Spectral analysis and self-adjusting mechanism for oscillation phenomenon in hydrogen-oxygen continuously rotating detonation engine

The continuously rotating detonation engine(CRDE)is a new concept of engines for aircraft and spacecraft.Quasi-stable continuously rotating detonation(CRD)can be observed in an annular combustion chamber,but the sustaining,stabilizing and adjusting mechanisms are not yet clear.To learn more deeply into the CRDE,experimental studies have been carried out to investigate hydrogen-oxygen CRDE.Pressure histories are obtained during each shot,which show that stable CRD waves are generated in the combustor,when feeding pressures are higher than 0.5 MPa for fuel and oxidizer,respectively.Each shot can keep running as long as fresh gas feeding maintains.Close-up of the pressure history shows the repeatability of pressure peaks and indicates the detonation velocity in hydrogen–oxygen CRD,which proves the success of forming a stable CRD in the annular chamber.Spectrum of the pressure history matches the close-up analysis and confirms the CRD.It also shows multi-wave phenomenon and affirms the fact that in this case a single detonation wave is rotating in the annulus.Moreover,oscillation phenomenon is found in pressure peaks and a self-adjusting mechanism is proposed to explain the phenomenon.     

Experimental Investigation of Nozzle Effects on Thrust and Inlet Pressure of an Air-breathing Pulse Detonation Engine

Nozzle effects on thrust and inlet pressure of a multi-cycle air-breathing pulse detonation engine (APDE) are investigated experimentally. An APDE with 68 mm in diameter and 2 050 mm in length is operated using gasoline/air mixture. Straight nozzle, converging nozzle, converging-diverging nozzle and diverging nozzle are tested. The results show that thrust augmentation of converging-diverging nozzle, diverging nozzle or straight nozzle is better than that of converging nozzle on the whole. Thrust augmentation of straight nozzle is worse than those of converging-diverging nozzle and diverging nozzle. Thrust augmentations of diverging nozzle with larger expansion ratio and converging-diverging nozzle with larger throat area range from 20% to 40% on tested frequencies and are better than those of congeneric other nozzles respectively. Nozzle effects on inlet pressure are also researched. At each frequency it is indicated that filling pressures and average peak pressures of inlet with diverging nozzle and converging-diverging nozzle with large throat cross section area are higher than those with straight nozzle and converging nozzle. Pressures near thrust wall increase in an increase order from without nozzle, with diverging nozzle, straight nozzle and converging-diverging nozzle to converging nozzle.     

An investigation of tip vortices unsteady interaction for Fokker 29 propeller with swirl recovery vane

A numerical study was performed to explore the unsteady interaction between the upstream propeller and the downstream swirl recovery vane (SRV) by transient simulations. Much larger fluctuations of thrust coefficient were observed on the vane, which indicates that the varia-tions of the total efficiency depend mainly on the working performance of the stator. The harmonic loads of the decomposed unsteady blade-surface pressures show that the stator experiences about ten times higher of unsteadiness compared with the rotor. Notable changes appear at the vane lead-ing edge due to the potential disturbance as well as the sweeping effects from the wake of the upstream propeller, whereas more significant unsteadiness occurs at the stator tip region as a result of the interaction between the rotor/stator tip vortices. The visualization of vortex structures addresses that the rotor tip vortex has a dominant effect on the stator tip vortex since the latter one starts right at the impingement location on the vane top in this configuration. Furthermore, a longer and a shorter SRV were investigated based on the original case to explore different inter-action patterns for the rotor/stator tip vortices. Weaker effects have been observed as expected.     

A novel multi-fidelity coupled simulation method for flow systems

For the numerical simulation of flow systems with various complex components, the traditional one-dimensional (1D) network method has its comparative advantage in time consuming and the CFD method has its absolute advantage in the detailed flow capturing. The proper coupling of the advantages of different dimensional methods can strike balance well between time cost and accuracy and then significantly decrease the whole design cycle for the flow systems in modern machines. A novel multi-fidelity coupled simulation method with numerical zooming is developed for flow systems. This method focuses on the integration of one-, two-and three-dimensional codes for various components. Coupled iterative process for the different dimensional simulation cycles of sub-systems is performed until the concerned flow variables of the whole system achieve convergence. Numerical zooming is employed to update boundary data of components with different dimen-sionalities. Based on this method, a highly automatic, multi-discipline computing environment with integrated zooming is developed. The numerical results of Y-Junction and the air system of a jet engine are presented to verify the solution method. They indicate that this type of multi-fidelity simulationmethod can greatly improve the prediction capability for the flow systems.     

