卫星间光通信开发动向

从轨道上向地面自由地发送、接收宽频带图像信号的光通信系统已十分引人注目。而卫星间光通信（ＯＩＳＬ）将是人类在大气层外或在卫星轨道上支持多种活动的基础。美国、欧洲、日本都在长期进行ＯＩＳＬ技术的开发，现将研究状况及未来动向概述如下：１．美国以航宇局（ＮＡＳＡ）、马萨诸塞工业大学（ＭＩＴ）等为中心进行ＯＩＳＬ的研究。喷气推进实验室（ＪＰＬ）主要目标是从事深空通信应用方面的研究。①ＮＡＳＡＮＡＳＡ的哥达德空间飞行中心（ＧＳＦＣ）正进行有关强度调制／直接检波（ＩＭ／ＤＤ）方式为主体的ＯＩＳＬ研究。按照传…     

日提出地球观测卫星群新构思

最近，日本研究了世界上各国提出的多种小型对地观测卫星方案，提出了今后小型卫星与大型卫星互补的新思路，并正在加紧研制干涉测量双星合成孔径雷达卫星系统（ＳＩＤＵＳＳ：ＳＡＲＩｎｔｅｒｆｅｒｏｍｅｔｒｙＤｕａｌＳａｔｅｌ－ｌｉｔｅＳｙｓｔｅｍ）和国内城市区域观测卫星（ＤＵＯＳ：ＤｏｍｅｓｔｉｃＵｒｅａＯｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎＳａｔｅｌ－ｌｉｔｅ），用以组成卫星观测群，提高对地观测效果。１．干涉测量双星合成孔径雷达卫星系统（ＳＩＤＵＳＳ）它是利用合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术，由相距一定距离的轨道上的两颗卫星，…     

美国“地球观测系统”卫星参数表

美国“地球观测系统”卫星参数见表１。表１　“地球观测系统”参数表卫星ＥＯＳ－ＡＭＥＯＳ－ＰＭＥＯＳ－ＣＯＬＯＲＥＯＳ－ＡＥＲＯＥＯＳ－ＡＬＴＥＯＳ－ＣＨＥＭ科学用途测量地表、云、气溶胶和辐射收支特性测量云、降水和辐射收支、地面雪和海冰、海面温度和海洋生产率研究海洋生物量和生产率观测大气和气溶胶测量海平面高度、洋流和冰层质量测量大气化学成分及其传输过程、海洋现象有效载荷ＡＳＴＥＲ，ＣＥＲＥＳ，ＭＯＤＩＳ，ＭＩＳＲ，ＭＯＰＩＴＴＡＩＲＳ／ＡＭＳＵ／ＭＨＳ，ＭＯＤＩＳ，ＣＥＲＥＳ，ＭＩＭＲＳｅａＷＩＦ…     

从ACCV‘95看计算机视觉技术的发展

介绍了第二届亚洲计算机视觉会议（ＳＥＣＯＮＤ ＡＳＩＡＮ ＣＯＮＦＥＲ－ＥＮＣＥ ＯＮ ＣＯＭＰＵＴＥＲ ＶＩＳＩＯＮ，ＡＣＣＶ’９５）的一些情况；回顾了在该领域及相关学科的研究成果，讨论了当前计算机视觉所面临的理论与实际应用问题，并对中国空间技术研究院这一学科的发展提出看法。     

90年代世界空间舞台的十大明星

１．阿里安火箭（Ａｒｉａｎｅ）欧洲空间局预计要对它的阿里安－５运载火箭投入６７亿美元，以期连续保持阿里安空间公司的优势到２１世纪。２．大低地球轨道卫星系统（ＢｉｇＬＥＯｓ）目前提出了许多用低地球轨道卫星群来实现全球电话通信业务的大胆计划。全球星系统（Ｇｌｏｂａｌｓｔａｒ）、铱系统（Ｉｒｉｄｉｕｍ）和奥德赛（Ｏｄｙｓｓｅｙ）系统已筹集到７４亿美元的资金，用以研制并发射这些系统。３．直接广播电视（ＤＢＴ）在今年晚些时候，美国直播电视公司（ＤｉｒｅｏＴＶ）和美国卫星广播公司（ＵＳＳＢ）将用休斯公司制造…     

