跨声速机翼静气动弹性数值分析方法

本文给出一种以改进的跨声速守恒型全位势有限体积法为基础的机翼静气动弹性数值分析方法。改进发展了气动网格划分技术，使其对大后掠三角形机翼也能顺利适用。采用位移法计算机翼柔度影响矩阵。将非线性气动力与结构线化机翼弹性变形耦合迭代求解。当气动力和结构变形均收敛后，即求出弹性机翼的气动特性。通过算例计算，表明气动方法改进是成功的，弹性结果是合理的。跨声速范围弹性影响大，值得注意。     

大展弦比复合材料机翼结构建模与气动弹性分析

建立了具有任意截面形状的大展弦比复合材料翼的结构模型。研究了机翼的两种铺设方式：即周向均匀刚度配置（CUS）和周向反对称刚度配置（CAS）。对于复合箱梁情形,目前的结构建模方法正确性通过ANSYS有限单元软件得到了验证。为了研究具有NACA0012翼型的大展弦比复合材料机翼的气动弹性问题,利用线性ONERA空气动力模型来描述小攻角情形下的非定常空气动力载荷。最后,利用U—g法预示了机翼在各种复合层铺设角度下的颤振速度。     

蜻蜓前后翼相位特性和气动干扰的数值研究

 蜻蜓能通过改变前后翼间的相位实现对不同飞行姿态的控制。通过在动态非结构嵌套网格上求解非定常Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程,数值模拟三维蜻蜓模型在悬停(前进比J＝0)和中等前飞速度(J=0.3)两种状态下的流场,每种状态各计算0°~360°间隔30°的13个不同相位。考察气动力和气动功率随相位的变化关系以及前后翼间的气动干扰。结果发现,平均举力和平均气动功率随相位的变化呈U型分布,举力足够用于平衡重力,气动功率也符合蜻蜓真实飞行的统计数据。90°～270°的较宽相位范围内,两翼间的气动干扰较为强烈且比较稳定,该范围内能量消耗较小,功率最省,在一定程度上解释了蜻蜓翼具有特定相位的现象。     

复合式共轴直升机飞行动力学数学模型研究

建立了复合式共轴直升机的飞行动力学数学模型。根据复合式共轴直升机的构型特点,计入上下旋翼,旋翼与机翼之间的相互气动干扰,建立了旋翼、机翼等部件的气动计算模型。以某小型复合式共轴直升机为例,运用牛顿迭代法完成了3种飞行模式下的配平计算,得到了从悬停到高速前飞各种飞行状态下的操纵量和状态量,分析了复合式共轴直升机飞行的物理...     

倾转旋翼机旋翼对机翼气动干扰的建模及分析

建立了一个耦合旋翼自由尾迹模型和机翼面元模型的悬停状态旋翼/机翼气动干扰迭代计算方法,用于分析旋翼对机翼的气动干扰影响.在该方法中,为较好地模拟大桨盘载荷及大扭转桨叶的气动特征,旋翼桨叶采用Weissinger-L升力面模型;为考虑厚度效应及机翼的升力影响,建立了包含源面元和偶极子面元的厚度机翼模型;为正确模拟旋翼桨尖涡与机翼表面间的贴近干扰,采用了一个"分析数值匹配法"的"贴近涡/面干扰模型".应用上述方法,对单独倾转旋翼下洗流分布以及旋翼对机翼的气动干扰影响进行了计算.结果表明,在旋翼下洗流场的干扰下,机翼各剖面都产生向下载荷,但并非简单地随拉力系数的增大而增大;机翼受到的旋翼干扰影响与旋翼下洗流沿桨叶展向变化密切相关.     

三维仿生悬停扑翼的时间非对称扑动气动特性

基于对现有黄蜂飞行观察实验的分析,建立了不同下扑和上挥时间非对称扑动悬停扑翼运动轨迹模型,并采用数值求解三维层流Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程的方法,研究了采用不同下扑和上挥时间比的仿生悬停扑翼气动特性.结果表明采用适当的时间非对称扑动可以增强悬停扑翼的气动性能.进一步通过对不同时间非对称扑动扑翼流场分析得出,采用时间非对称扑动不但可以增强使扑翼产生高升力的旋转环流机制,而且还可以增强扑翼表面涡流和展向流的强度,从而使扑翼具有更好的气动性能.      