Onboard real time modeling of aircraft engines with Hammerstein-Wiener representation

An identification-based approach for aircraft engine modeling using the nonlinear HammersteinWiener representation was proposed.Hammerstein-Wiener modeling for both limited flight envelope and extended flight envelope was investigated.Simulation shows that the resulting model can be valid over 10%variation of rotational speed of the engine,compared with those linear models that are only valid over 3%—5%change of rotational speed.It is further demonstrated that the proposed method can be utilized over large envelope up to 20% variation of rotational speed of the engine.The fundamental idea is to use nonlinear models to extend the feasible/valid region rather than those linear models.This may consequently simplify the switching logic in the onboard digital control units.This is often overlooked in aircraft engine control community,but has been emphasized in the research.     

Approximate Nonlinear Modeling of Aircraft Engine Surge Margin Based on Equilibrium Manifold Expansion

Stable operation of aircraft engine compressions is constrained by rotating surge. In this paper, an approximate nonlinear surge margin model of aircraft engine compression system by using equilibrium manifold is presented. Firstly, this paper gives an overview of the current state of modeling aerodynamic flow instabilities in engine compressors. Secondly, the expansion form of equilibrium manifold is introduced, and the choosing scheduling variable method is discussed. Then, this paper also gives the identification procedure of modeling the approximate nonlinear model. Finally, the modeling and simulations with high pressure (HP) compressor surge margin of the aircraft engine show that this real-time model has the same accuracy with the thermodynamic model, but has simpler structure and shorter computation time.     

Numerical analysis for the matching of the core driven compression system in a double bypass engine

The numerical analysis for the matching of the core driven compression system in a double bypass variable cycle engine was presented in this paper.The system consists of a one-stage-core driven fan stage(CDFS),an inner bypass duct and a five-stage high pressure compressor(HPC),providing two basic operating modes: the single bypass mode and the double bypass mode.Variable vanes are necessary to realize the mode switch of the system.The correct matching in the double bypass mode requires a proper combination of the mass flow,total pressure ratio and blade speed.The work capacity of the system decreases in the double bypass mode and the pressure ratio tends to decrease more for the CDFS and the front stages of the HPC.The overall system efficiency is higher in the double bypass mode.The radial distributions of aerodynamic parameters are similar in different modes.The notable redistribution of mass flow downstream the CDFS in the single bypass mode leads to strong radial flows and additional mixing losses.The absolute flow angles into the inner bypass increase for the inner span and decrease for the outer span when the system is switched from the single bypass mode to the double bypass mode.     

Fault diagnosis and isolation of the component and sensor for aircraft engine

Aircraft engine component and sensor fault detection and isolation approach was proposed,which included fault type detection module and component-sensor simultaneous fault isolation module. The approach can not only distinguish among sensor fault, component fault and component-sensor simultaneous fault, but also isolate and locate sensor fault and the type of engine component fault when the engine component fault and the sensor faults occur simultaneously. The double-threshold mechanism has been proposed, in which the fault diagnostic threshold changed with the sensor type and the engine condition, and it greatly improved the accuracy and robustness of sensor fault diagnosis system. Simulation results show that the approach proposed can diagnose and isolate the sensor and engine component fault with improved accuracy. It effectively improves the fault diagnosis ability of aircraft engine.      

基于Simulink的无人机自主飞行全程仿真研究

研究在Simulink下进行无人机自主飞行全程仿真的方案,用Aerospace模块建立无人机的非线性数学模型,以Simulink的使能模块构造内回路控制律,Stateflow实现外回路的制导、导航模块,并使用仪表模块和虚拟现实模块实现实时监控,可以搭建出完全基于Simulink的模型,能够实现控制律和控制策略的仿真验证。无人机的多模态仿真结果说明Matlab/Simulink下实现飞行控制全程仿真的有效性。     