综合信息

美国ＴＲＷ公司获得制造３颗国防支援计划（ＤＳＰ）卫星的合同这项与空军签订的合同价值７．２亿美元。ＤＳＰ卫星是装有红外遥感器的早期预警卫星，休斯公司与马来西亚签订制造马来西亚东亚卫星合同这颗ＭＩＳＡＴ（ＭａｌａｙｓｉａＥａｓｔＡｓｉａＳａｔｅｌｌｉｔｅ）卫星有１２台转发器，选用自旋型ＨＳ—３７６型公用舱或是用于巴西卫星的宽体型ＨＳ－３７６Ｗ型公用舱。制造和发射ＭＩＳＡＴ卫星的费用约为２．８亿美元（共制造２颗，１颗为备份星）。马来西亚已和阿里安空间公司签订了该卫星的发射合同。目前休斯公司正在生产３７…     

美国军事卫星技术的新发展

美军卫星系统现代化计划主要是改进ＵＨＦ和ＳＨＦ卫星，发展ＥＨＦ卫星，采用星上信号处理、天线调零和按需分配多址（ＤＡＭＡ）技术，以增强抗干扰能力，提高传输速率，增大传输容量。在空间系统方面，还将缩小卫星体积，降低发射成本。在地面终端方面，着重抗干扰，增强保密，缩小体积，减轻重量，增强机动性。本文就卫星系统、技术体系结构、系统技术和抗干扰技术等四个方面作一概述。一、卫星系统现代化改进计划美国军事卫星通信常略作ＭＩＬＳＡＴ－ＣＯＭ。卫星网络一般分为三类：ＵＨＦ卫星、ＳＨＦ卫星和ＥＨＦ卫星，即特高频、超…     

离子束增强沉积TiB2薄膜的耐蚀性能研究

研究了在紫铜基材上用离子束增强沉积法（ＩＢＥＤ）沉积ＴｉＢ２薄膜后，在６００，７００和８００℃的空气中氧化的动力学曲线；在ＩＮＨ２ＳＯ４溶液中，用动电位扫描法测定了其极化曲线和极化阻力，用ＳＥＭ观察了其形貌，用俄歇电子谱仪（ＡＥＳ）分析了膜的成份，用Ｘ－射线衍射仪（ＸＲＤ）研究了膜的微观结构；讨论了ＴｉＢ２薄膜具有优良耐蚀性的机理。     

从ACCV＇95看计算机视觉技术的发展

介绍了第二届亚洲计算机视觉会议（ＳＥＣＯＮＤＡＳＩＡＮＣＯＮＦＥＲＥＮＣＥＯＮＣＯＭＰＵＴＥＲＶＩＳＩＯＮ,ＡＣＣＶ’９５）的一些情况;回顾了在该领域及相关学科的研究成果;讨论了当前计算机视觉所面临的理论与实际应用问题,并对中国空间技术研究院这一学科的发展提出看法。     

IML—2计划与现状

日本宇宙开发事业团就有关预定于１９９４年７月进行的第２次国际微重力实验室（ＩＭＬ－２）的计划内容以及准备情况概述如下。１．ＩＭＬ－２计划概要ＩＭＬ－２计划是以美航宇局（ＮＡＳＡ）为中心，通过国际合作实施的空间实验计划。由参加的各国将各自准备的实验装置，搭载在哥伦比亚号航天飞机的空间实验室上，利用微重力环境进行各种生命科学和材料科学实验。（１）推动计划的办事处：ＮＡＳＡ生命、材料科学应用局（ＯＬＭＳＡ）（２）计划实施综合中心：ＮＡＳＡ马歇尔空间飞行中心（ＭＳＦＣ）（３）任务梗概：任务时间　１３天（…     

