对称交叉激波和湍流边界层相互作用的数值研究

针对两种双尖鳍外形的对称交叉激波与湍流边界层相互作用,采用N-S方程和两种湍流模型进行了计算。研究了网格收敛性、鳍的角度和湍流模型对壁面压强、Stanton数和壁面摩擦力线的影响。弱相互作用的计算结果较好,强相互作用的壁面压强和摩擦力线的计算结果与试验吻合较好,而Stanton数的计算结果较差,峰值高达试验的2.5倍左右。随着鳍的角度的增加,壁面压强和Stanton数的分布从单调分布发展为M型分布,两者的峰值不在相同的位置。湍流模型对壁面压强和壁面摩擦力线影响很小,对Stanton数计算的影响很大,SST模型比BSL模型表现好一些。     

一种基于动模态分解的翼型流动转捩预测新方法

考虑自由转捩的定常/非定常流动Navier-Stokes方程数值求解,对于翼型流动细节的精确模拟和气动力的精确预测均具有十分重要的意义。采用动模态分解(DMD)方法进行流动稳定性分析,再结合e N方法,提出了一套适用于翼型绕流的转捩预测新方法,称为DMD/e N方法。相比于传统的线性稳定性分析方法,DMD方法不需要求解附面层方程和线性稳定性方程,也没有引入平行流假设,具有更好的理论适用性和算法鲁棒性。开展了NLF0416、S809和SD7003等翼型的转捩预测数值验证研究,通过与实验结果以及与传统的基于线性稳定性分析的e N方法的比较,验证了本文所发展的转捩预测新方法在预测翼型的定常流动和非定常流动转捩方面的正确性,也表明了该方法具有解决含层流分离泡的翼型绕流转捩预测的能力。     

Numerical prediction and wind tunnel experiment for a pitching unmanned combat air vehicle

The low-speed flowfield for a generic unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV) is investigated both experimentally and numerically. A wind tunnel experiment was conducted with the Boeing 1301 UCAV at a variety of angles of attack up to 70 degrees, both statically and with various frequencies of pitch oscillation (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 Hz). In addition, pitching was performed about three longitudinal locations on the configuration (the nose, 35% MAC, and the tail). Solutions to the unsteady, laminar, compressible Navier–Stokes equations were obtained on an unstructured mesh to match results from the static and dynamic experiments. The computational results are compared with experimental results for both static and pitching cases. Details about the flowfield, including vortex formation and interaction, are shown and discussed, including the non-linear aerodynamic characteristics of the vehicle.     

Efficient aerodynamic shape optimization using variable-fidelity surrogate models and multilevel computational grids

A variable-fidelity method can remarkably improve the efficiency of a design optimization based on a high-fidelity and expensive numerical simulation, with assistance of lower-fidelity and cheaper simulation（s）. However, most existing works only incorporate ‘‘two\" levels of fidelity,and thus efficiency improvement is very limited. In order to reduce the number of high-fidelity simulations as many as possible, there is a strong need to extend it to three or more fidelities. This article proposes a novel variable-fidelity optimization approach with application to aerodynamic design. Its key ingredient is the theory and algorithm of a Multi-level Hierarchical Kriging（MHK）, which is referred to as a surrogate model that can incorporate simulation data with arbitrary levels of fidelity. The high-fidelity model is defined as a CFD simulation using a fine grid and the lower-fidelity models are defined as the same CFD model but with coarser grids, which are determined through a grid convergence study. First, sampling shapes are selected for each level of fidelity via technique of Design of Experiments（DoE）. Then, CFD simulations are conducted and the output data of varying fidelity is used to build initial MHK models for objective（e.g.C_D） and constraint（e.g. C_L, C_m） functions. Next, new samples are selected through infillsampling criteria and the surrogate models are repetitively updated until a global optimum is found.The proposed method is validated by analytical test cases and applied to aerodynamic shape optimization of a NACA0012 airfoil and an ONERA M6 wing in transonic flows. The results confirm that the proposed method can significantly improve the optimization efficiency and apparently outperforms the existing single-fidelity or two-level-fidelity method.     

Multi-fidelity simulation of aeroengine for far-offdesign conditions using iterative coupled method based on auxiliary maps

