System of Systems Engineering - New Challenges for the 21st Century

The concept of system of systems (SoS) and the challenges ahead to extend systems engineering (SE) to system of systems is introduced. The birth of a new engineering field may be on the horizon - system of systems engineering (SoSE). A SoS is a collection of individual, possibly heterogeneous, but functional systems integrated together to enhance the overall robustness, lower the cost of operation, and increase reliability of the overall complex (SoS) system. Having said that, the field has a large vacuum from basic definition, to theory, to management and implementation. Many key issues like architecture, modeling, simulation, identification, emergence, standards, net-centricity, control, etc., are all begging for attention. In this review, we go through all these issues briefly and bring the challenges to the attention of interested readers. We will also indicate the existence of an introduction consortium, of interested groups who are getting together to help realize these problems and try to find solutions.     

Agent-based effectiveness evaluation method and impact analysis of airborne laser weapon system in cooperation combat

The laser weapons will play a special role in the future high-tech war. To study the impact of airborne laser weapon on the System-of-System (SoS) effectiveness in cooperative combat, this paper proposes an indicator construction method based on the combination of the weapon capability indicator system and the combat simulation. The indicator system of capability is divided into 4 layers by the bottom-to-up generation mechanism of indicators. It can describe the logical relationship between the indicator layers from a qualitative perspective. Together with the 4 layers capability indicator system, a hierarchical framework of airborne laser weapon is established by the agent-based modeling and simulation. Impact analyses show that the SoS effectiveness improves with the increase of the laser weapon output power, the laser launcher diameter, and the photoelectric sensor pixel. But the SoS effectiveness promotion brought by the photoelectric sensor pixel is limited. The results can be used for the development of tactical airborne laser weapon.     

潜基武器体系对抗仿真技术研究

在潜基武器体系对抗相关背景分析的基础上,提出了潜基武器体系对抗仿真的系统框架。重点阐述了体系结构驱动的体系对抗概念建模技术、体系对抗半实物仿真技术和体系对抗仿真网格计算技术等相关关键技术,分析了体系对抗仿真的若干技术发展趋势。最后,给出了研究进展和下一步工作。     

Gaussian fitting based optimal design of aircraft mission success space using multi-objective genetic algorithm

In order to obtain the optimized aircraft design concept which meets the increasingly complex operation environment at the conceptual design stage, System-of-systems (SoS) engineering must be considered. This paper proposes a novel optimization method for the design of aircraft Mission Success Space (MSS) based on Gaussian fitting and Genetic Algorithm (GA) in the SoS area. First, the concepts in the design and evaluation of MSS are summarized to introduce the Contribution to System-of-Systems (CSS) by using a conventional effectiveness index, Mission Success Rate (MSR). Then, the mathematic modelling of Gaussian fitting technique is noted as the basis of the optimization work. After that, the proposed optimal MSS design is illustrated by the multi-objective optimization process where GA acts as the search tool to find the best solution (via Pareto front). In the case study, a simulation system of penetration mission was built. The simulation results are collected and then processed by two MSS design schemes (contour and neural network) giving the initial variable space to GA optimization. Based on that, the proposed optimization method is implemented under both schemes whose optimal solutions are compared to obtain the final best design in the case study.     

基于兰彻斯特方程的体系对抗过程分析与评估方法

以经典兰彻斯特方程为基础,通过对兰彻斯特方程的重新解释和推导以及对体系对抗过程本质的分析,建立了体系对抗作战方程,为体系对抗作战过程的定量分析提供了基本工具和方法。在此基础上,分析了体系对抗作战方程的应用领域和应用方法,给出了解算体系对抗作战方程的具体方法。最后,通过一个实例计算验证了体系对抗作战方程及其解算方法的合理性。     

复杂系统可靠度综合计算平台的设计实现

鉴于复杂大系统可靠度综合计算面临诸多困难 ,分析了其复杂性特征 ,提出了一种一体化建模方法———复合逻辑树模型 (CompositeLogicTreeModel,简称CLTM)及其递归调度综合算法 ,并采用面向对象的思想和技术 ,设计实现了可视化的系统可靠度CLTM综合建模与计算软件平台。介绍了软件的总体框架及其功能 ,并通过实例阐明了相应的系统可靠度综合分析方法     