载人火星和小行星探测任务初步分析

载人火星和小行星探测是未来深空探测的重要发展方向,以美国为代表的航天强国正在积极开展相关方案论证和技术攻关。由于任务规模庞大,受制于目前以化学推进为主的运输系统能力限制,要进行火星、小行星探测,必须发展重型运载火箭、轨道转移级等运载工具。从载人火星、小行星探测任务规划的角度出发,对总体任务进行了初步分析,提出了初步的系统方案。     

航天器内环境监测的无线传感器网络应用研究

无线接口技术是航天器电子系统技术发展的前沿和热点之一, 具有广泛应用前景. 提出了用于监测航天器内部及其设备环境参数的无线传感器网络设计方案, 详细介绍了构建航天器内无线传感器网络的通信协议、网络架构、软硬件设计方法, 并给出一个将ZigBee Pro技术应用于航天器内的典型设计实例, 以TI公司最新的CC2530芯片和ZigBee协议栈Z-Stack为基础, 用于监测航天器内部及其设备的温度、湿度、电压、电流等参数. 实验证明, 本设计具有低功耗、 传输可靠、网络鲁棒性及组网灵活等优点.      

星载ADS-B相关研究进展及展望

星载ADS-B技术作为未来空中交通管制的重要技术,可以克服地面设备难以在荒漠、远洋、极地等地部署的难题.星载ADS-B具有侦收范围广、可全球覆盖的特点,由此各国纷纷展开相关研究.针对星载ADS-B技术特点,进行了星载ADS-B相关研究进展的调查.首先综述了星载ADS-B原理及相关卫星研究情况;其次围绕天线技术、射频电路...     

有效载荷数据管理系统新技术实验

为满足在未来航天器上进行科学实验和空间探测的有效载荷数据采集、处理、存储、综合传输和数据管理需求 ,研制了中国第一个有效载荷数据管理系统 ;该系统在设计上采用了具有 90年代国际水平的多项先进技术 ,如采用先进的国际空间数据系统咨询委员会标准进行数据传输、以 15 5 3 B总线构成系统通信网络、大容量固态存储技术、高速多路复接器和数据管理系统软件。介绍了有效载荷数据管理系统及其技术特点 ,系统主要关键技术的设计与实现 ,以及由主要关键技术构成的缩微系统的在轨试验情况和结果。     

An overview of Japanese CELSS research activities.

Many research activities regarding Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) have been conducted and continued all over the world since the 1960's and the concept of CELSS is now changing from Science Fiction to Scientific Reality. Development of CELSS technology is inevitable for future long duration stays of human beings in space, for lunar base construction and for manned mars flight programs. CELSS functions can be divided into two categories, Environment Control and Material Recycling. Temperature, humidity, total atmospheric pressure and partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide, necessary for all living things, are to be controlled by the environment control function. This function can be performed by technologies already developed and used as the Environment Control Life Support System (ECLSS) of Space Shuttle and Space Station. As for material recycling, matured technologies have not yet been established for fully satisfying the specific metabolic requirements of each living thing including human beings. Therefore, research activities for establishing CELSS technology should be focused on material recycling technologies using biological systems such as plants and animals and physico-chemical systems, for example, a gas recycling system, a water purifying and recycling system and a waste management system. Based on these considerations, Japanese research activities have been conducted and will be continued under the tentative guideline of CELSS research activities as shown in documents /1/, /2/. The status of the over all activities are discussed in this paper.     

