to infer relative formation intervals of these solids in the nebula at precisions
of less than 1 Ma. In a strict chronometric interpretation of the isotopic variations, whereby criteria such as spatial and
temporal isotopic homogeneity and closed system isotopic evolution are met, solid formation occurred in the nebula for at
least several million years. This is longer than some theoretical and astronomical estimates for the duration of the active
nebula. The evidence for live 41Ca (τ1/2 ≈ 0.10 Ma) in meteoritic inclusions further indicates that the onset of solid formation occurred quite early, perhaps within
a few hundred thousand years after the onset of the collapse of the sun's parent molecular cloud. Failure of the chronometric
interpretation may arise for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to, the late, inhomogeneous injection of material
from a nearby stellar source or the local production of short-lived radionuclides by an energetic particle irradiation, e. g., from T Tauri (X-wind) or galactic cosmic ray sources. Although some isotopic evidence exists that the criteria required
for a strict chronometric interpretation are not met by each of the short-lived chronometers, there is no compelling reason
to shorten the interval of solid formation in the nebula to less than 1 Ma.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
Cosmic-ray acceleration and transport is considered from the point of view of application to diffuse galactic -ray sources. As an introduction we review several source models, in particular supernovae exploding inside or near large interstellar clouds. The complex problem of cosmic ray transport in random electromagnetic fields is reduced to three cases which should be sufficient for practical purposes. As far as diffusive acceleration is concerned, apart from reviewing the basic physical principles, we point out the relation between shock acceleration and 2nd order Fermi acceleration, and the relative importance of the two processes around interstellar shock waves. For -ray source models the interaction of cosmic rays with dense clouds assumes great importance. Past discussions had been confined to static interactions of clouds with the ambient medium in the sense that no large scale mass motions in the ambient interstellar medium were considered. The well-known result then is that down to some tens of MeV or less, cosmic-ray nucleons should freely penetrate molecular clouds of typical masses and sizes. The self-exclusion of very low energy nucleons however may affect electron transport with consequences for the Bremsstrahlung -luminosity of such clouds.In this paper we consider also the dynamical interaction of dense clouds with a surrounding hot interstellar medium. Through cloud evaporation and accretion there exist mass flows in the cloud surroundings. We argue that in the case of (small) cloud evaporation the galactic cosmic rays will be essentially excluded from the clouds. The dynamic effects of cosmic rays on the flow should be minor in this case. For the opposite case of gas accretion onto (large) clouds, cosmic-ray effects on the flow will in general be large, limiting the cosmic-ray compression inside the cloud to dynamic pressure equilibrium. This should have a number of interesting and new consequences for -ray astronomy. A first, qualitative discussion is given in the last section.Proceedings of the XVIII General Assembly of the IAU: Galactic Astrophysics and Gamma-Ray Astronomy, held at Patras, Greece, 19 August 1982. 相似文献
18.
Beginning in the early 1950s, data from neutron monitors placed the taxonomy of cosmic ray temporal variations on a firm footing,
extended the observations of the Sun as a transient source of high energy particles and laid the foundation of our early concepts
of a heliosphere. The first major impact of the arrival of the Space Age in 1957 on our understanding of cosmic rays came
from spacecraft operating beyond the confines of our magnetosphere. These new observations showed that Forbush decreases were
caused by interplanetary disturbances and not by changes in the geomagnetic field; the existence of both the predicted solar
wind and interplanetary magnetic field was confirmed; the Sun was revealed as a frequent source of energetic ions and electrons
in the 10–100 MeV range; and a number of new, low-energy particle populations was discovered. Neutron monitor data were of
great value in interpreting many of these new results.
With the launch of IMP 6 in 1971, followed by a number of other spacecraft, long-term monitoring of low and medium energy
galactic and anomalous cosmic rays and solar and interplanetary energetic particles, and the interplanetary medium were available
on a continuous basis. Many synoptic studies have been carried out using both neutron monitor and space observations. The
data from the Pioneer 10/11 and Voyagers 1/2 deep space missions and the journey of Ulysses over the region of the solar poles have significantly extended our knowledge of the heliosphere and have provided enhanced
understanding of many effects that were first identified in the neutron monitor data.
Solar observations are a special area of space studies that has had great impact on interpreting results from neutron monitors,
in particular the identification of coronal holes as the source of high-speed solar wind streams and the recognition of the
importance of coronal mass ejections in producing interplanetary disturbances and accelerating solar energetic particles.
In the future, with the new emphasis on carefully intercalibrated networks of neutron monitors and the improved instrumentation
for space studies, these symbionic relations should prove to be even more productive in extending our understanding of the
acceleration and transport of energetic particles in our heliosphere.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
20.
The CRIS experiment on ACE, with its excellent charge and mass resolution and a geometrical factor ∼10× that of any previous
experiment, holds the promise of rewriting the book on galactic cosmic-ray abundance studies. Translating these measurements
into precise cosmic-ray source abundances and using these measurements to determine more accurately the propagation history
of cosmic rays is a different matter, however. In many important cases these studies will be limited by the accuracy of the
nuclear cross- sections that determine how the cosmic-ray composition is modified as it traverses the interstellar matter.
In this paper we will discuss these cross-sections and how well they are known as a function of the energy and the charge
and mass of the cosmic-ray nuclei. This will then be used to discuss what new limits can be expected on several contemporary
problems of interest in cosmic rays from the CRIS measurements.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献