STUDY ON GAIN-SCHEDULING PROBLEM IN FLIGHT CONTROL

Gain-scheduling has got its wide applications in modern flight control, in which control gains are scheduled with variables such as dynamic pressure and Mach number, to meet dynamic response requirements in different flight conditions. Classical gain-scheduling approaches may result in some problems, which can not guarantee global robustness and stability in transitions of different flight conditions. Gain-scheduling problem is systematically investigated from robustness point of view in the paper. Detailed procedures for gain-scheduled controller to achieve both robustness and stability performance are given and applied to a typical flight control system. For switching stability problems of different flight conditions in flight control systems, a new approach is proposed, in which different flight conditions are reduced into a parameter varying plant using interpolation firstly, and then parameter-varying controller design goes next. Though interpolation errors may exist, the robust parameter varying controller design can compensate for those uncertainties and errors, and finally achieve good performance of robustness and switching stability during transitions. Illustrative simulation at last shows satisfactory results.     

连续旋转爆轰发动机冷流场的混合特性研究

连续旋转爆轰发动机（CRDE）中燃料和氧化剂的快速掺混是实现爆轰波成功起爆和稳定传播的重要前提,然而目前国际上关于这方面的研究还相对较少。本文采用大涡模拟（LES）方法,对非预混CRDE中燃料和氧化剂的混合过程及其主要机理开展深入研究。研究结果表明,非预混CRDE流场中存在欠膨胀特征、大尺度涡结构,以及回流区等复杂的流动现象,其中由于Kelvin-Helmholtz（K-H）不稳定性产生的大尺度湍流涡结构是促进氢/氧混合的主要机制。此外,本文还考察了氧气喷注位置对非预混CRDE的流场结构和混合特征的影响,发现氧气喷注位置会影响射流剪切层形态、涡尺度,以及回流区分布等,进而影响氢气和氧气射流的混合过程和混合程度。与其他进气位置相比,氧气在靠近内壁面喷注时更有利于氢/氧的快速掺混。     

连续旋转爆轰燃烧室的性能

利用二维可压缩欧拉方程数值研究了当量氢气/空气在连续旋转爆轰燃烧室(CRDC)中的流场情况,主要考查了不同CRDC周向尺寸下燃料入流总压对增压比、燃烧效率、容积热负荷及其NOx排放等性能的影响.结果表明:当CRDC周向尺寸为150mm时,随着燃料入流总压的提高,增压比基本保持不变,燃烧效率和容积热负荷均呈线性增长;当CRDC周向尺寸为250mm时,随燃料入流总压的提高,爆轰波头数加倍,容积热负荷仍呈线性增长,但是增压比及燃烧效率均出现转折性下降.与传统的等压燃烧室相比,CRDC具有更高的性能.当计算域为250mm×40mm时,增压比高达2.706,大大提高了燃气的做功能力;容积热负荷达到2.18×1010W/m3;而NOx排放质量浓度为0.692mg/m3,保证了低排放的要求.      

脉冲爆震发动机自吸气实现方式

根据脉冲爆震发动机工作循环过程中的压力变化特点,对脉冲爆震发动机自吸气的实现方式进行了探索研究,设计了几种不同的结构型式以改善尾部吸气质量,并进行了数值模拟。结果显示:单一等截面直爆震管虽然可以在爆震后管内负压作用下从尾部自吸气,但是吸入的基本全是尾气,无法用于再次爆震起爆;进、排气口分开有利于改善自吸气质量,进气口离排气口越远,尾气影响越小,吸气质量越好;进、排气口间最好有一定压差,否则会出现两端同时进气,形成吸气震荡,并在爆震管中部夹有燃气无法排出;利用设计的气动阀可以实现从爆震管前端自吸气,吸气结束后整个爆震管内充满新鲜空气,可以用于再次爆震起爆。     

燃料分布对旋转爆震波传播特性影响

为定量研究燃料分布对旋转爆震波传播特性的影响,针对两种环缝/小孔喷注方案开展了数值和实验研究。针对燃料(H2)和氧化剂(air)分开喷注的旋转爆震燃烧室模型,开展冷流掺混的三维数值模拟研究,给出了掺混均匀度评价参数,获得了两种喷注模型的反应物掺混均匀度沿轴向的变化规律。针对这两种喷注模型,开展旋转爆震波传播特性实验研究,分析了旋转爆震波的传播速度、工作稳定性、当量比边界等。研究结果表明:将燃料喷注小孔前移,可大幅提高燃烧室头部的掺混均匀度;随着掺混均匀度的提高,旋转爆震波的传播速度增加,传播稳定性明显提高,稳定工作的当量比下限从1.08拓宽至0.57。研究结论可为旋转爆震发动机喷注结构设计提供参考。      