Nonlinear dynamics of a flapping rotary wing: Modeling and optimal wing kinematic analysis

The analysis of the passive rotation feature of a micro Flapping Rotary Wing(FRW)applicable for Micro Air Vehicle(MAV) design is presented in this paper. The dynamics of the wing and its influence on aerodynamic performance of FRW is studied at low Reynolds number(~10~3).The FRW is modeled as a simplified system of three rigid bodies: a rotary base with two flapping wings. The multibody dynamic theory is employed to derive the motion equations for FRW. A quasi-steady aerodynamic model is utilized for the calculation of the aerodynamic forces and moments. The dynamic motion process and the effects of the kinematics of wings on the dynamic rotational equilibrium of FWR and the aerodynamic performances are studied. The results show that the passive rotation motion of the wings is a continuous dynamic process which converges into an equilibrium rotary velocity due to the interaction between aerodynamic thrust, drag force and wing inertia. This causes a unique dynamic time-lag phenomena of lift generation for FRW, unlike the normal flapping wing flight vehicle driven by its own motor to actively rotate its wings. The analysis also shows that in order to acquire a high positive lift generation with high power efficiency and small dynamic time-lag, a relative high mid-up stroke angle within 7–15° and low mid-down stroke angle within -40° to -35° are necessary. The results provide a quantified guidance for design option of FRW together with the optimal kinematics of motion according to flight performance requirement.     

考虑气动弹性变形影响的跨声速机翼设计方法研究

根据气动－结构一体化的设计思想,发展了一种考虑气动弹性变形影响的跨声速机翼ＣＦＤ设计方法。设计实践表明,采用适当的结构弹性模型,方法可以在计算机机翼静弹性变形影响的情况下设计出压力分布收敛于指定目标的新机翼,因此在跨声速机翼型架外形的设计和史 起初外形设计中具有良好的实用价值。     

一种仿蜜蜂类昆虫扑翼悬停控制的仿真估算研究

基于准稳态气动力模型,推导了仿蜜蜂类昆虫扑翼气动力和力矩估算公式,建立了扑翼运动函数.将仿蜜蜂类昆虫扑翼视为空间运动刚体,在其动力学方程基础上,采用分层控制策略研究悬停控制问题.外层为位置控制,X和Y位置应用PD控制算法,Z位置应用切换控制方法;内层姿态控制采用切换控制方法,并选择了一套机翼运动参数用于切换控制.最后进行了仿蜜蜂类昆虫扑翼悬停控制仿真试验,试验结果表明所设计的控制策略是有效的,一旦昆虫扑翼受到干扰偏离平衡位置后,通过自动调节能够回到平衡位置附近.      

Experimental investigation of influence of strake wings on self-induced roll motion at high angles of attack

The modern high performance air vehicles are required to have extreme maneuverability,which includes the ability of controlled maneuvers at high angle of attack. However, the nonlinear and unsteady aerodynamic phenomena, such as flow separation, vortices interaction, and vortices breaking down, will occur during the flight at high angle of attack, which could induce the uncommanded motions for the air vehicles. For the high maneuverable and agile air missile, the nonlinear roll motions would occur at the high angle of attack. The present work is focused on the selfinduced nonlinear roll motion for a missile configuration and discusses the influence of the strake wings on the roll motion according to the results from free-to-roll test and PIV measurement using the models assembled with different strake wings at a = 60°. The free-to-roll results show that the model with whole strake wings(baseline), the model assembled with three strake wings(Case A)and the model assembled with two opposite strake wings(Case C) experience the spinning, while the model assembled with two adjacent strake wings(Case B), the model assembled with one strake wing(Case D) and the model with no strake wing(Case E) trim or slightly vibrate at a certain "×"rolling angle, which mean that the rolling stability can be improved by dismantling certain strake wings. The flow field results from PIV measurement show that the leeward asymmetric vortices are induced by the windward strake wings. The vortices would interact the strake wings and induce crossflow on the downstream fins to degrade the rolling stability of the model. This could be the main reason for the self-induced roll motion of the model at a = 60°.     

