Understanding the organization of the amphibian egg cytoplasm: gravitational force as a probe.

A combination of hypergravity (centrifugation) and hypogravity (clinostat) studies have been carried out on amphibian (frog, Xenopus) eggs. The results reveal that the twinning caused by centrifugation exhibits substantial spawning to spawning variation. That variation can be attributed to the apparent viscosity of the egg's internal cytoplasm. Simulated hypogravity results in a relocation of the egg's third (horizontal) cleavage furrow, towards the equator. Substantial egg-to-egg variation is also observed in this "cleavage effect". For interpreting spaceflight data and for using G-forces as probes for understanding the egg's architecture the egg variation documented herein should be considered.     

低动能来流下背负式进气道非定常流动特性分析

为了改善飞翼布局背负式S弯进气道低动能来流状态下的流动性能,采用改进的延迟分离涡模拟（IDDES）方法对原型及改进型背负式进气道流场进行了数值模拟研究,对比分析了进气道流量特性及内部脉动压力特性。结果表明:低动能来流时背负式进气道上部唇口附近存在很大的气流转折角,导致唇口产生分离涡;原型进气道唇口分离涡强度高,高能量分离涡在进气道顶部破裂产生了大范围旋涡结构,进一步加剧了流动分离,从而引发进气道内产生强烈的压力脉动,声压级最大幅值高达145 dB;改进型进气道唇口分离涡得到了有效控制,强度大幅下降,进气道内部压力脉动幅值也显著降低,声压级降幅达8 dB;改进型进气道分离的抑制使进气道有效流通截面积增大,质量流量增加。同时,流场出口品质提升,进气道出口综合畸变指数降低了9.5%。      

进气道进口几何参数模糊优化设计

重点研究二维两波系超音速外压式两侧/侧腹进气道的进口几何参数的气动力/隐身一体化优化设计,主要考虑进气道的压缩板角、唇口斜切角、罩唇位置角、进口宽度、进口宽高比等进口几何参数所决定的一些气动力性能,如总压恢复系数,超音速溢流附加阻力系数及电磁散射机理如压缩楔板的表面散射、楔板及唇口的边缘绕射,采用基于目标满意度和约束满足度的模糊优化模型,进行了优化计算.      

超声速燃烧冲压发动机进气道起动性能研究

采用等激波强度设计方法,并考虑变比热、激波与附面层干扰等因素的影响,对唇口平直和唇口带有斜楔的超燃冲压发动机二维混压式前体/进气道进行了初步设计,比较分析了几种方案进气道的设计点和非设计点性能,研究表明,在低飞行马赫数(Ma)下,唇口带有斜楔的前体/进气道起动性能和总压恢复优于唇口平直的,在高飞行Ma下,唇口平直的前体/进气道冲压比高、外罩阻力小,而唇口带有斜楔的前体/进气道总压恢复系数高,外罩阻力相对较大。针对超声速燃烧冲压发动机燃烧室和进气道间非定常干扰的问题,计算研究了飞行Ma=4,6下,燃烧室压力升高对进气道/隔离段流场和起动性能的影响,结果表明,在低飞行Ma条件下,燃烧引起的压力扰动容易往上游传播,甚至引起进气道不起动;随着飞行Ma的增大,隔离段的抗扰动能力是增强的;当进气道进入不起动后,进气道的捕获流量和总压恢复系数急剧下降,高飞行Ma时的捕获流量的下降幅度比低飞行Ma时大。     

麻花钻钻尖锥面刃磨参数优化求解

麻花钻锥面刃磨方法有4个刃磨参数,当给定外缘转点的结构圆周后角、横刃斜角、锋角这3个结构参数时,后刀面的形状并不唯一.为了获得唯一的后刀面廓形,必须增加一个辅助参数.可供选择的补充参数有尾隙角、横刃后角、周边后角、切深后角等.这样,当给定一个补充参数后,4个设计参数就可以决定4个刃磨参数.然而单独使用某一个补充参数,就忽略了其余参数的影响.采用优化的方法来求解刃磨参数,将各个补充参数和刃磨参数的实际可调范围作为约束条件,就可以得到满足一定要求的最优解.     

