落弹舱的微重力环境

本文首先建立了分析落弹舱运动的各种坐标系,给出了解算姿态运动参数的数学模型.然后根据落弹舱微重力加速度的物理背景,对其微重力环境进行了数学描述和物理解释,推导了舱内任意部位微重力加速度表达式,阐明影响微重力环境的主要因素是气动阻力和姿态角运动.最后分析和近似估算了落弹舱的微重力水平,给出了气动阻力对落弹舱微重力水平影响的数值计算结果:平流层气球在30km以上释放落弹舱,优于5×10-2g的微重力持续时间超过30秒.      

姿态运动对落舱微重力的影响研究

本文采用试验的均匀设计方法，结合对气动力矩的理论估算，利用计算机仿真，研究了姿态运动对落舱微重力水平的影响．结果表明，在落舱下落的前60s内，要想保持优于10(－3)g数量级的微重力水平，以满足一般科学实验的要求，则必须安装姿态控制系统．     

1990年中国返回式卫星的微重力水平监测

叙述了1990年中国返回式卫星采用的微重力测量系统概况、微重力测量数据的处理方法、微重力测量结果与分折。指出:这是国内首次空间微重力水平监测;研制的JS05-1A 微重力测量仪动态精度优于4μg,响应时间6ms,达到了国际同类仪器的先进水平;该仪器为指导优化空间晶体生长的微重力环境及了解卫星工作状况提供了有力手段。通过对该卫星微重力水平监测所获得的73505对数据进行分折,发现有效载荷动作是影响卫星微重力水平的主要因素,为10~(-4)g 量级;有效载荷不动作时,除1.23%的时间存在10~(-4)g量级不明干扰外,有97.6%的时间微重力的绝对值小于4×10~(-5)g,仅O.3%的时间在10~(-4)g 量级。     

微重力环境下半球形贮箱液体重定位试验研究

本文利用落塔形成的微重力环境,对半球形贮箱中液体重定位问题进行了试验研究。所用液体与半球形箱壁之间的接触角为零并在加载前形成了失重初始凹液面.本试验分侧向不加干扰及加干扰两种初始条件.通过高速摄影机观察了液体重定位的全过程并测量了重定位流速和重定位时间。试验结果表明,液体重定位呈壁流流型.实测重定位时间与理论估算值一致.      

空间在轨流体输运稳定性落塔实验

空间流体管理是微重力流体科学的重要研究方向之一,而有外力驱动的开口流道毛细流动界面稳定性研究是其重要的内容.设计研制了一种微重力双流道流体输运实验装置,采用的两个流道分别为截面相同的对称内角和非对称内角,并有相同的开口长度,在百米微重力落塔进行了10次双舱实验.通过分析不同流量下的液面特性,判定流动的类别,将流动形态分为亚临界、临界和超临界三种,确定了两个流道的临界流量,并对两个流道毛细流动的特征进行了比较.      

微重力燃烧实验火焰结构显示和全场温度测量的原理样机

用于空间燃烧实验的设备要求轻重量、小尺寸和多功能. 将纹影法、彩虹纹影偏折法与差分干涉法相结合, 研制了可用于火焰结构显示和全场温度测量的原理样机. 该原理样机具有重量轻、尺寸小、模块化和多功能等特点. 通过微重力落塔实验, 检验了利用纹影法测量火焰结构的功能, 同时在常重力条件下检验了利用彩虹纹影偏折法和差分干涉法测量火焰全场温度的功能. 结果表明, 火焰结构分辨率不低于1mm, 火焰温度测量结果精确, 相对误差小于2%. 该原理样机将提升空间燃烧的观察方法, 有助于未来空间燃烧实验的开展.      

悉数实践-10卫星的"第一"头衔

1 我国第一颗专门的微重力科学实验卫星 实践-10返回式科学实验卫星是为开展多项"微重力科学和空间生命科学"空间实验而专门量身定做的返回式卫星.卫星的承载能力、微重力水平、实验载荷服务支持能力等较以往返回式卫星均有进一步提升,是我国新一代具有安全回收、适应中长期在轨试验、应用灵活和成本低廉的空间科学实验平台.在结构布局上,它充分继承了以往返回式卫星的结构特点,外形是一个圆柱圆锥组合体,内部则是由4个舱段构成的仪器舱及返回舱.根据任务要求,实践-10卫星在轨道设计上也进行了调整,由以往返回式卫星的椭圆轨道变为圆轨道,这一改变,大大提高了微重力水平,为更好地开展微重力环境下的科学实验提供了有力的支撑.     

微重力池沸腾传热研究

对利用中国返回式卫星搭载开展的两次微重力池沸腾空间实验及地基常重力和落塔短时微重力实验的结果进行了评述. 研究发现微重力时丝状加热器沸腾传热会略有强化, 而平板加热器则在高热流条件下明显恶化. 微重力时, 气泡脱落前存在沿加热面的横向运动, 加剧了相邻气泡间的合并, 合并气泡会在其表面振荡作用下从加热面脱落. Marangoni 效应对于微重力气泡行为有重要影响.      