一种非对称折叠扑翼的风洞试验与数值模拟

为了解鸟类翅膀折叠运动的作用,对一个专利中的折叠扑翼机构进行了数学建模,外翼的折叠运动由非定常过程中的气动力、弹性恢复力矩和惯性力决定.利用风洞试验和数值模拟两种方式对该折叠扑翼模型进行了研究.数值模拟和风洞试验结果表明:相对于非折叠扑翼,折叠翼能够有效提高平均升力;在一定范围内增加内翼扑动频率可以提高折叠翼平均升力系...     

前/后掠机翼气动特性对比分析

基于NACA0012对称翼型设计了前掠机翼、后掠机翼和平直机翼,采用CFD方法计算了3种机翼的升力系数、阻力系数和俯仰力矩系数,通过压力云图和流线图分析了3种机翼的气动特性及流动机理。研究结果表明:前掠机翼上表面的流动是由翼尖流向翼根,翼根首先出现分离,而后掠机翼上表面的流动是由翼根流向翼尖,翼尖首先出现分离,平直机翼由于受翼尖涡的下洗影响,翼根首先出现分离;在30°斜掠角下,前掠机翼形成了机翼前缘涡,表现出旋涡流态气动特性。研究结果揭示了不同机翼之间的流动差异,有助于在飞行器设计过程中选择合适的气动布局。     

上仰三角翼的流动与频率特性

在水洞和风洞中分别完成了上仰三角翼的流动显示和动态测压试验,目的是研究上仰-停止三角翼的流动和频率特性。水洞中的流动显示试验结果表明,在不同的上仰迎角范围和不同的简化频率k值下,三角翼前缘涡破裂点的位置变化是不相同的。通过分析在风洞中测得的三角翼做上仰运动时的压力信号的结果表明,在破裂涡区中,在相同的名义迎角下,无量纲螺旋波的主频比静态时的高,且k值越大无量纲螺旋波频率越高。不同后掠角的三角翼均能得到相似的结论。     

微型旋转翼与拍动翼气动力特性的比较

 用拟压缩性法求解三维非定常不可压N-S方程,研究了旋转翼及拍动翼的气动力和流场。当昆虫正常悬停时,如果翅膀旋转,产生的平均升力以及气动效率并不比拍动时的差,甚至还略好,因此,厘米级微型飞行器可以采用旋转翼,这比拍动模式容易实现。另外,小迎角旋转时升阻比可达3.1（在15°迎角,雷诺数4 000情况下）,气动效率较高而且升力系数不小,多个桨叶可以产生很大的升力。因此,在悬停时,多个桨叶小迎角旋转是厘米级微型飞行器的一个很好的方案。     

微型扑翼飞行器扑翼/尾翼气动干扰的数值研究

以二维刚性约束条件下的微型扑翼飞行器模型为研究对象,在动网格技术基础上,应用非定常数值分析手段对比分析了单翼/纵列翼布局的气动性能,深入研究了纵列翼缩减频率、扑翼—尾翼无量纲水平间距、来流攻角对其气动性能的影响.结果表明:①纵列翼尾翼对扑翼产生正效应干扰,相对于单翼布局,扑翼—尾翼无量纲水平间距为0.5倍翼型弦长时的纵列翼布局的推力系数和推进效率分别增加28.7%和5.7%;②缩减频率是影响推力的关键参数,随着缩减频率的增加,脱落涡的强度增加,推力系数增大.对于单翼、纵列翼两种布局模式,当缩减频率在1.0附近时推进效率达到最优;③对于纵列翼布局,在扑翼—尾翼无量纲水平间距为1.1倍翼型弦长时推进效率达到峰值;④在0°~20°来流攻角变化范围内,随着来流攻角的增加,升力系数增加,推力系数减小,当来流攻角大于9°时,两种布局的推力均为负值.      

基于CFD的变后掠翼单速度最优后掠角预测模型

为延长飞行器续航时间,探索变后掠翼飞行器控制规律,根据新型变后掠翼飞行器模型,探究了通过飞行器速度及迎角来控制弹翼后掠角度,以达到最优气动性能,从而使该飞行器获得更长续航力.选取飞行马赫数为0.4～0.8、前缘后掠角度为15°～45°内的39个关键点,在迎角为0°～14°范围内进行CFD仿真,将仿真结果在不同数学模型下...     