移动IP中移动主机定位方法研究

当前的网络互联协议(如IP、IPX等)不支持移动主机与网络上其他主机之间进行互操作.移动IP协议为Internet上的主机提供移动性支持,并保证主机在子网间移动过程中不改变家乡地址及对IP层之上协议的透明性.移动Internet中移动主机定位策略是对移动IP协议的重要扩展.介绍了移动IP的基本构架和代理发现机制,在此机制基础上提出"地址滑动窗口"方法来进行主机定位,并且定义了蜂窝移动Internet.     

神舟飞船项目管理成熟度模型研究

在综合分析国际上典型的项目管理成熟度模型的基础上,结合神舟飞船项目及其组织环境的特点,建立了神舟飞船项目管理成熟度模型(SZ-PMMM)。该模型由面向企业级组织和面向项目级组织的两个项目管理成熟度模型组成。在SZ-PMMM中引入“文化”等关键领域,关注企业级组织中多项目间管理能力的差异性,拓展了项目管理成熟度的内涵,对各级组织项目管理能力的评价与改进有重要意义。     

综合机载机电及环控系统新技术

首先对美国两种飞机综合机载机电系统发展方案做简单介绍,并进一步介绍了其中公共设备(机载机电)管理系统、多电飞机、"热油箱"燃油热管理系统、组合动力装置和热/能量管理组件等新技术概念内涵与关键问题,最后重点详细介绍了现代军用机先进的环控系统技术.      

Amphibian egg cytoplasm response to altered g-forces and gravity orientation

Elucidation of dorsal/ventral polarity and primary embryonic axis development in amphibian embryos requires an understanding of cytoplasmic rearrangements in fertile eggs at the biophysical, physiological, and biochemical levels. Evidence is presented that amphibian egg cytoplasmic components are compartmentalized. The effects of altered orientation to the gravitational vector (i.e., egg inversion) and alterations in gravity force ranging from hypergravity (centrifugation) to simulated microgravity (i.e., horizontal clinostat rotation) on cytoplasmic compartment rearrangements are reviewed. The behavior of yolk compartments as well as a newly defined (with monoclonal antibody) non-yolk cytoplasmic compartment, in inverted eggs and in eggs rotated on horizontal clinostats at their buoyant density, is discussed.     

Early development in the mouse: would it be affected by microgravity?

Gravity has been identified as a morphogenetic signal in Amphibian and bird embryonic development so it is plausible that it might be such in mammals as well. Since early mammalian development shows some apparently significant differences to these other groups, a brief summary of mouse embryogenesis will be given identifying events in which polarity is an important feature and consequently, in which gravity may be a causative factor. These include compaction and polarization during cleavage, establishment of the radial axis, the embryonic-abembryonic axis, the dorso-ventral axis, and the anterior-posterior axis, implantation, and the later rotation of the embryo. The experimental data on these morphogenetic steps will be discussed and an assessment of the possible involvement of gravity will be made.     

The gravitational field and brain function.

The frontal cortex is recognized as the highest adaptive control center of the human brain. The principle of the "frontalization" of human brain function offers new possibilities for brain research in space. There is evolutionary and experimental evidence indicating the validity of the principle, including it's role in nervous response to gravitational stimulation. The gravitational field is considered here as one of the more constant and comprehensive factors acting on brain evolution, which has undergone some successive crucial steps: "encephalization", "corticalization", "lateralization" and "frontalization". The dominating effects of electrical responses from the frontal cortex have been discovered 1) in experiments under gravitational stimulus; and 2) in processes potentially relating to gravitational adaptation, such as memory and learning, sensory information processing, motor programing, and brain state control. A brain research experiment during space flight is suggested to test the role of the frontal cortex in space adaptation and it's potentiality in brain control.     

Influence of nonuniform magnetic fields on orientation of plant seedlings in microgravity conditions.