飞机起落架机轮水平载荷的测量方法

通过分析3点支撑落震平台的动态受力情况,确定了起落架机轮投放到落震平台上后,落震平台水平方向的各种载荷情况,从而利用测量落震平台水平载荷的间接测量方法,建立了起落架机轮水平载荷测量方法的数学模型,并采用在落震试验台水平方向上进行试验标定的方法,确定了数学模型中的有关待定系数.根据起落架落震试验结果和该数学模型,可以得到考虑动态效应的起落架机轮水平载荷.应用结果表明,提出的测量起落架机轮水平载荷的方法比原来使用的静力测量方法更合理、更可信.      

空间在轨流体输运双槽道微重力实验装置

空间在轨流体输运双槽道微重力实验装置通过在微重力环境下对开口槽道中的流动进行观察,可以分析研究微重力下流体输运的稳定特性.双槽道形式的实验装置在单次实验中可同时对两种不同截面,不同流量的槽道流动进行观测,同时可有效提升落塔实验效率,减少不同槽道对比实验中的不确定因素.针对双槽道流体实验装置设计的关键问题,例如密封、压力补偿、设备布局等,提出了实验装置的系统结构及落塔实验步骤.在落塔短时微重力环境中,采用氟化液（HFE7500）流体介质,利用本实验装置成功观测到槽道流体输运流动与失稳现象.      

Advances of Microgravity Sciences

Advances of microgravity sciences in China are introduced. The research works include ground-based study and space experiments. In the recent years, the main means still are theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, ground-based experiment, and short-time microgravity experiments of drop tower. Besides, many space experiment projects are arranged. SJ-10 recoverable satellite will carry out 19 scientific experiment projects. Nine of them are for microgravity Sciences. The other ways for space microgravity experiment are with the help of Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft, Chinese Tiangong space laboratory, and Chinese space station in the near future. The Chinese space station will become main platform of Chinese microgravity sciences experiment in space.      

微重力环境下蓄液器流体蓄留特性的试验研究

为验证板式贮箱蓄液器的蓄液性能,搭建了蓄液器模型试验系统,针对蓄液器模型的蓄液性能和流体传输行为进行微重力落塔试验研究,得到微重力环境下蓄液器的流体蓄留和传输规律.试验结果表明,相对于楔形蓄液器,双圆锥形蓄液器具有更好的蓄液能力,对于双圆锥形蓄液器,承受侧向加速度时仍具有良好的蓄液能力,合理设计蓄液器结构可有效地蓄留液体并控制液体传输速度.该试验成果不仅为新型板式流体管理部件设计优化提供参考,同时也为空间环境下流体控制提供了一种新方法.     

Numerical simulation of time delay interferometry for a LISA-like mission with the simplification of having only one interferometer

In order to attain the requisite sensitivity for LISA, laser frequency noise must be suppressed below the secondary noises such as the optical path noise, acceleration noise etc. In a previous paper (Dhurandhar, S.V., Nayak, K.R., Vinet, J.-Y. Time delay interferometry for LISA with one arm dysfunctional. Class. Quantum Grav. 27, 135013, 2010), we have found a large family of second-generation analytic solutions of time delay interferometry with one arm dysfunctional, and we also estimated the laser noise due to residual time-delay semi-analytically from orbit perturbations due to Earth. Since other planets and solar-system bodies also perturb the orbits of LISA spacecraft and affect the time delay interferometry (TDI), we simulate the time delay numerically in this paper for all solutions with the generation number n ? 3. We have worked out a set of 3-year optimized mission orbits of LISA spacecraft starting at January 1, 2021 using the CGC2.7 ephemeris framework. We then use this numerical solution to calculate the residual optical path differences in the second-generation solutions of our previous paper, and compare with the semi-analytic error estimate. The accuracy of this calculation is better than 1 cm (or 30 ps). The maximum path length difference, for all configuration calculated, is below 1 m (3 ns). This is well below the limit under which the laser frequency noise is required to be suppressed. The numerical simulation in this paper can be applied to other space-borne interferometers for gravitational wave detection with the simplification of having only one interferometer.     

侧向微重力环境下板式表面张力贮箱内推进剂晃动行为分析

侧向微重力是航天器在轨飞行时在东西位置保持和南北位置保持状态时所处的加速度环境.由于航天器贮箱内推进剂在侧向加速度环境下的重定位过程易产生晃动,因此侧向加速度环境对贮箱内推进剂管理装置(PMD)的管理能力的要求更高.为确保板式贮箱对推进剂的在轨管理能力,需要开展一系列的数值仿真与试验对PMD的管理能力进行验证.本文以板...     