SCADE 在航空发动机FADEC 软件开发中的应用

为了探索SCADE开发环境在基于模型设计（MBD）的软件开发中的优势,理解其建模和自动代码生成机制,研究其在基于模型的测试和覆盖率分析中的实现方法,基于某型航空发动机FADEC系统的健康管理软件开发,应用了SCADE开发环境的建模、仿真、测试及覆盖率分析、代码生成与集成的全流程的MBD开发方法,并进行了完整的系统测试,测试用例全部通过。系统测试的结果验证了基于SCADE开发环境进行FADEC软件开发的正确性和可靠性,为SCADE开发环境在航空发动机FADEC软件开发中的应用提供了技术指导和工程借鉴。     

动态数据建模中时间序列采样间隔的研究

动态数据建模认为,平稳连续随机过程是白噪声激励相应的线性时不变连续时间系统的输出,为便于计算机处理,需要确定对连续随机过程进行采样的采样间隔,通常人们采用仙农采样定理来对待。文中阐述了对动态数据建模中时间序列采样的问题,用多项式插值的采样理论进行了研究,指出在动态数据建模中,若要使从连续时间随机过程到离散时间序列的统计特性得到保持,采样频率应大于系统最大极点自然频率的6倍。     

Improved SAR target detection via extended fractal features

The utility of the extended fractal (EF) feature is evaluated for the enhancement of the focus of attention (FOA) stage of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) automatic target recognition (ATR) system. Unlike more traditional SAR detection features that distinguish target pixels from the background only on the basis of contrast, the EF feature is sensitive to both the contrast and size of objects. Furthermore, the structure for the EF feature computational algorithm lends itself to very fast implementation, and it can be shown that the new feature has a CFAR-like (constant false alarm rate) property. We demonstrate the improved performance using the new feature by testing a number of different detection approaches over two databases of SAR imagery     

基于模型的航空电子系统体系化需求分析与仿真

借鉴体系工程思想及体系结构设计方法,结合航空武器装备需求论证实践,提出基于模型的航空电子系统体系化需求分析与仿真方法,以及体系架构模型协同仿真环境设计方案,能够有效支撑航空电子体系化需求论证和顶层设计,具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。     

Airworthiness Compliance Verification Method Based on Simulation of Complex System

A study is conducted on a new airworthiness compliance verification method based on pilot-aircraft-environment complex system simulation. Verification scenarios are established by "block diagram" method based on airworthiness criteria. A pilotaircraft-environment complex model is set up and a virtual flight testing method based on connection of MATLAB/Simulink and Flightgear is proposed. Special researches are conducted on the modeling of pilot manipulation stochastic parameters and manipulation in critical situation. Unfavorable flight factors of certain scenario are analyzed, and reliability modeling of important system is researched. A distribution function of small probability event and the theory on risk probability measurement are studied. Nonlinear function is used to depict the relationship between the cumulative probability and the extremum of the critical parameter. A synthetic evaluation model is set up, modified genetic algorithm (MGA) is applied to ascertaining the distribution parameter in the model, and a more reasonable result is obtained. A clause about vehicle control functions (VCFs) verification in MIL-HDBK-516B is selected as an example to validate the practicability of the method.     

航空机电系统测试性建模与分析新方法

针对航空机电系统测试性设计(DFT)需求,提出基于面向对象的贝叶斯网络(OOBN)与状态-测试关联灵敏度指标的系统测试性建模与分析的新方法。该建模方法能清晰地刻画系统故障与测试间的关联程度,反映复杂系统的层次结构关系。基于信息论的交叉熵原理提出状态-测试关联灵敏度指标,并给出计算方法。该指标反映复杂机电系统测试中的不确定性影响,克服了基于香农熵的测点评判分析方法的缺点,结合测试性建模获得的模型信息进行推理计算,可用于测试性的定量分析。运用该综合分析方法对飞机燃油系统进行测试性建模与分析,结果表明所提出的方法与指标在航空机电系统DFT中具有实用性。     

引气系统建模及传感器集优化分析

MADe(维修感知设计环境)是基于功能流模型、系统失效知识和测试信息的系统测试性与健康感知综合仿真分析工具。给出了功能流模型定义及其建模流程,详细分析了飞机引气系统的工作模式、层次结构、功能流及典型部件的物理失效过程,并实现了引气系统典型工况的建模。基于引气系统功能流模型和功能流传播表对传感器集进行了优化,包括传感器集的选择和诊断规则分析。仿真结果表明,该方法能有效地实现引气系统的建模,实现引气系统故障诊断与健康监控方案的优化。     

Petri网在制造系统建模与仿真中的应用

依据面向对象的Petri网的理论,给出了制造系统的建模过程,最后将统一建模语言(UML)融入到制造系统的建模与仿真中,通过实例进一步阐明了Petri网在制造系统建模与仿真中是如何应用的。     

