星间测距对小卫星编队相对轨道状态的修正

相对轨道状态确定是小卫星编队正常工作的基础和重要保障.针对小型化、低成本的星载GPS接收机定轨精度较低的情况,提出一种利用单纯星间测距信息对卫星编队相对轨道进行修正的方法.引入星间测距信息,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波算法提高编队的相对轨道估计精度.通过仿真验证,证实了该方案的有效性.     

基于约化相对轨道拟平根数的长期稳定高精度卫星编队导航技术

针对基于星间相对测量的相对导航算法中由测量方程将相对轨道拟平根数转化为相对位置过程导致的模型非线性,提出一种基于约化相对轨道拟平根数的卫星编队导航方法.该方法通过编队卫星之间一段时间的切向漂移估计半长轴偏差,合理处理半长轴偏差对双星相对动力学的影响,克服了模型线性化造成的误差,能够实现长期稳定的高精度卫星编队导航.     

EKF/UKF在编队飞行卫星GPS相对导航中的应用

 　航天器编队飞行协调工作,必须精确确定各航天器的相对位置和相对速度,即进行编队飞行相对导航。将扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF,extended Kalman filter)和非线性滤波unscented Kalman filter(UKF)算法同时应用于编队飞行卫星的载波相位差分GPS相对导航。EKF与UKF算法原理不同,UKF算法的精度比EKF的精度高。在实际应用中,可以将两种算法组成互为备份的相对导航滤波器,这样可提高滤波系统冗余性能。     

基于对偶四元数的编队飞行卫星相对位姿描述

为统一描述编队飞行卫星中主从星的相对位置和姿态参数,利用对偶四元数,建立编队飞行卫星运动学模型,分析其物理意义,提出了基于对偶四元数的编队飞行卫星相对位姿描述的划船算法,并利用这一算法解算出相对位置和姿态参数,突破了传统方法中将卫星轨道和姿态分而治之的方式。仿真结果表明该算法科学合理,能够有效描述编队飞行卫星间的相对位置和姿态。     

采用无线电单独测量的编队卫星相对轨道自主确定

在实际工程应用中,编队卫星由于任务的要求使得部分测量设备(例如,激光设备)不可用,这就造成系统的观测性下降。文章将条件数应用于编队卫星系统的可观测度的定量计算;并针对编队卫星进行轨道机动时仅采用无线电进行测量的工况,采用强跟踪离散卡尔曼滤波(UKF)算法进行仿真计算。仿真结果表明该方法具有很强的跟踪能力,并且鲁棒性、稳定性和精度与常规UKF算法相当。     

分布式SAR超分辨成像的卫星编队构形优化设计方法

编队构形设计是分布式卫星系统总体设计的关键问题,提出了一种编队构形优化设计方法。针对主星带辅星群体制分布式合成孔径雷达(SAR)超分辨率任务,从优化系统效能的角度出发,将满足超分辨性能的时间比率和分辨率改善因子作为编队构形优化设计的目标函数,以基线矢量为中间变量,建立了目标函数与编队卫星轨道根数的关系,并采用遗传算法求解。对不同卫星数目的编队系统进行了优化设计仿真,并与干涉车轮和钟摆编队构形方案进行了分析比较,数值结果验证了该优化设计方法的有效性和正确性。该设计方法还可改变优化目标函数,以适应用户的任务要求。     

卫星编队飞行有限时间控制方法

针对卫星编队飞行相对位置控制问题,提出了一种有限时间控制方法.首先,建立了编队卫星相对运动的非线性动力学方程.其次,设计了有限时间快速收敛的滑模面,提出了一种有限时间控制方法,该方法能保证闭环控制系统的全局稳定性和快速收敛性,并给出了理论证明.最后,将提出的方法应用于卫星编队飞行维持控制.仿真结果表明该方法在收敛时间和控制精度方面均优于传统线性滑模控制和终端滑模控制.     

卫星编队飞行的相对轨道自主确定研究

为了研究卫星编队飞行相对轨道的自主确定,基于相对轨道根数建立编队卫星间的相对运动方程,利用测量所得到的星间距离和方位信息作为观测量。不同于目前广泛采用的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法,设计Unscented Kalman Filter(UKF)算法实现卫星编队飞行的相对轨道自主确定。仿真结果表明这种相对轨道自主确定方案能获得较高的定轨精度。     

微小卫星编队飞行解析构型维持控制方法

编队构型维持是卫星编队飞行的基础.J2摄动和大气阻力是影响近地轨道卫星编队构型的主要摄动力,通常导致星间相对速度的长期变化,从而造成编队构型发生漂移.本文针对近地轨道卫星编队飞行,基于平均化的思想,采用平均相对速度表示编队构型漂移率,推导了平均相对速度与脉冲速度增量之间的解析表达式.通过引入平均相对加速度,将摄动力下的相对运动等效为匀变速直线运动.将其与单边极限环控制方法结合,提出一种基于星间测距信息的解析构型维持控制策略.仿真结果表明,该解析算法简单有效,易于工程实现,尤其适合微小卫星的星间自主控制.      

