Effect of Sintering Conditions on Structure of Manganese Zinc Ferrite Powders

The structures of the Mn-Zn ferrites synthesized under different sintering conditions by the sol-gel method were investigated by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with focus on two factors: the pre-sintering treatment and the calcining time. The results show that the sintering conditions have significant effects on the structures and the particle size of the Mn-Zn ferrites. Compared with the products without pre-sintering, those pre-sintered at 500 ℃ have a single phase and no diffraction peaks of Fe2O3 that could be found. The effects of the pre-sintering temperature on the structures of the ferrites were also studied. As a result, 500 ℃ proves to be the favorite in the pre-sintering treatment. The XRD patterns of the ferrites calcined at 1 200 ℃ for 6 h will present diffraction peaks of pure crystallization of spinel phase while those for 2 h or 4 h will show peaks of Fe2O3. The SEM also bears witness to well-grown grains of pure Mn-Zn ferrites if calcined for 6 hours.     

A step deformation method for superplasticity improvement of coarse-grained Ti–15V–3Cr-3Sn-3Al

Ti–15V–3Cr–3Sn–3Al(Ti–15–3), a kind of metastable beta titanium which has high specific strength and good cold-formability, is highlighted for applications in the aerospace manufacture industry. However, the technique for improving its formability at elevated temperatures is still a challenge at present. In this work, a step deformation method is proposed for superplasticity improvement of coarse grained Ti–15–3 plates at temperatures around its beta transus. The effects of the strain rate and the strain at the first stage on the superplasticity are investigated. The results show an increase of the strain rate sensitivity and a decrease of the flow stress under the step deformation mode compared to those obtained under constant strain rates at 780℃. The maximum strain to failure obtained in the step mode is 93% higher than that deformed in the constant strain rate mode. Strain rates, strains at the first stage, and temperatures have influences on the superplasticity improvement. The deformation mechanism is concluded as subgrain formation accommodated by grain boundary sliding rate-controlled by dislocation climb. The improved m value in the step deformation is accounted to the extra dislocation density produced during the strain rate reduction.     

Effect of Sintering Conditions on Structure of Manganese Zinc Ferrite Powders

The structures of the Mn-Zn ferrites synthesized under different sintering conditions by the sol-gel method were investigated by the X-ray diffraction （XRD） and the scanning electron microscopy （SEM） with focus on two factors： the pre-sintering treatment and the calcining time. The results show that the sintering conditions have significant effects on the structures and the particle size of the Mn-Zn ferrites. Compared with the products without pre-sintering, those pre-sintered at 500℃ have a single phase and no diffraction peaks of Fe2O3 that could be found. The effects of the pre-sintering temperature on the structures of the ferrites were also studied. As a result, 500℃ proves to be the favorite in the pre-sintering treatment. The XRD patterns of the ferrites calcined at 1 200℃ for 6 h will present diffraction peaks of pure crystallization of spinel phase while those for 2 h or 4 h will show peaks of Fe2O3. The SEM also bears witness to well-grown grains of pure Mn-Zn ferrites if calcined for 6 hours.     

Experimental Investigation into Characteristics of Plasma Aerodynamic Actuation Generated by Dielectric Barrier Discharge

This article carries out synthetic measurements and analysis of the characteristics of the asymmetric surface dielectric barrier discharge plasma aerodynamic actuation.The rotational and vibrational temperatures of an N2 (C3Пu) molecule are measured in terms of the optical emission spectra from the N2 second positive system.A simplified collision-radiation model for N2(C) and N2+(B) is established on the basis of the ratio of emission intensity at 391.4 nm to that at 380.5 nm and the ratio of emission intensity at 371.1 nm to that at 380.5 nm for calculating temporal and spatial averaged electron temperatures and densities.Under one atmosphere pressure,the electron temperature and density are on the order of 1.6 eV and 1011cm-3 respectively.The body force induced by the plasma aerodynamic actuation is on the order of tens of mN while the induced flow velocity is around 1.3m/s.Starting vortex is firstly induced by the actuation;then it develops into a near-wall jet,about 70 mm downstream of the actuator.Unsteady plasma aerodynamic actuation might stimulate more vortexes in the flow field.The induced flow direction by nanosecond discharge plasma aerodynamic actuation is not parallel,but vertical to the dielectric layer surface.     

Preparation and Microstructure of Highly - Oriented LaNiO3 Thin Films by RF Sputtering Method

In an attempt of being used as buffer layers and electrodes for the textured BaTiO3 （BTO） ferroelectric thin films, highly （100）-oriented LaNiO3 （LNO） thin films of different thicknesses were deposited directly on Si （100） substrate with radio-frequency （RF） magnetron sputtering method. It is observed that the substrate temperatures and the film thicknesses bring main influences on the microstructures and orientation of the thin film. The effects of the thicknesses and substrate temperatures on the orientation of the films were studied on the LNO films of different thicknesses. The highly （100）-oriented LNO thin films were obtained at the substrate temperature of 600℃. The existence of epitaxially grown BTO films indicates that the oriented LNO thin films obtained in this work could be used as a buffer layer for epitaxial growth.     

