复合固体推进剂喷气羽烟对微波衰减的实验研究

本文根据推进剂喷气持续时间短这一特性,选择功率比法作为测量微波衰减的方法.结果表明:推进剂的喷气羽烟对微波的衰减与配方有关;在固体含量不变的情况下,适当地降低Al粉含量或用硝胺(HR)部分替代高氯酸铵(AP)都能降低羽烟对微波的衰减,但HR/AP的比值不宜过大;在推进剂中添加少量的电子捕获剂和二次燃烧抑制剂,不仅能有效地改善喷气羽烟的电磁特性而且对推进剂的其它性能影响不大,因此是制备微波衰减小的推进剂的有效方法.     

复合推进剂无烟化的实验研究

本文从实验上研究了一系列复合推进剂在燃烧室内点火所产生的燃气对激光、红外、可见光及微波等信号产生的衰减;对实验结果进行了理论分析和解释,找出了复合推进剂中AP粒度、含量、级配比、Al粉粒度、含量及燃烧室压力等诸因素对衰减大小的影响规律;同时也给出了对信号衰减较小的AP粒度级配范围,为复合推进剂无烟化的研究提供了参考依据.     

固体火箭发动机排气羽流对微波衰减的计算方法

研究了弱电离的羽流等离子体对平面正弦微波的衰减机理,应用羽流等离子体电磁场标准Maxwell方程,结合颗粒相产物充放电的Shukla方程,给出有效用于微波衰减的预估方法;编制了(Radio fre-quency attenuation calculation,简称RFAC)羽流场微波衰减计算软件;分析了羽流场各特性参数对复电导率及微波衰减常数的影响规律,并结合ThermoCalc推进剂热力学评估系统计算了两种不同推进剂配方下,喷管出口羽流场对微波制导信号的衰减,计算结果与文献中的实验结果符合较好.      

微波在薄层等离子体中传输效应研究

为了准确预测再入飞行过程中等离子体对微波传输特性的影响,采用WKB方法、FDTD方法、平面波理论和薄层等离子体理论4种方法,结合粉末激波管上开展的试验研究了X波段和Ka波段微波在薄层等离子体中的传输效应。对于X波段,试验时激波马赫数为9.6、10.7和10.5;对于Ka波段,试验时激波马赫数为10.5。通过对比与分析获得的主要结论有：当等离子体厚度和入射波波长相近时,薄层等离子体理论计算结果比其它三种方法的计算结果更接近于试验结果;在碰撞频率接近并且电子密度小于临界电子密度的条件下,Ka波段微波信号穿过相同厚度的等离子体比X波段微波信号衰减小得多,具有更强的穿透性;如果等离子体碰撞频率和微波入射频率相同,随着电子密度的增加,微波信号穿过相同厚度的等离子体时衰减变大;当碰撞频率和入射波频率差不多时,共振吸收导致衰减达到最大值。     

空间目标的空基红外测量技术

地基红外测量系统由于受大气衰减和天空背景的影响,对空间目标的探测能力有限。针对此问题,提出了采用空基红外测量系统实现空间目标红外特性测量的设想,通过从决定红外测量系统探测能力的信噪比和调制对比度2个方面出发,推导出了红外测量系统作用距离公式。并利用大气传输软件计算了长波红外在不同高度下的大气透过率、天空背景,理论分析给出了不同高度的空基红外测量系统对不同辐射面积空间目标的探测距离。仿真结果表明,当空基平台高度大于10km时,长波红外不仅可以观测到光照区内的低轨空间目标,而且还可以观测到阴影区内辐射面积不小于40m~2的低轨空间目标。     

微波在液体火箭发动机真空羽流中的衰减

为研究液体火箭发动机真空羽流对微波的衰减作用,以某双组元液体火箭发动机为对象,使用热力计算程序对燃烧室内的电子数密度进行了计算,使用冻 结假设和有限化学反应速率假设两种情况对喷管内带电粒子的电离和再结合过程进行了模拟,并对羽流中带电粒子数密度和5~30GHz微波穿过羽流的衰减量进行了估算.研究结果显示:该发动机燃烧室和喷管出口的电子数密度量级分别为 1013~1014cm-3和1010~1011cm-3,K,Na等碱金属为主要电子释放剂,Cl-,OH-等基团为主要电子吸收剂;低频微波在羽流中衰减更严重,5GHz微波的衰减可达4.5dB;微波斜穿羽流的衰减通常大于横穿情况.      

