"NASA材料基因工程2040规划"研究与思考

材料基因工程的实施是材料科学和工程应用发展的新趋势。在航空航天领域,大数据计算、集成计算材料工程以及材料多尺度建模和模拟设计等大大促进了航天器零部件及系统的快速发展。文章对"NASA材料基因工程2040规划"中计算体系建设的目的、功能及共同主题进行阐述,并概述了我国材料基因工程的实施及发展情况,将材料基因工程理念延伸至航天材料的研制,倡导航天材料基因工程,针对航天材料基因工程总体方向、核心技术、发展路线提出思考,旨在对我国航天材料的发展提供借鉴。     

航天材料基因工程及其若干关键技术

材料基因工程的理念和将空间环境与效应纳入到航天材料研制全流程的思路将对航天材料的开发带来颠覆性的革命。文章在对国内外材料基因组计划和航天材料需求分析的基础上,首先对航天材料基因工程的内涵进行阐述,进而对基于航天材料基因工程的航天材料研制流程进行分析,最后结合空间环境效应及材料基因工程,从计算工具、试验工具、数字化数据三个维度,提出空间多因素环境与航天材料的耦合作用机理、航天材料空间多因素环境效应等效评价方法、空间复杂使役环境下航天材料性能演化模型、航天材料空间环境效应数据库、基于材料基因工程的航天材料设计模型、航天材料研制的不确定性及优化方法等关键技术和发展方向。     

我国首颗“种子卫星”将上天

据《解放日报》报道，我国准备发射第一颗专门用于空间农作物育种的返回式“种子卫星”。目前发射所需的各种技术条件已经具备，国家农业部、中国空间技术研究院以及中科院正在积极做好各项准备工作，一旦时机成熟，即可操作实施。利用返回式卫星搭载农作物种子，开展空间育种技术研究和探索，是发展现代农业的一项全新尝试，也为培育更多农作物优质良种，实现农业高产、优质、高效开辟了诱人的前景。在此之前，我国已成功地完成了十多次农作物种子卫星搭载育种试验，并培育出了“太空水稻”、“太空小麦”、“太空青椒”、“太空番茄”等一…     

中国航天工程育种效益良好

据中国航天网2012年6月28日消息，伴随着中国航天事业的发展，航天工程育种研究日益成熟，一大批产量高、质量优的新品种脱颖而出。特别是“十一五”以来，已利用航天工程育种技术先后在水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆、油菜等多种农作物上培育出进入省级以上区域试验的优异新品系200多个，其中有近百个农作物新品种或新组合分别通过国家或省级品种审定。     

环境减灾二号A/B卫星在洪涝灾害农作物恢复动态监测中的应用

以受洪涝灾害影响的安徽省合肥市庐江县北部为研究区,综合利用2019—2021年环境减灾二号A、高分一号、高分六号等卫星多时相遥感数据源,通过建立不同类型的遥感波段指数,对洪涝灾害受灾范围和受灾范围内的农作物恢复情况开展动态评估。研究结果表明：基于归一化水体指数提取淹没范围的总体精度为92.6%,多时相归一化植被指数能够反映农作物的动态恢复情况。环境减灾二号A/B卫星能够以其幅宽大、时效性强的优势对受洪涝灾害影响的农作物恢复开展动态监测。     

我国航天育种三十年发展现状、问题及建议

<正>1987年8月,我国通过第九颗返回式科学试验卫星成功将第一批农作物种子等生物材料送入太空,开启了我国航天育种研究与发展的新时代。截至2017年年底,通过返回式卫星和神舟飞船,我国共计搭载生物种质材料29次,直接推动了我国航天育种的研究、发展与产业化。     

我国航天育种的发展

——1987年8月5日,随着我国第九颗返回式科学试验卫星的成功发射．一批水稻和青椒等农作物种子被送向了遥遥天际．这是我国农作物种子的首次太空之旅。当时，搭载作物种子的目的并不是想育种，只是想看看空间环境对植物遗传性是否有影响。     

“遥感卫星九号”