Piaget Jewellery Promotion In China

Piaget, the world's top watch and jewel brand, held a press conference in Shanghai on June 23 to promote its products. It invited Cherie Chung as its image ambassador in the Great China region with the aim to promote its jewellery specially designed for Chinese women. Chung received the most expensive Piaget jewel necklace from Dimitri Gouten, director and general manager of Piaget Asia Pacific, to display it on a model, indicating that Piaget jewellery has officially entered the Chinese…     

Oxidation Properties in CO2 of Inconel Alloy 600 Coated by Simultaneous Aluminizing-Chromizing Process

IN 600 alloy was coated with two different types of coatings, Cr-modified aluminide coating this is called aluminizing-chromizing and Y-doped chromium modified aluminide coating this is called aluminizing-chromizing-yttriumizing. Diffusion coating was carried at 1 050 ℃ for 8 h under Ar atmosphere by simultaneous aluminizing-chromizing process and by simultaneous aluminizing-chromizing- yttriumizing. Cyclic oxidation tests were conducted on the uncoated and on the coated Inconel 600 alloy in the temperature range 800- 1 000 ℃ in CO2 for 100 h at 10 h cycle.The results showed that the oxidation kinetics for uncoated Inconel 600 alloy in CO2 is parabolic and the phases present are NiO, (Fe, Cr)2O3 , NiFe2O4 and NiCrO4. The oxidation kinetics for both coated systems in CO2 was found to be parabolic and the value of kP for both coated systems were found to be lower than that for uncoated Inconel 600 alloy. Oxide phases that formed on coated systems are Al2O3 and NiCrO4. The role of yttrium can be attributed to its ability to improve the adherence of the oxide scale.     

Preparation and Microstructure of Highly-Oriented LaNiO_3 Thin Films by RF Sputtering Method

In an attempt of being used as buffer layers and electrodes for the textured BaTiO3 (BTO) ferroelectric thin films, highly (100)-oriented LaNiO3 (LNO) thin films of different thicknesses were deposited directly on Si (100) substrate with radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering method. It is observed that the substrate temperatures and the film thicknesses bring main influences on the micro-structures and orientation of the thin film. The effects of the thicknesses and substrate temperatures on the orientation of the films were studied on the LNO films of different thicknesses. The highly (100)-oriented LNO thin films were obtained at the substrate temperature of 600 ℃. The existence of epitaxially grown BTO films indicates that the oriented LNO thin films obtained in this work could be used as a buffer layer for epitaxial growth.     

Numerical simulation of axial liquid film cooling in rocket combustor

Numerical simulation has been done for liquid film cooling in liquid rocket combustor.Multiple species of axial Navier-Stokes equations have been solved for liquid-film/hot-gas flow field,and k-ε equations have been used for compressible turbulent flow.The results of the model agree well with the results of software FLUENT.The results show that:(1) Liquid film can decrease the wall heat flux and temperature effectively,and the cold border area formed by the film covers the whole combustor and nozzle wall.(2) The turbulent viscosity is higher than the physical viscosity, and its biggest value is in the border area of the convergent area in nozzle.The effect of turbulent flow on the whole simulation field can not be ignored.(3) The mass fraction of kerosene at the film inlet is 1,but it decreases along the nozzle wall and achieves its lowest value at the outlet.However,the mass fraction of kerosene near the wall is the biggest at any axial location.      

Preparation and Characterization of Fe3O4/T-ZnOw Composites

Fe3O4/T-ZnOw composites are fabricated by depositing a layer of Fe3O4 film on the surface of tetrapod-shaped ZnO whisker (T-ZnOw) by ferrite plating method. The morphology, structure and magnetic properties of the composites are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), respectively. The effects of temperature and pH value of ferrite plating on the Fe3O4/T-ZnOw composites and the magnetic properties of composites are studied. It is shown that the chemical environment with pH value at 7.5 is most favorable for the ferrite plating processes by analyzing the main peaks intensity of Fe3O4 in the XRD patterns and the average diameters of the Fe3O4 crystalline. The increase of the ferrite plating temperature with pH value around 7.5 benefits the whole encapsulation of T-ZnOw by the Fe3O4 magnetic films. The composites exhibit ferromagnetic properties and show much lower magnetization intensity than bulk samples at the same magnetic field intensity.     