对流层大气折射误差的微波辐射计修正

目前,雷达的目标跟踪定位、卫星的测控定轨等对大气折射误差高精度修正的要求越来越高。针对传统大气折射误差修正方法的成本高、实时性差等问题,研究利用对水汽和液态水含量敏感的双通道微波辐射计测得的辐射亮温来反演大气折射率的方法。对微波辐射计的反演结果和探空数据的结果进行比较,计算不同海拔高度上反演的平均偏差和均方差,发现利用微波辐射计反演得到的折射率剖面与探空值吻合较好,验证了此方法的可行性。同时介绍了微波辐射计新的定标方法和微波辐射计对于水平不均匀大气的折射误差修正方法。     

外测数据对流层折射误差修正及精度分析

针对对流层引起的航天器外测数据折射误差,基于对流层分段模型,以测站历史气象数据拟合折射衰减系数,建立测控站上空对流层折射率模型,并利用实测地面折射率对统计模型进行优化,进一步提高模型反映大气剖面的真实性.利用该模型对S频段多颗在轨卫星50多跟踪圈次的实测外测数据进行修正分析,并与微波辐射计实时修正结果进行比较,测距、测角、测速互差分别优于0.9m、0.02°、0.06 m/s.将该模型应用于卫星长管外测数据的实时修正,可提高轨道测量数据质量.     

稳态等离子体推力器羽流仿真及其对微波的衰减和相移作用

为了评估稳态等离子体推力器（SPT）羽流对微波造成的衰减和相位变化,使用二维轴对称的PIC-DSMC方法,在空间及室压6mPa的真空舱两种环境下,计算了SPT-100羽流场中的电子分布。在此基础上,通过分析特征频率和计算衰减因子、相位常数,估算了2,4,8,12.5GHz共4个频率微波穿过羽流场时的衰减量和相移。8GHz和12.5GHz微波未发现明显的衰减,相移为10°～120°。2GHz和4GHz微波在喷口附近衰减量范围为10～50dB。仿真结果表明,C波段和S波段在SPT羽流中容易发生衰减,而X波段以上的高频微波衰减量很小,同时这几个波段微波均发生较大相移。真空舱内6mPa背压下对衰减量的预测仅略高于实际飞行情况,但微波相移会有较大误差。     

固体推进剂碱金属杂质及喷焰后燃效应的参数辨识研究

提出用参数辨识确定推进剂中钾、钠杂质含量以及后燃对喷焰微波衰减影响程度的方法。用辨识的参数预估喷焰微波衰减值与实验所得结果吻合,证明了用辨识技术研究喷焰的微波衰减特性的方法是可行的。     

An X-Band Focussed-Beam Interferometer for Plasma Diagnostics

A microwave interferometer which permits the measurement of phase shift in a plasma independent of propagation path attenuation over a 30-dB dynamic range is described. Results are presented from an experimental evaluation of measurement accuracy of the interferometer instrument.     

Schumann Resonances as a Means of Investigating the Electromagnetic Environment in the Solar System

The propagation of extremely low frequency (ELF, 3 Hz to 3 kHz) radio waves and resonant phenomena in the spherical Earth-ionosphere cavity has been studied for almost fifty years. When such a cavity is excited by naturally occurring broadband electromagnetic radiation, resonances can develop if the equatorial circumference is approximately equal to an integral number of wavelengths of the propagating electromagnetic waves; these are termed Schumann resonances. They provide information not only about thunderstorm and lightning activity on the Earth, and their relation to climate, but also on the properties of the low ionosphere. Similar investigations can be performed for any other planet or satellite, provided that it has an ionosphere. There are important differences between the Earth and other celestial bodies regarding, for example, the surface conductivity, the atmospheric conductivity profile, the geometry of the ionospheric cavity, and the sources of excitation. To a first approximation, the size of the cavity defines the fundamental resonant frequency, the atmospheric electron density profile controls the wave attenuation, the nature of the sources influences the electromagnetic field distribution in the cavity, and the body surface conductivity indicates to what extent the subsurface can be explored. The frequencies and attenuation rates of the principal eigenmodes depend upon the electrical properties of the cavity. Instruments that monitor the electromagnetic environment in the ELF range on the surface, on balloons, or on descent probes provide unique information on the cavity. In this paper, we present Schumann resonance models for selected inner planets, some gaseous giant planets and a few of their satellites. We review the crucial parameters of ELF electromagnetic waves in their atmospheric cavities, namely the electric and magnetic field spectra, their eigenfrequencies, and the associated Q-factors (damping factors). Then we present important information on theoretical developments, on a general model that uses the finite element method and on the parameterization of the cavity. Next we show the distinctiveness of each planetary environment, and discuss how ELF radio wave propagation can contribute to an assessment of the major characteristics of those planetary environments.     

双通道微波辐射计大气折射率剖面反演的神经网络算法

基于地基双通道微波辐射计（23．8GHz和31．65GHz）所测天顶方向的亮温测量数据和地面气象参数,给出了一种利用微波辐射测量反演大气折射率剖面的神经网络算法。利用青岛地区历史探空数据仿真的大气辐射亮温对神经网络进行了训练,回归得到了三段折射率剖面模型,并对利用实测亮温反演的大气折射率剖面与探空实测折射率剖面和模式剖面进行了比较分析,分析结果表明利用微波辐射计反演的折射率剖面与实测剖面间有很好的一致性,较三段折射率剖面模式具有更好的反演精度。     