Iterative coupled methods are widely used in multi-fidelity simulation of rotating components due to the simple implementation, which iteratively eliminates the errors between the computational fluid dynamics models and approximate characteristic maps. However, the convergence and accuracy of the iterative coupled method are trapped in characteristic maps. In particular, iterative steps increase sharply as the operation point moves away from the design point. To address these problems, this paper developed an auxiliary iterative coupled method that introduces the static-pressure-auxiliary characteristic maps and modification factor of mass flow into the component-level model. The developed auxiliary method realized the direct transfer of static pressure between the high-fidelity models and the component-level model. Multi-fidelity simulations of the throttle characteristics were carried out using both the auxiliary and traditional iterative coupled methods, and the simulation results were verified using the experimental data. Additionally, the consistency between the auxiliary and traditional iterative coupled methods was confirmed. Subsequently, multi-fidelity simulations of the speed and altitude characteristics were also conducted. The auxiliary and traditional iterative coupled methods were evaluated in terms of convergence speed and accuracy. The evaluation indicated that the auxiliary iterative coupled method significantly reduces iterative steps by approximately 50% at the near-choked state. In general, the auxiliary iterative coupled method is preferred as a development of the traditional iterative coupled method in the near-choked state, and the combined auxiliary-traditional iterative coupled method provides support for successful multi-fidelity simulation in far-off-design conditions.     

Advances and challenges in developing a stochastic model for multi-scale fluid dynamic simulation:One-dimensional turbulence

The modeling of turbulence, especially the high-speed compressible turbulence encountered in aerospace engineering, has always being a significant challenge in terms of balancing efficiency and accuracy. Most traditional models typically show limitations in universality, accuracy,and reliance on past experience. The stochastic multi-scale models show great potential in addressing these issues by representing turbulence across all characteristic scales in a reduced-dimensional space, maintaining sufficient accuracy while reducing computational cost. This review systematically summarizes advances in methods related to a widely used and refined stochastic multi-scale model, the One-Dimensional Turbulence(ODT). The advancements in formulations are emphasized for stand-alone incompressible ODT models, stand-alone compressible ODT models, and coupling methods. Some diagrams are also provided to facilitate more readers to understand the ODT methods. Subsequently, the significant developments and applications of stand-alone ODT models and coupling methods are introduced and critically evaluated. Despite the extensively recognized effectiveness of ODT models in low-speed turbulent flows, it is crucial to emphasize that there is still a research gap in the field of ODT coupling methods that are capable of accurately and efficiently simulating complex, three-dimensional, high-speed compressible turbulent flows up to now. Based on an analysis of the advantages and limitations of existing ODT methods, the recent advancement in the conservative compressible ODT model is considered to have provided a promising approach to tackle the modeling challenges of high-speed compressible turbulence. Therefore,this review outlines several recommended new research subjects and challenging issues to inspire further research in simulating complex, three-dimensional, high-speed compressible turbulent flows using ODT models.     

Improvement of Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model for supersonic complex flows

Entropy represents the dissipation rate of energy. Through direct numerical simulation (DNS) of supersonic compression ramp flow, we find the value of entropy is monotonously decreasing along the wall-normal direction no matter in the attached or the separated region. Based on this feature, a new version of Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model (BL-entropy) is proposed in this paper. The supersonic compression ramp and cavity-ramp flows in which the original Baldwin-Lomax model fails to get convergent solutions are chosen to evaluate the performance of this model. Results from one-equation Spalart-Allmaras model (SA) and two-equation Wilcox k-x model are also included to compare with available experimental and DNS data. It is shown that BLentropy could conquer the essential deficiency of the original version by providing a more physically meaningful length scale in the complex flows. Moreover, this method is simple, computationally efficient and general, making it applicable to other models related with the supersonic boundary layer.     

Validation of numerical prediction of dynamic derivatives: The DLR-F12 and the Transcruiser test cases

The dynamic derivatives are widely used in linear aerodynamic models in order to determine the flying qualities of an aircraft: the ability to predict them reliably, quickly and sufficiently early in the design process is vital in order to avoid late and costly component redesigns. This paper describes experimental and computational research dealing with the determination of dynamic derivatives carried out within the FP6 European project SimSAC. Numerical and experimental results are compared for two aircraft configurations: a generic civil transport aircraft, wing-fuselage-tail configuration called the DLR-F12 and a generic Transonic CRuiser, which is a canard configuration. Static and dynamic wind tunnel tests have been carried out for both configurations and are briefly described within this paper. The data generated for both the DLR-F12 and TCR configurations include force and pressure coefficients obtained during small amplitude pitch, roll and yaw oscillations while the data for the TCR configuration also include large amplitude oscillations, in order to investigate the dynamic effects on nonlinear aerodynamic characteristics. In addition, dynamic derivatives have been determined for both configurations with a large panel of tools, from linear aerodynamic (Vortex Lattice Methods) to CFD. This work confirms that an increase in fidelity level enables the dynamic derivatives to be calculated more accurately. Linear aerodynamics tools are shown to give satisfactory results but are very sensitive to the geometry/mesh input data. Although all the quasi-steady CFD approaches give comparable results (robustness) for steady dynamic derivatives, they do not allow the prediction of unsteady components for the dynamic derivatives (angular derivatives with respect to time): this can be done with either a fully unsteady approach i.e. with a time-marching scheme or with frequency domain solvers, both of which provide comparable results for the DLR-F12 test case. As far as the canard configuration is concerned, strong limitations for the linear aerodynamic tools are observed. A key aspect of this work are the acceleration techniques developed for CFD methods, which allow the computational time to be dramatically reduced while providing comparable results.     