Hypothesis-test-based landcover change detection using multi-temporal satellite images – A comparative study

Remote sensing images and technologies have been widely applied to environmental monitoring, in particular landuse/landcover classification and change detection. However, the uncertainties involved in such applications have not been fully addressed. In this paper two hypothesis-test-based change detection methods, namely the bivariate joint distribution method and the conditional distribution method, are proposed to tackle the uncertainties in change detection by making decisions based on the desired level of significance. Both methods require a data set of class-dependent no-change pixels to form the basis for class-dependent hypothesis test. Using an exemplar study area in central Taiwan, performance of the proposed methods are shown to be significantly superior to two other commonly applied methods (the post-classification comparison and the image differencing methods) in terms of the overall change detection accuracies. The conditional distribution method takes into consideration the correlation between digital numbers of the pre- and post-images and the effect of the known pre-image digital number on the range of the post-image digital number, and therefore yields the highest change detection accuracy. It is also demonstrated that the class-dependent change detection is crucial for accurate landuse/landcover change detection.     

综合机载机电及环控系统新技术

首先对美国两种飞机综合机载机电系统发展方案做简单介绍,并进一步介绍了其中公共设备(机载机电)管理系统、多电飞机、"热油箱"燃油热管理系统、组合动力装置和热/能量管理组件等新技术概念内涵与关键问题,最后重点详细介绍了现代军用机先进的环控系统技术.      

Adjustment of systematic errors in ALS data through surface matching

Surface matching is a well researched topic in both Computer Vision (CV) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) or ground based light detection and ranging (LiDAR), but the extent of the range images derived from these technologies is typically orders of magnitude smaller than those derived from airborne laser scanning (ALS), also known as airborne LiDAR. Iterative closest point (ICP) and its variants have been successfully used to align and register multiple overlapping views of the range images for CV and TLS applications. However, many challenges are encountered in applying the ICP approach to ALS data sets. In this paper, we address these issues, explore the possibility of automating the algorithm, and present a technique to adjust systematic discrepancies in overlapping strips, using geometrical attributes in a given terrain. In this method, the ALS point samples used in the algorithm are selected depending on their ability to constrain the relative movement between the overlapping laser strips. The points from overlapping strips are matched through modified point to plane based on the ICP method.     

Downsizing an orbital space robot: A dynamic system based evaluation

Small space robots have the potential to revolutionise space exploration by facilitating the on-orbit assembly of infrastructure, in shorter time scales, at reduced costs. Their commercial appeal will be further improved if such a system is also capable of performing on-orbit servicing missions, in line with the current drive to limit space debris and prolong the lifetime of satellites already in orbit. Whilst there have been a limited number of successful demonstrations of technologies capable of these on-orbit operations, the systems remain large and bespoke. The recent surge in small satellite technologies is changing the economics of space and in the near future, downsizing a space robot might become be a viable option with a host of benefits. This industry wide shift means some of the technologies for use with a downsized space robot, such as power and communication subsystems, now exist. However, there are still dynamic and control issues that need to be overcome before a downsized space robot can be capable of undertaking useful missions. This paper first outlines these issues, before analyzing the effect of downsizing a system on its operational capability. Therefore presenting the smallest controllable system such that the benefits of a small space robot can be achieved with current technologies. The sizing of the base spacecraft and manipulator are addressed here. The design presented consists of a 3 link, 6 degrees of freedom robotic manipulator mounted on a 12U form factor satellite. The feasibility of this 12U space robot was evaluated in simulation and the in-depth results presented here support the hypothesis that a small space robot is a viable solution for in-orbit operations.     

大容量信息实时传输技术研究

在信道带宽受限的条件下,实现大容量信息的实时传输是面向空间应用的遥科学技术要解决的核心问题之一。提出了将双总线寻址与双Ｂｕｆｆｅｒ相结合的技术结构,从而实现了在规定的传输协议、规定的信息道链路带宽的约束条件下,视频图像的实时无缝传输与主动遥操作。通过一些关键性技术难点的突破,达到了在２Ｍｂｉｔ／ｓ码速率下按ＣＣＳＤＳ（空间数据系统协调委员会）的位流协议在地基上实时复现出高质量的视频图像序列。