微波等离子推力器微波模式的合理选择

对矩形波导、圆形波导及同轴线的主模进行了分析计算。结果表明：矩形波导是微波的最佳传输方式,相应的主模ＴＥ１０波是合理的传输模式,微波的频率为２．４５ＧＨｚ左右时,微波衰减很小。从推力器获取最高效率以及与谐振腔获得很好耦合的角度出发,圆柱谐振腔可作为推力器的“燃烧室”,ＴＭ０１１是谐振腔较好的谐振备选模式。     

Three-Axes Attitude Determination of Spacecraft Using a Laser

A new method for attitude determination of spacecraft is proposed. The distinctive feature of this method is the ability to determine with high accuracy three elementary angles of the attitude by detection of the electromagnetic wave transmission from a single point. The system consists of a transmitter of a linearly polarized laser beam on the earth (or spacecraft) and receiving equipment on a relevant spacecraft. When the system is used for geosynchronous satellites, the possible accuracies of determination are 10-4 rad or higher for the angles which correspond to roll and pitch, and 10-2 rad or higher for the angle which corresponds to yaw, with the period of 1 s. The system margin for atmospheric attenuation is estimated to be about 50 dB (midnight) to about 20 dB (midday) on the basis of commercially available components. Consequently, it becomes possible to orient antennas or detectors toward arbitrary points around the laser transmitting point on the earth with a high pointing accuracy.     

遥测接收站火焰衰减计算模型及应用

火焰衰减是运载火箭遥测系统设计及地面测站布站须重点考虑的问题.以火焰衰减对遥测地面站接收信号的影响为出发点,推导了火焰夹角与测站位置及火箭俯仰角之间的数学关系式,在此基础上依据已有的火焰夹角与火焰衰减关系模型,设计了理论弹道全程中地面测站火焰衰减量的计算程序.以某型遥测设备的接收信道链路为依据,在实际任务中对火焰衰减模型进行验证,结果证实模型具有一定的准确性,并在此基础上分析火焰衰减对遥测地面站某型变频器参数设置的影响,确定了实际任务中更加合理的变频器参数.     

Inverse design of low boom configurations using proper orthogonal decomposition and augmented Burgers equation

Mitigation of sonic boom to an acceptable stage is a key point for the next generation of supersonic transports. Meanwhile, designing a supersonic aircraft with an ideal ground signature is always the focus of research on sonic boom reduction. This paper presents an inverse design approach to optimize the near-field signature of an aircraft, making it close to the shaped ideal ground signature after the propagation in the atmosphere. Using the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition(POD) method, a guessed input of augmented Burgers equation is inversely achieved. By multiple POD iterations, the guessed ground signatures successively approach the target ground signature until the convergence criteria is reached. Finally, the corresponding equivalent area distribution is calculated from the optimal near-field signature through the classical Whitham F-function theory. To validate this method, an optimization example of Lockheed Martin 1021 is demonstrated. The modified configuration has a fully shaped ground signature and achieves a drop of perceived loudness by 7.94 PLdB. This improvement is achieved via shaping the original near-field signature into wiggles and damping it by atmospheric attenuation. At last, a nonphysical ground signature is set as the target to test the robustness of this inverse design method and shows that this method is robust enough for various inputs.     

Ku-Band Atmospheric Attenuation Model

An atmospheric attenuation model has been developed at Ku-band. This model is suitable for predicting air-to-surface radar performance over a wide range of operating conditions.     

Measuring satellite antennas with a compact hologram test range

Testing of satellite antennas at high millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths has some specific problems not encountered at lower frequencies. The atmospheric attenuation due to water and oxygen molecule resonances at certain frequency bands can be substantial. Therefore, conventional far-field test methods for electrically large antennas are ruled out by the required far-field distance of kilometers or even tens of kilometers. However, the compact antenna test range (CATR) makes such far-field tests possible within an indoor chamber having a controlled atmosphere. The application and ongoing development of a CATR based on a hologram as the focusing element are outlined     

基于增广Burgers方程的音爆远场计算及应用

音爆的精确模拟对于超声速客机的低音爆研究与设计意义重大。由于计算能力的限制,客机巡航高度的音爆全场直接模拟目前还难以实现。现有的音爆预测方法一般分为两步,先通过超声速线化理论或计算流体力学的方法得到音爆近场的过压值（Over-pressure）分布,再通过声学理论将近场声压信号推进至远场,以获得飞行器的地面音爆信号。在远场计算中,传统的波形参数法没有考虑音爆传播过程中的经典吸收和分子驰豫效应所造成的声能损失,得到的激波没有厚度,导致计算得到的远场声压级不准确。基于算子分裂法,开展了非线性声学中的增广Burgers方程的数值解法研究。通过计算第二届音爆预测研讨会（SBPW-2）发布的两个标准算例,验证了该方法可以实现地面音爆波形的精确预测。发现在近场声压信号前加入一段无幅值的缓冲信号可以有效提升"N"波上升时间的模拟精度。网格收敛性研究表明适当加密计算网格是有必要的。在此基础上研究了大气声吸收对地面波形的影响,发现分子驰豫效应的影响要强于经典吸收。最后,研究了不同湿度、温度对地面音爆波形的影响,发现干燥、低温的环境对音爆信号的过压值有抑制作用。