多星对合作目标的分布式协同导航滤波算法

针对多颗在轨卫星对空间合作目标的协同导航问题,提出了一种适用于协同导航的分布式球面单形-径向容积求积分卡尔曼滤波（DSSRCQKF）算法。为了计算非线性滤波中的高斯加权积分,分别使用球面单形准则和二阶高斯-拉盖尔求积分准则计算球面积分和径向积分,提出了一种新的球面单形-径向容积求积分准则。将该准则嵌入分布式卡尔曼滤波框架中,结合协同导航的非线性数学模型,给出适用于协同导航的DSSRCQKF算法,该算法要求每颗导航星仅与其邻居星进行通信,通过数据的分布式融合实现对目标星轨道状态的一致估计,从而避免了传统集中式处理中较高的通信和计算压力。仿真实验结果表明,与分布式卡尔曼滤波相比,本文算法将对合作目标的实时定位精度提高了11 m,定速精度提高了0.02 m/s,从而验证了本文算法的有效性。      

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

清镇陨石（EH3）中陨硫钙石的REE微量元素及成因意义

本文运用INAA分析了14个清镇陨石中陨硫钙石单矿物颗粒的难熔元素(La、Ce、Sm、Eu、Yb、Lu、Ca、Sc、Hf和Th),挥发性元素(Na、Cr、Zn、Se、Br等)和亲铁元素(Fe、Ni、Co、Ir、Au、As)含量。结果表明陨硫钙石高度富集难熔亲石元素,是顽火辉石陨石中REE的主要载体,携带了约80％的全岩REE总量。相对于HREE,LREE有更大的富集程度,而且早期凝聚的颗粒较晚期凝聚的颗粒更富集REE,同时陨硫钙石富集挥发性元素Se、Br等。清镇陨硫钙石的微量元素特征揭示了它来自于太阳星云的高温凝聚特征和成因。     

柔性航天器IPACS建模与动力学分析

利用拟坐标下的拉格朗日方程和动量矩定理,建立了带变速控制力矩陀螺群(VSCMGs,Variable Speed Control Moment Gyroscopes)的柔性航天器的能量/姿态一体化控制系统(IPACS, Integrated Power/Attitude Control System)的动力学模型,该模型适合于姿态控制律设计及VSCMGs操纵律设计.采用动量管理和VSCMGs构型选取相结合的方法,有效地避免了VSCMGs设计时可能出现的奇异问题.分析了采用VSCMGs的柔性航天器IPACS中的动力学耦合问题,并以某大型航天器为例进行了数值仿真.分析和仿真结果显示出,当VSCMGs的力矩轴接近(或陷入)奇异或进行储/放能切换时,VSCMGs都会对柔性附件造成显著影响.      

Progress in tropospheric ammonia retrieval from the MIPAS satellite instrument

The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding is a polar orbiting high resolution mid-infrared emission limb sounder with a nominal vertical resolution of 3 km. Work to extend the list of routinely retrieved species led to the examination of ammonia, NH₃. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of upper tropospheric retrievals around 6-km altitude, discussing appropriate methods. We demonstrate a weak north to south gradient outside the error bars, using co-addition to improve signal-to-noise and compare these first results with a model.     

Monitoring spatio-temporal variations in aerosols and aerosol–cloud interactions over Pakistan using MODIS data

Clouds are important elements in climatic processes and interactions between aerosols and clouds are therefore a hot topic for scientific research. Aerosols show both spatial and temporal variations, which can lead to variations in the microphysics of clouds. In this research, we have examined the spatial and temporal variations in aerosol particles over Pakistan and the impact of these variations on various optical properties of clouds, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data from the Terra satellite. We used the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model for trajectory analysis to reveal the origins of air masses, with the aim of understanding these spatial and temporal variabilities in aerosol concentrations. We also documented seasonal variations in patterns of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over Pakistan, for which the highest values occur during the monsoon season (June–August). We then analyzed the relationships between AOD and four other cloud parameters, namely water vapour (WV), cloud fraction (CF), cloud top temperature (CTT) and cloud top pressure (CTP). Regional correlation maps and time series plots for aerosol (AOD) and cloud parameters were produced to provide a better understanding of aerosol–cloud interaction. The analyses showed strong positive correlations between AOD and WV for all of the eight cities investigated. The correlation between AOD and CF was positive for those cities where the air masses were predominantly humid, but negative for those cities where the air masses were relatively dry and carried a low aerosol abundance. These correlations were clearly dependent on the meteorological conditions for all of the eight cities investigated. Because of the observed AOD–CF relationship, the co-variation of AOD with CTP and CTT may be attributable to large-scale meteorological variations: AOD showed a positive correlation with CTP and CTT in northern regions of Pakistan and a negative correlation in southern regions.     

Technology development for a long duration,mid-cloud level Venus balloon

This paper describes the results of ongoing technology development activities for a Venus spherical superpressure balloon capable of flying for long durations (30 days) in the middle cloud layer at an altitude of 55.5 km. Data is presented from a successful aerial deployment and inflation flight experiment on a 5.5 m diameter prototype balloon conducted at a 2.5 km altitude above the Earth. Although the balloon in that test was not released for free flight, all other steps in the deployment and inflation process were successfully executed. Experimental and computational results are also presented from an investigation of the stress concentration phenomenon at the junction of the metal end fitting and fabric end cap of the prototype Venus balloon. Good agreement was found between the simulation and experimental results and a stress concentration factor of 1.55 determined for this end cap design compared to the expectations of thin membrane theory. Finally, results are presented for a new, second-generation Venus balloon material utilizing Aclar™ film instead of Teflon. Optical property and sulfuric acid tolerance data are presented for this material based on laboratory testing of samples.