Experiments on the spatial behavior of the flax (Linum usitatissimum, L.) seedlings in a nonuniform magnetic field were conducted on the orbital space stations "Salut" and "Mir". This field can displace sensory organelles (statoliths) inside receptor cells and such displacement should cause a physiological reaction of the plant-tropistic curvature. Experiments were conducted in the custom-built "Magnetogravistat" facility, where seeds were germinated and grown for 3-4 days in a magnetic field with the dynamic factor grad (H2/2) approximately equal to 10(7) Oe2/cm, then fixed on orbit and returned to Earth for analysis. It was found, that 93% of the seedlings were oriented in the field consistently with curvature in response to displacement of statoliths along the field gradient by ponderomotive magnetic forces, while control seedlings grew in the direction of the initial orientation of the seed. This suggests, that gravity receptors of plants recognized magnetic forces on statoliths as gravity, and that gravity stimulus can be substituted for plants by a force of a different physical nature.     

A step in embryonic axis specification in Xenopus laevis is simulated by cytoplasmic displacements elicited by gravity and centrifugal force.

Determination of the body pattern in Xenopus embryos is known to involve at least six steps. One of these steps can be experimentally simulated by inclining the fertilized egg with respect to gravity or centrifugal force (10-30 g x 4 min, directed 90 degrees to the animal-vegetal axis). In these eggs, the dorsal structures of the body axis form from the side of the egg that was uppermost in the gravitational or centrifugal field. This topography is seen even if the sperm entry point side (the prospective ventral side in control eggs) was uppermost. In addition, conjoined twin embryos form at very high frequencies in response to certain conditions of single or double centrifugation. Cytological analysis shows that the dorsal structures invariably form from the side(s) of the egg away from which vegetal cytoplasm was displaced. This is similar to the situation in the unperturbed egg, where the subcortical cytoplasm of the vegetal hemisphere rotates some 30 degrees relative to the surface, and the dorsal structures form from the side of the egg away from which the subcortical cytoplasm moved. The displacements elicited by centrifugation probably substitute for the normal displacements brought about by the subcortical rotation. These and other data suggest that the subcortical rotation is a crucial step in the process of axis determination. The subcortical rotation is an autonomous activity of the activated egg, and can displace cytoplasm against gravity. I believe that the subcortical rotation will function normally at microgravity, and I expect that overall development and axis polarity at microgravity will be normal. This will be tested in spaceflight.     

Possible effects of protracted exposure on the additivity of risks from space radiations.

Conventional radiation risk assessments are presently based on the additivity assumption. This assumption states that risks from individual components of a complex radiation field involving many different types of radiation can be added to yield the total risk of the complex radiation field. If the assumption is not correct, the summations and integrations performed to obtain the presently quoted risk estimates are not appropriate. This problem is particularly important in the area of space radiation risk evaluation because of the many different types of high- and low-LET radiation present in the galactic cosmic ray environment. For both low- and high-LET radiations at low enough dose rates, the present convention is that the addivity assumption holds. Mathematically, the total risk, Rtot is assumed to be Rtot = summation (i) Ri where the summation runs over the different types of radiation present. If the total dose (or fluence) from each component is such that the interaction between biological lesions caused by separate single track traversals is negligible within a given cell, it is presently considered to be reasonable to accept the additivity assumption. However, when the exposure is protracted over many cell doubling times (as will be the case for extended missions to the moon or Mars), the possibility exists that radiation effects that depend on multiple cellular events over a long time period, such as is probably the case in radiation-induced carcinogenesis, may not be additive in the above sense and the exposure interval may have to be included in the evaluation procedure. It is shown, however, that "inverse" dose-rate effects are not expected from intermediate LET radiations arising from the galactic cosmic ray environment due to the "sensitive-window-in-the-cell-cycle" hypothesis.     