类别:属于新一代对地遥感卫星。用途:主要用于国土资源勘查、环境监测与保护、城市规划、农作物估产、防灾减灾和空间科学试     

明星档案

遥感卫星五号:类别:属于新一代对地遥感卫星。用途:主要用于国土资源勘查、环境监测与保护、城市规划、农作物估产、防灾减灾和空间科学试     

生命之圈——俄罗斯太空农场计划

中国有句古话:民以食为天,所以要坚持以农为本。到了太空也是颠簸不破的真理。在太空,航天员不仅要靠农作物吃饭,还要靠农作物呼吸。太空农场里的胡萝卜、甜菜、洋葱可不是简单意义上的食物,它们是航天员生命保障系统中的一部分,在孤寂遥远的太空,航天员甚至要和它们共存亡。怎么样,不相信?俄罗斯的太空农场计划可以为您验证。     

Research progress and accomplishments on International Space Station

The first research payloads reached the International Space Station (ISS) more than two years ago, with research operating continuously since March 2001. Seven research racks are currently on-orbit, with three more arriving soon to expand science capabilities. Through the first five expeditions, 60 unique NASA-managed investigations from 11 nations have been supported, many continuing into later missions. More than 90,000 experiment hours have been completed, and more than 1,000 hours of crew time have been dedicated to research, numbers that grow daily. The multidisciplinary program includes research in life sciences, physical sciences, biotechnology, Earth sciences, technology demonstrations as well as commercial endeavors and educational activities. The Payload Operations and Integration Center monitors the onboard activities around the clock, working with numerous Principal Investigators and Payload Developers at their remote sites. Future years will see expansion of the station with research modules provided by the European Space Agency and Japan, which will be outfitted with additional research racks.     

On the utilization of ENVISAT AATSR data for geological/hydrological applications

ENVISAT AATSR data over the Indian subcontinent have been procured from ESA and preprocessed with DESCW and BEAM 2.2 software for extraction of our area of interest. Two intensive test sites have been chosen, including a part of the Himalayan region and the Sundarban Delta. Calibration of AATSR thermal IR data for surface temperature modelling has been attempted over the Sundarban Delta region. Later, the surface temperature maps have been utilized to generate the momentary and daily evapotranspiration patterns over the area of interest which have been further used for broad land use/crop classifications. A simplified model suggested by Soer [Estimation of regional evapotranspiration and soil moisture conditions using remotely sensed crop surface temperatures, Remote Sensing of Environment 9 (1980) 27–45] has been used to estimate evapotranspiration over the area of interest. The results match with the earlier observation in this region. Further processing of AATSR data has been performed over the Himalayan region to extract two minor faults across the main thrust belts.     

Space, ethics and society. A CMES study

Ethical issues have for long been limited to the fields of medicine and biotechnology, whereas to-day such matters encompass a growing number of engineering activities. 21^st century citizens are more equiring about technoscientific claims and accomplishments. Has their impact on society and the ecological environment been measured and quantified? With all this accumulated knowledge and progress do they have the ability and means to resolve these self-created difficulties? Or will a totally new approach have to be sought? The debates include space activity not only because of the public funding needed but also because of the possible consequences on humans as well as the terrestrial, orbital or outer environment. Since the fall of 1998, CNES has undertaken the study of the role played by space activities in to-day's society and that of the future, seeking to clarify the objectives of the former with the expectations of the latter, and how they converge. The purpose of this study is to determine precisely the ethical responsibility of the space agencies and to pursue more sociological and philosophical research on the ethical scope of space activities.     

Some Features of Vibrational Perturbations onboard the MirOrbital Station

A number of scientific and technical experiments were carried out and are still being carried out onboard the Mirorbital station in various fields: physics of fluids, space materials study, astrophysics, biotechnology, and so on. The quality and reliability of space experiments are essentially dependent on a knowledge of real microgravitational situation onboard a satellite, which essentially depends on vibrational perturbations. A lot of vibration processes studies have been done up to now on the Mirstation in the following lines of research: control of dynamic and exploitation regimes when carrying out biotechnological and technological experiments; determination of the contribution of different onboard systems and mechanisms to the total vibration perturbations power; and investigation of distributions of microacceleration levels and dynamics of vibration processes in different modules and segments of the orbital station. This paper presents the results of the analysis of vibration perturbations produced by some standard onboard Mirstation systems in a configuration when the KVANT-2 and KRISTALL modules were arranged along the yaw axis of the mainframe. It is shown that due to strong requirements for tolerable levels of the microaccelerations onboard the International Space Station (ISS), the investigations of microgravitational situation, as an integral part of the technological environment, now have a high priority.     