旋转爆震波发动机二维数值模拟

采用一种改进的化学非平衡流解耦方法对Euler反应流方程解耦处理,对流项采用五阶WENO格式离散,化学反应源项的刚性采用简化的隐式方法处理,时间步进采用二阶精度的Runge-Kutta方法,对H2/Air预混气旋转爆震发动机内流场进行了二维数值模拟。模拟结果给出了不同发动机尺寸条件下的详细起爆过程,结果表明当发动机尺寸小于临界直径时无法成功起爆;详细分析了流场结构和爆震波形状,旋转爆震波的传播速度与理论预测值吻合;性能分析结果表明在喷注总压低于燃烧室平均压力时仍可实现推进剂喷注,没装尾喷管的情况下发动机比冲达到176.5s。     

燃烧室轴向长度对旋转爆震发动机性能的影响

采用氢氧单步化学反应模型,对以当量比为1.0的氢气空气预混气为反应物的旋转爆震发动机（RDE）进行了数值模拟,系统研究了燃烧室轴向长度对RDE性能的影响.通过详细分析燃烧室进出口气体状态参数,揭示了燃烧室轴向长度对发动机影响的内在机理.研究结果表明:燃烧室轴向长度过短时,爆震波的形成不够充分;在发动机推力中,动量推力占主要部分;在计算的燃烧室轴向长度范围内,发动机的比冲为5410~5566s,燃烧室轴向长度对发动机比冲的影响较小.      

连续旋转爆轰发动机参数特性的三维数值模拟

采用一步化学反应模型,基于任意坐标系下Euler控制方程,对连续旋转爆轰发动机(CRDE)进行了三维数值模拟研究, 详细分析了来流总压对CRDE参数特性的影响.研究发现:随着来流总压的增大,爆轰波峰值随之增大,但是燃烧室头部Laval型喷注段的壅塞比基本不变.不同来流总压下,可燃气体在燃烧室头部均以亚声速入射.随着来流总压的增大,燃烧室内流场的平均压强增大,但是其平均轴向流速基本不变.CRDE的流量、推力和比冲均随着来流总压的增加而变大;但是,不同来流总压下,CRDE的流量与Laval型喷注段最大流量之比不变,并且此比值约等Laval型喷注段的壅塞比.Laval型喷注段最大流量与来流总压成正比,因此以上分析从理论上进一步解释了CRDE的流量与来流总压成正比的原因.      

当量比对连续旋转爆轰燃烧室特性的影响

为了探究当量比对甲烷-空气连续旋转爆轰燃烧室（CRDC）特性的影响,利用二维可压缩欧拉方程对CRDC进行了数值研究,分析了爆轰波的发展过程和贫燃熄火过程,对比了不同工况下CRDC特性参数的变化情况。结果表明:CRDC起爆后燃烧场在由不稳定状态到相对稳定状态的过程中发生了2次碰撞,当进气当量比较低时,CRDC未能完全发生2次碰撞过程就已经熄爆。随着进气当量比的降低,爆轰波传播速度、轴向平均速度、出口平均温度、出口平均总压均呈下降趋势;增压比随当量比降低而减小的根本原因在于旋转爆轰燃烧过程和等压燃烧过程的熵增差减小,使吉布斯自由能增量差减小。CRDC的燃料驻留时间处于亚毫秒量级,燃烧热效率保持在99%以上。      

旋转爆震发动机燃烧室气膜出流影响数值研究

针对旋转爆震发动机（RDE）壁面的高热负荷问题,开展旋转爆震发动机燃烧室壁面气膜冷却的数值仿真,探究气膜出流与爆震波、斜激波和燃烧室流场之间的相互作用以及气膜对壁面的冷却特性。研究结果表明:爆震波对气膜的压缩和冷却孔的堵塞作用明显,气膜对爆震波整体的传播特性影响较小。受爆震波和燃烧室流场的影响,气膜出流存在周期性的摆动情况,这在一定程度上影响了壁面的冷却效果。在爆震波覆盖的壁面区域,峰值壁温下降程度有限,但时均壁温的降幅超过26.9%;在斜激波覆盖区域,随着冷气量的增加,峰值壁温和时均壁温的降幅超过32.5%和51.3%,气膜对该区域壁面的冷却效果更加明显。