舰艇指控系统多视图建模软件研究与开发

介绍了一种面向舰艇指控系统设计的多视图协同建模的软件,重点对该软件的概念模型体系、软件架构和功能结构进行了论述.该软件以多视图协同建模方法为指导,将复杂系统建模涉及到的多用户、多学科、多粒度均归结为系统的多视图;然后,通过对各视图模型进行复用、关联和融合,形成系统全局模型,完整地反映用户对系统的理解,有效地解决了复杂系统协同建模的难题;最后,通过一个例子对工具的应用进行了说明     

基于STPA的飞机交流系统供电转换安全性分析方法研究

飞机交流发电系统是整机的主要电力来源,应对其进行完善的安全性分析。传统安全性分析方法对系统组件间非线性交互引起的安全问题关注较少,当研制型号支持数据不足时,存在分析遗漏风险。根据典型交流发电系统供电转换过程基本特点,基于STPA方法构建安全控制结构图,识别不安全控制行为（UCA）,引入相似系统的失效模式及影响分析（FMEA）结果,分析UCA致因因素和致因场景,使用时间自动机理论的形式化工具进行系统建模与验证;通过专家评判及事故对比来验证该方法的正确性。结果表明：在传统分析方法的基础上引入STPA方法,能够有效识别出不安全控制行为和事故发生的原因,该方法可以作为传统方法的有效补充。     

A novel approach of testability modeling and analysis for PHM systems based on failure evolution mechanism

Prognostics and health management (PHM) significantly improves system availability and reliability, and reduces the cost of system operations. Design for testability (DFT) developed concurrently with system design is an important way to improve PHM capability. Testability modeling and analysis are the foundation of DFT. This paper proposes a novel approach of testability modeling and analysis based on failure evolution mechanisms. At the component level, the fault progression-related information of each unit under test (UUT) in a system is obtained by means of failure modes, evolution mechanisms, effects and criticality analysis (FMEMECA), and then the failure-symptom dependency can be generated. At the system level, the dynamic attributes of UUTs are assigned by using the bond graph methodology, and then the symptom-test dependency can be obtained by means of the functional flow method. Based on the failure-symptom and symptom-test dependencies, testability analysis for PHM systems can be realized. A shunt motor is used to verify the application of the approach proposed in this paper. Experimental results show that this approach is able to be applied to testability modeling and analysis for PHM systems very well, and the analysis results can provide a guide for engineers to design for testability in order to improve PHM performance.     

基于面向对象PETRI网的移动式Agent系统

 为了简化移动式Agent 的设计和实现,描述了以OOPN 为建模语言,建立移动式Agent 系统的基本原理。该系统提供了可视化系统建模、死锁检测和实际的系统运作功能。首先介绍OOPN 的基本概念和Agent 编程工具Aglets,在此基础上介绍如何通过OOPN 建模来生成移动式Agent 系统的具体实现机制,包括Agent 的远程创建和动态部署。最后通过生产者—消费者实例来说明整个系统的执行过程。     

机器人辅助飞机装配制孔中位姿精度补偿技术

在飞机自动化装配中,机器人制孔技术由于其高度柔性和相对低成本而倍受关注.然而,机器人本身的动、静态误差及制孔过程大量坐标系标定和坐标转换会引起难以补偿的残留误差,为提高机器人制孔的位置和姿态精度,构建一种基于激光跟踪仪闭环反馈的机器人辅助飞机装配制孔系统.本文首先论述应用激光跟踪仪建立系统中关键坐标系的方法,并分析了机...     

多余度飞控计算机系统分级组合可靠性建模方法

系统可靠性是决定飞机飞控计算机系统(FCCS)体系结构选型的重要依据,可靠性建模技术(SRMT)是定量评价系统可靠性的关键。目前有可靠性框图(RBD)、故障树分析(FTA)、Markov随机过程和Petri网等多种系统可靠性建模方法,由于求解的途径不同,各种方法都具有优缺点。文章综合静态和动态系统可靠性建模方法特点,提出一种分类划分和分级组合的系统可靠性建模(HCRM)方法,并用该方法对Boe-ing777飞机非相似余度FCCS进行了可靠性建模。与传统方法比较,该方法将基于状态的可靠性建模方法和非状态可靠性建模方法进行组合,并基于系统静态和动态特性分级建模和求解,在一定程度上化解了复杂系统可靠性建模的复杂度和求解难度,使系统可靠性模型更加精细和符合实际系统。