高超声速进气道边界层强制转捩试验

在FL-31高超声速风洞分别开展了进气道的自然转捩和强制转捩风洞试验,试验Ma数为5、6和7,迎角为1°。通过红外热图得到了壁面的热流分布,从中得到了转捩区域。强制转捩装置为钻石型涡流发生器。随着涡流发生器高度的增加,强制转捩区域逐渐前移,得到了涡流发生器的有效高度,实现了强制转捩的目的。     

Recent advances in physical understanding and quantitative prediction of impinging-jet dynamics and atomization

Impinging-jet injectors are widely used in liquid propulsion applications, since their simple configuration provides reliable and efficient atomization. The flowfield involves a series of complicated spatio-temporal evolutions. Much effort has been directed toward understanding the underlying physics and developing quantitative predictions of impinging-jet atomization. This paper summarizes the recent advances in this direction, including state-of-the-art theoretical, experimental, and numerical studies, along with representative results. Finally, concluding remarks address remaining challenges and highlight modeling capabilities of high-fidelity simulations.     

基于多核并行计算的超燃冲压发动机一维模型实时性研究

在发动机控制系统设计中,为了缩短设计周期、降低研发成本,需要建立面向控制的、较为精确的、实时性高的超燃冲压发动机性能计算模型,以保证模型精度、提高计算速度为研究目标,基于多核高性能计算仿真平台,开展了面向控制的超燃冲压发动机一维模型实时性优化工作。运用简化计算流程、改进C语言程序、开拓缓存区等方法有效提高了一维模型计算速度。创新性地尝试了计算流体力学并行化方法,对隔离段和燃烧室一维模型进行结构分解。计算网格平衡分配至多个中央处理器,并借助核间数据通讯实现多核并行计算。与串行模型计算结果对比,七核并行计算模型性能参数偏差不超过0.1%,全工况仿真时间小于30ms,计算耗时较优化前缩短了75%以上。实时性优化后的多核并行模型计算精度高、速度快、收敛性好,可以作为超燃冲压发动机控制系统设计和半实物仿真验证平台。     

Cutting tool temperature prediction method using analytical model for end milling

Dramatic tool temperature variation in end milling can cause excessive tool wear and shorten its life, especially in machining of difficult-to-machine materials. In this study, a new analyt-ical model-based method for the prediction of cutting tool temperature in end milling is presented. The cutting cycle is divided into temperature increase and decrease phases. For the temperature increase phase, a temperature prediction model considering real friction state between the chip and tool is proposed, and the heat flux and tool-chip contact length are then obtained through finite element simulation. In the temperature decrease phase, a temperature decrease model based on the one-dimension plate heat convection is proposed. A single wire thermocouple is employed to mea-sure the tool temperature in the conducted milling experiments. Both of the theoretical and experi-mental results are obtained with cutting conditions of the cutting speed ranging from 60 m/min to 100 m/min, feed per tooth from 0.12 mm/z to 0.20 mm/z, and the radial and axial depth of cut respec-tively being 4 mm and 0.5 mm. The comparison results show high agreement between the physical cutting experiments and the proposed cutting tool temperature prediction method.     

Developing an engineering-statistical model for estimating aerodynamic coeffcients of helicopter fuselage

The design of the geometric shape of a helicopter fuselage poses a serious challenge for designers. The most important parameter in determining the shape of the helicopter fuselage is its aerodynamic coefficients. These coefficients are determined using two methods:wind tunnel test and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The first method is expensive, time-consuming and limited. In addition, estimates in regions away from data can be poor. The second method, due to the limitations of numerical solution, the number of nodes and the used solution, is often inaccurate. In this paper, with the aim of accelerating the design process and achieving results with reasonable engineering accuracy, an engineering-statistical model which is useful for estimating the aerodynamic coefficients was developed, which mitigated the drawbacks of these two methods. First, by combining CFD simulation and regression techniques, an engineering model was pre-sented for the estimation of aerodynamic coefficients. Then, by using the data from a wind tunnel test and implementation of statistical adjustment, the engineering model was modified and an engineering-statistical model was obtained. By spending less time and cost, the final model provided the aerodynamic coefficients of a helicopter fuselage at the desired angles of attack with reasonable accuracy. Finally, three numerical examples were provided to illustrate the application of the pro-posed model. Comparative results demonstrate the effectiveness of the engineering-statistical model in estimating the aerodynamic coefficients of a helicopter fuselage.     