Earth observation and UK science policy

This paper examines the way in which Earth observation is linked to UK science policy through the 1993 UK science White Paper and subsequent policy statements, and how the central theme of partnership has been developed in practice. An example of crop yield prediction is given to illustrate the strengths and the weaknesses of the approach. The UK science and space strategies are set in the context of the European Strategy for Space and links are made to the US global change research strategy.     

Bioconversion systems for food and water on long term space missions

An imperative for prolonged Space flight missions is the conservation of resources. Extensive resupply could pose technological and logistical challenges for those responsible for the management and successful completion of the mission. Therefore, the biological waste water reclamation system (BWWR) which requires little or no expendable supplies and the waste cellulose to edible mushroom conversion system (CMCS) which is conceived as a low energy crop waste recycling system are prototype instruments which have been conceived as solutions to the mission resupply problem. Out tests, conducted with relatively crude devices based on the original concepts, indicate that further research on the basic principles underlying the systems and refinement of the engineering designs will lead to hardware with the potential to satisfy the requirement for minimal re-supply while providing recycled water and edible mushrooms.     

The NASA astrobiology program

The new discipline of astrobiology addresses fundamental questions about life in the universe: "Where did we come from?" "Are we alone in the universe?" "What is our future beyond the Earth?" Developing capabilities in biotechnology, informatics, and space exploration provide new tools to address these old questions. The U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has encouraged this new discipline by organizing workshops and technical meetings, establishing a NASA Astrobiology Institute, providing research funds to individual investigators, ensuring that astrobiology goals are incorporated in NASA flight missions, and initiating a program of public outreach and education. Much of the initial effort by NASA and the research community was focused on determining the technical content of astrobiology. This paper discusses the initial answer to the question "What is astrobiology?" as described in the NASA Astrobiology Roadmap.     

Microgravity effects on water supply and substrate properties in porous matrix root support systems.

The control of water content and water movement in granular substrate-based plant root systems in microgravity is a complex problem. Improper water and oxygen delivery to plant roots has delayed studies of the effects of microgravity on plant development and the use of plants in physical and mental life support systems. Our international effort (USA, Russia and Bulgaria) has upgraded the plant growth facilities on the Mir Orbital Station (OS) and used them to study the full life cycle of plants. The Bulgarian-Russian-developed Svet Space Greenhouse (SG) system was upgraded on the Mir OS in 1996. The US developed Gas Exchange Measurement System (GEMS) greatly extends the range of environmental parameters monitored. The Svet-GEMS complex was used to grow a fully developed wheat crop during 1996. The growth rate and development of these plants compared well with earth grown plants indicating that the root zone water and oxygen stresses that have limited plant development in previous long-duration experiments have been overcome. However, management of the root environment during this experiment involved several significant changes in control settings as the relationship between the water delivery system, water status sensors, and the substrate changed during the growth cycles.     

Agronomy in space – China’s crop breeding program

Using the US-coined concept of space industrialization and reflecting the ongoing creation of a space economy, this paper maintains that China’s 20-odd years of practice and achievement in crop breeding in space should be seen as an integral part of any space economy. The paper analyzes the Chinese government’s space breeding policies, its support for it via financial allocation, and the relevant programs, and highlights the key achievements so far achieved in the sector. In conclusion, it outlines the main hurdles to crop breeding in space but looks forward to a bright future for this activity.     

Orbital remote sensing: Space technology applications in South-east Asia

The changing context of space remote sensing applications is described in terms of evolving needs and capabilities in South-east Asia and in terms of recent policy decisions in spacefaring nations. Emphasis is placed on the need for a technology which allows the monitoring of, eg the exploitation and degradation of natural resources, crop development, climatic effects and the like. The implications of policy adjustments in the US LANDSAT programme, including its proposed commercialization, are discussed, and the potential role of other existing and future satellites is reviewed.