微重力环境下的表面张力及无接触测量

表面张力是材料重要的物理化学参数之一, 尤其在微重力条件下, 由表面张力引起的科学现象一直备受关注. 静滴法是地面重力条件下进行熔体表面张力测量的主要方法, 该方法的测量结果精确, 但在微重力环境下该法应用尚存在一些问题. 本文基于对表面张力理论的思考, 阐述了对其测量方法的认识和见解, 并讨论了地面上采用静滴法对熔体的表面张力进行测量研究以及静滴法在微重力条件下应用的困难. 进而介绍了利用悬浮技术进行熔体表面张力测量的无接触测量方法, 特别介绍了电磁悬浮法, 该法避免了由于容器接触带入杂质所引起的误差, 尤其在微重力条件下消除了重力的影响, 测量精度得到显著提高.      

Finding the suitable drag-free acceleration noise level for future low-low satellite-to-satellite tracking geodesy missions

This paper evaluates the impact of residual acceleration noise on the estimation of the Earth’s time-varying gravity field for future low-low satellite-to-satellite tracking missions. The goal is to determine the maximum level of residual acceleration noise that does not adversely affect the estimation error. The Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) has provided monthly average gravity field solutions in spherical harmonic coefficients for more than a decade. It provides information about land and ocean mass variations with a spatial resolution of ～350?km and with an accuracy within 2?cm throughout the entire Earth. GRACE Follow-on was launched in May 2018 to advance the work of GRACE and to test a new laser ranging interferometer, which measures the range between the two satellites with higher precision than the K-Band ranging system used in GRACE. Moreover, there have been simulation studies that show, an additional pair of satellites in an inclined orbit increases the sampling frequency and reduces temporal aliasing errors. Given the fact that future missions will likely continue to use the low-low satellite-to-satellite tracking formation with laser ranging interferometry, it is expected that the residual acceleration noise will become one of the largest error contributor for the time-variable gravity field solution. We evaluate three different levels of residual acceleration noise based on demonstrated drag-free systems to find a suitable drag-free performance target for upcoming geodesy missions. We analyze both a single collinear polar pair and the optimal double collinear pair of drag-free satellites and assume the use of a laser ranging interferometer. A partitioned best linear unbiased estimator that was developed, incorporating several novel features from the ground up is used to compute the solutions in terms of spherical harmonics. It was found that the suitable residual acceleration noise level is around 2?×?10^?12?ms^?2?Hz^?1/2. Decreasing the acceleration noise below this level did not result in more accurate gravity field solutions for the chosen mission architecture.     

Performance of a simple Closed Aquatic Ecosystem (CAES) in space.

A simple Closed Aquatic Ecosystem (CAES) consisting of single-celled green algae (Chlorella pyrenoidosa, producer), a spiral snail (Bulinus australianus, consumer) and a data acquisition and control unit was flown on the Chinese Spacecraft SHENZHOU-II in January 2001 for 7 days. In order to study the effect of microgravity on the operation of CAES, a 1 g centrifuge reference group in space, a ground 1 g reference group and a ground 1 g centrifuge reference group (1.4 g group) were run concurrently. Real-time data about algae biomass (calculated from transmission light intensity), temperature, light and centrifugation of the CAES were logged at minute intervals. It was found that algae biomass of both the microgravity group and the ground 1 g-centrifuge reference group (1.4 g) fluctuated during the experiment, but the algae biomass of the 1 g centrifuge reference group in space and the ground 1 g reference group increased during the experiment. The results may be attributable to influences of microgravity and 1.4 g gravity on the algae and snails metabolisms. Microgravity is the main factor to affect the operation of CAES in space and the contribution of microgravity to the effect was also estimated. These data may be valuable for the establishment of a complex CELSS in the future.     

空间光学敏感器像素位置精确测量技术发展现状

为提高空间指向测量仪器的精度,满足极高测量精度的任务需求,图像传感器像素位置偏差对星点质心定位精度的影响不容忽视.激光干涉法是目前国内外对像素位置偏差进行测量的主流方法.文章对图像传感器像素位置偏差的成因及影响进行说明,对国内外开展的激光干涉测量像素位置偏差技术进行介绍与整理,对像素位置偏差测量技术遇到的关键问题,技术难点及其未来发展趋势进行梳理和总结.     

双波长全息干涉术的实验研究

双波长全息干涉术利用激光器发出的两个或两个以上不同的波长对物体拍摄全息干涉图,相当于用一个等效波长λeq对物体进行干涉测量,从而扩大了测量范围。在改进的泰曼干涉系统中，采用双曝光法双波长全息干涉术对一个抛物面反射镜的面形进行了补偿法检验，最终得到的干涉图样易于分析和判读。实验表明，对于光学元件的面形检验，尤其是非球面元件的面形检验，双波长全息干涉术是一种可行的测量新方法。