Erosion degradation characteristics of a linear electro-hydrostatic actuator under a high-frequency turbulent flow field

The paper proposes a performance degradation analysis model based on dynamic erosion wear for a novel Linear Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator (LEHA). Rather than the traditional statistical methods based on degradation data, the method proposed in this paper firstly analyzes the dominant progressive failure mode of the LEHA based on the working principle and working conditions of the LEHA. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method, combining the turbulent theory and the micro erosion principle, is used to establish an erosion model of the rectification mechanism. The erosion rates for different port openings, under a time-varying flow field, are obtained. The piecewise linearization method is applied to update the concentration of contaminated particles within the LEHA, in order to gain insight into the erosion degradation process at various stages of degradation. The main contribution of the proposed model is the application of the dynamic concentration of contamination particles in erosion analysis of Electro-Hydraulic Servo Valves (EHSVs), throttle valves, spool valves, and needle valves. The effects of system parameters and working conditions on component wear are analyzed by simulations. The results of the proposed model match the expected degradation process.     

基于混合维度仿真的自适应循环发动机引射喷管安装性能研究

自适应循环发动机（Adaptive Cycle Engine,简称ACE）独特的三外涵道结构使引射喷管成为一种可行的排气系统方案。为准确评估各种工况下引射喷管与ACE匹配工作下的安装性能,提出了一种基于变可信度代理模型的ACE-引射喷管混合维度仿真方法。该方法搭配引射喷管高、低两种可信度的计算流体动力学（Computational Fluid Dynamics,简称CFD）仿真模型,建立了引射喷管变可信度代理模型。通过动态更新该代理模型,在引射喷管性能空间的匹配工作区域集中进行高可信度CFD仿真,高效准确地实现了引射喷管匹配状态下的安装性能评估。仿真结果发现,ACE引射喷管在亚声速巡航和超声速巡航状态下的安装推力系数分别为0.979和0.961,在跨声速区段采用中间状态加速时后体阻力系数达到最大,为0.25。亚声速巡航状态下主喷管流量系数最低,为0.896。应用本方法仅需180次低可信度CFD仿真以及173次高可信度CFD仿真即可完成共计33个ACE工作点的引射喷管安装性能计算。     

高超声速锥柱裙模型边界层转捩的弹道靶实验

为研究高超声速边界层转捩现象、给边界层计算提供可靠的对比数据,在中国空气动力研究与发展中心趟高速弹道靶上开展了锥柱裙模型高超声速边界层转捩的自由飞实验。所采用的锥柱裙模型全长105mm,飞行速度1．94km／s（Ma=5．65）,单位雷诺数4．32×10^7～1．20×10^8m-1。使用激光阴影成像技术,获得了锥柱裙模型边界层转捩和湍流边界层发展的图像,测得的湍流边界层厚度在0．6～2．2mm之间,湍流涡的流向尺寸与边界层厚度的比值介于0．3～0．8之间且沿流向呈下降趋势。实验结果表明：弹道靶实验能够获得给定飞行环境下的高超声速边界层转捩图像,从图像中可以清晰判断转捩位置或区域、测量边界层厚度和分析湍流涡的尺寸。     

Configuration uncertainty propagation of gravitational-wave observatory using a directional state transition tensor

Configuration stability is essential for a space-based Gravitational-Wave(GW) observatory, which can be impacted by orbit insertion uncertainties. Configuration uncertainty propagation is vital for investigating the influences of uncertainties on configuration stability and can be potentially useful in the navigation and control of GW observatories. Current methods suffer from drawbacks related to high computational burden. To this end, a Radial-Tangential-Ddirectional State Transition Tensor(RT-DSTT)-based configuration uncertainty propagation method is proposed.First, two sensitive directions are found by capturing the dominant secular terms. Considering the orbit insertion errors along the two sensitive directions only, a reduced-order RT-DSTT model is developed for orbital uncertainty propagation. Then, the relationship between the uncertainties in the orbital states and the uncertainties in the configuration stability indexes is mapped using highorder derivatives. The result is a semi-analytical solution that can predict the deviations in the configuration stability indexes given orbit insertion errors. The potential application of the proposed RT-DSTT-based method in calculating the feasible domain is presented. The performance of the proposed method is validated on the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna(LISA) project. Simulations show that the proposed method can provide similar results to the STT-based method but requires only half of the computational time.     

涡轮叶栅流动和传热耦合计算

通过求解三维雷诺平均N-S(Navier-Stokes)方程和带转捩模型的二方程SST(Shear stresstransport)湍流模型,完成了带简单冷却的MARKⅡ涡轮导向叶栅流动和传热耦合计算.计算结果与试验数据的对比表明,发展的带转捩模型的数值方法明显地提高了叶栅温度和外换热系数的计算精度.同时研究发现,湍流模型对叶栅表面压力分布影响很小,而对叶栅表面温度和外换热系数影响很大;在其它边界条件相同的情况下进口湍流度对壁面压力几乎无影响,但对叶栅温度和外换热系数影响较大.