基于PD控制的仿昆虫扑翼样机研制

仿昆虫微型扑翼飞行器（FW-MAN）可以模仿昆虫悬停、垂直起飞以及侧飞等飞行姿态,从而适应复杂多障碍环境,具有广阔的应用前景。成功设计研制了一款重23.8 g,翼展18 cm,扑动幅值180°,扑动频率可达22 Hz的可垂直起飞的仿昆虫微型扑翼飞行器。采用曲柄摇杆与滑轮的组合机构作为样机扑动机构以解决原有样机扑动方案存在高摩擦及结构复杂等问题,样机翅翼设计为具有扭转角度的柔性翅翼从而使样机具有更高的气动效率。考虑到现有的姿态调节机制存在增加机构复杂度问题,基于翅翼扭转的姿态调节机制,设计了相应的控制调节机构,并搭建了样机气动力测量平台和姿态调节平台。气动升力与姿态力矩测量结果表明,样机翅翼可提供足够升力,姿态调节机制具有可行性。在此基础上,选取PD （Proportional Differential）控制律作为样机控制方式,为解决参数调定耗时及直接试飞样机不易观察控制效果问题,基于姿态调节平台获取了初始控制参数,然后对样机进行了多次试飞实验,并多次调定参数,最终实现了样机稳定垂直起飞。     

Experimental investigations of a full model with adaptive elasto-flexible membrane wings

The morphing wing concept aims to constantly adapt the aerodynamics to different flight stages. The wing is able to adapt to different flight conditions by an adjustable Aspect Ratio (AR) and sweep. A high AR configuration provides high aerodynamic efficiency, while a low AR configuration, with highly swept wings offers a good maneuverability. Additionally, the flexible membrane allows the wing surface to stretch and contract in-plane as well as the airfoil to adapt to different aerodynamic loads. In the context of this work, the aerodynamic characteristics of a full model with form-adaptive elasto-flexible membrane wings are investigated experimentally. The focus is on the high-lift regime and on the analysis of the aerodynamic coefficients as well as their sensitivities. Especially, the lateral aerodynamic derivatives at asymmetric wing positions are of interest.     

小展弦比飞翼布局作战飞机偏航轴飞行品质评定

依据MIL—STD—1797A飞行品质规范,对小展弦比飞翼布局作战飞机的偏航轴飞行品质进行了评定研究。评定结果表明：由于构型的原因,飞翼布局飞机本体的稳定特性和阻尼特性都较差,因此飞行控制系统对其动态响应特性的调节作用更加明显。稳态配平特性主要受构型的影响,飞翼布局飞机一般不能完全满足飞行品质的要求。由于可控性的设计要求需采用多操纵面的组合操纵,控制分配技术导致某些现有的品质准则需要修改。小展弦比飞翼布局飞机取消了垂尾（方向舵）并采用了新型操纵面（ICE）,在某些情形下对偏航轴操纵效能的需求与常规飞机相比存在较大的差异。总之,在飞翼布局作战飞机的构型设计、飞控系统设计以及飞行品质评定条款的制定、实施中,均需考虑这些新的飞行品质特性。     

Aerodynamic performance of hovering micro revolving wings in ground and ceiling effects at low Reynolds number

Numerous investigations have been conducted to understand the wall effects on rotors. The purpose of this study is to further investigate the aerodynamic performance of revolving wings, especially when it is very close to the ground and ceiling (i.e., less than half the wingspan) at low Reynolds numbers. Hence, the ground and ceiling effect for hovering micro revolving wings at low Reynolds numbers are investigated by improving the theoretical models. The theoretical model for the ground effect is established based on the wall-jet assumption, and that for the ceiling effect is improved by considering the uneven spanwise distribution of induced velocity. These two models are validated by comparing the results of experiments and CFD simulations with the Lattice-Boltzmann Method (LBM). Both ground and ceiling effects are found helpful to enhance the thrust, especially with small wing-wall distances, by making a difference to the induced velocity and the pressure distribution. By comparing the thrust generation and aerodynamic efficiency between the ground and ceiling effects, the former is found more helpful to the thrust augmentation, and the latter is more beneficial for the aerodynamic efficiency promotion.