太阳跟踪定位技术及其应用研究

太阳跟踪定位技术广泛应用于能源、气象和航天等领域,系统全面地对相关方法进行分类和阐述,并对多孔复用、太阳光纤导入等较新应用进行了分析,最后总结了该领域内相关技术发展的瓶颈问题,展望了未来的研究方向.     

Cosmic ray hit frequencies in critical sites in the central nervous system.

One outstanding question to be addressed in assessing the risk of exposure to space travelers from galactic cosmic rays (GCR) outside the geomagnetosphere is to ascertain the effects of single heavy-ion hits on cells in critical regions of the central nervous system (CNS). As a first step toward this end, it is important to determine how many "hits" might be received by a neural cell in several critical CNS areas during an extended mission outside the confines of the earth's magnetic field. Critical sites in the CNS: the macula, and an interior brain point (typical of the genu, thalamus, hippocampus and nucleus basalis of Meynert) were chosen for the calculation of hit frequencies from galactic cosmic rays for a mission to Mars during solar minimum (i.e., at maximum cosmic-ray intensity). The shielding at a given position inside the body was obtained using the Computerized Anatomical Man (CAM) model, and a radiation transport code which includes nuclear fragmentation was used to calculate yearly fluences at the point of interest. Since the final Mars spacecraft shielding configuration has not yet been determined, we considered the minimum amount of aluminum required for pressure vessel-wall requirements in the living quarters of a spacecraft, and a typical duty area as a pressure vessel plus necessary equipment. The conclusions are: (1) variation of the position of the "target site" within the head plays only a small role in varying hit frequencies; (2) the average number of hits depends linearly on the cross section of the critical portion of the cell assumed in the calculation; (3) for a three-year mission to Mars at solar minimum (i.e., assuming the 1977 spectrum of galactic cosmic rays), 2% or 13% of the "critical sites" of cells in the CNS would be directly hit at least once by iron ions, depending on whether 60 micrometers2 or 471 micrometers2 is assumed as the critical cross sectional area; and (4) roughly 6 million out of some 43 million hippocampal cells and 55 thousand out of 1.8 million thalamus cell nuclei would be directly hit by iron ions at least once on such a mission for space travelers inside a simple pressure vessel. Also, roughly 20 million out of 43 million hippocampal cells and 230 thousand out of 1.8 million thalamus cell nuclei would be directly hit by one or more particles with z > or = 15 on such a mission.     

Long-term survival of bacterial spores in space.

On board of the NASA Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF), spores of Bacillus subtilis in monolayers (10(6)/sample) or multilayers (10(8)/sample) were exposed to the space environment for nearly six years and their survival was analyzed after retrieval. The response to space parameters, such as vacuum (10(-6) Pa), solar electromagnetic radiation up to the highly energetic vacuum-ultraviolet range (10(9) J/m2) and/or cosmic radiation (4.8 Gy), was studied and compared to the results of a simultaneously running ground control experiment. If shielded against solar ultraviolet (UV)-radiation, up to 80 % of spores in multilayers survive in space. Solar UV-radiation, being the most deleterious parameter of space, reduces survival by 4 orders of magnitude or more. However, up to 10(4) viable spores were still recovered, even in completely unprotected samples. Substances, such as glucose or buffer salts serve as chemical protectants. With this 6 year study in space, experimental data are provided to the discussion on the likelihood of "Panspermia".     

Space radiation dosimetry with active detections for the scientific program of the second Bulgarian cosmonaut on board the Mir space station.

A dosimetry-radiometry system has been developed at the Space Research Institute of the Bulgarian Academy of Science to measure the fluxes and dose rates on the flight of the second Bulgarian cosmonaut. The dosimetry system is designed for monitoring the different space radiations, such as solar cosmic rays, galactic cosmic rays and trapped particles in the earth radiation belts. The system consists of a battery operated small size detector unit and a "read-write" and telemetry microcomputer unit. The sensitivity of the instrument (3.67 x 10(-8) rad/pulse) permits high resolution measurements of the flux and dose rate along the track of the Mir space station. We report our initial results for the period of the flight between the 7th and 17th June 1988.