Study on pressure wave propagation in two-phase flow in liquid oxygen feed pipe between pumps

A study on the character of pressure wave propagation was proposed for the gas liquid oxygen two-phase flow in the pipe between pumps.According to the practical working conditions,the homogenous model based on the compressibility theory regarding a single bubble in an infinite liquid,and Redlich-Kwong gas equation was derived a model for the low temperature and high pressure case,especially considering the change of the ratio of density of gas to one of liquid.The numerical tests were conducted.The results not only show the agreement between numerical simulation for this model and experiment at the normal temperature and pressure is good,but also show that the modifications of the model for the low temperature and high pressure condition are necessary.The study is of reference to further study of oscillation restrain and relative pipe tests.      

Analysis of swirling flow effects on the characteristics of unsteady hot-streak migration

The temperature of flow at the combustor exit is inherently non-uniform and the hot fluid is called hot-streak. An in-house CFD software, NUAA-Turbo, was used to carry out 3D unsteady simulations on the PW-E3 single-stage high-pressure turbine. The hot-streak effect based on real stator and combustor counts was approximately evaluated by the contraction/dilatation method on the interface. The unsteady attenuation and migration process of hot-streaks in the tur-bine passage were well captured. The general performance parameters for different circumferential positions of hot-streaks were relatively consistent. Then, the influences of hot-streaks on blade sur-face temperature were investigated by comparing results under hot-streak and uniform inflow con-ditions. Unsteady simulations with combined inlet hot-streak and swirling flow show that the core of a hot-streak migrates to the tip under the influence of a positive swirl, while the phenomenon is just opposite with a negative swirl. Therefore, the heat transfer environment of rotor blades shows great differences with different directions of inlet swirl.     

Design and experimental study of a practical Osculating Inward Cone Waverider Inlet

A design method based on tip to tail streamline tracing and osculating inward cone methods is discussed for designing the integrated Osculating Inward Cone Waverider Inlet(OICWI). A practical geometrical constrained experimental model of OICWI is designed based on the validated design method. It has a total contraction ratio of 4.61 and inner contraction ratio is 2.0. Wind-tunnel tests have been conducted for the OICWI model at free stream Mach number(Ma_∞) of 4.0, 3.5 and 3.0 respectively. The experimental results show that the OICWI has high flow capture ratio and compression abilities. It can self-start at Ma_∞= 3.5 and 4.0 and its flow capture ratio is 0.73 at Ma_∞= 4.0, and Angle of Attack(AOA) 0°. The research results show that the OICWI has advantages of inward cone waverider and streamline tracing inlet. Present OICWI is a novel approach for waverider inlet integration studies and it will promote the use of waverider inlet integration configuration in the studies of airbreathing hypersonic vehicles.     

Effects of different aging treatments on microstructures and mechanical properties of Al-Cu-Li alloy joints welded by electron beam welding

Post-weld single aging treatment(solution treatment at 510 ℃ for 1 h, water quenching,and aging at 155 ℃ for 16 h) and post-weld double aging treatment(solution treatment at 510 ℃ for 1 h, water quenching, aging at 155 ℃ for 16 h, and aging at 130 ℃ for 12 h) are carried out on Al-Cu-Li alloy joints by electron beam welding(EBW) respectively. The effects of aging treatments on microstructures and mechanical properties of welded joints are investigated. Results show that the mechanical properties of welded joints are obviously improved after both aging treatments. The strength coefficient of joints is increased from 0.64 in an as-welded condition(AW) to 0.90 after post-weld double aging treatment. Microstructure analysis shows that the precipitates of the fusion zone within grains and grain boundaries are less in the AW condition. After post-weld heat treatment(PWHT), a lot of fine needle-like phases T_1(Al_2 Cu Li) precipitate in grain boundaries of the fusion zone, and more horseshoe-shaped β' (Al_3 Zr) particles precipitate within grains. In addition,grains of the fusion zone are refined after post-weld double aging treatment, which leads to an effect of grain refinement strengthening. Consequently, the mechanical properties of welded joints are greatly improved.     

Interaction of single-pulse laser energy with bow shock in hypersonic flow

Pressure sensing and schlieren imaging with high resolution and sensitivity are applied to the study of the interaction of single-pulse laser energy with bow shock at Mach 5. An Nd:YAG laser operated at 1.06 lm, 100 mJ pulse energy is used to break down the hypersonic flow in a shock tunnel. Three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are solved with an upwind scheme to simulate the interaction. The pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body is measured and calculated to examine the pressure variation during the interaction. Schlieren imaging is used in conjunction with the calculated density gradients to examine the process of the interaction. The results show that the experimental pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body and schlieren imaging fit well with the simulation. The pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body will increase when the transmission shock approaches the blunt body and decrease with the formation of the rarefied wave. Bow shock is deformed during the interaction. Quasi-stationary waves are formed by high rate laser energy deposition to control the bow shock. The pressure and temperature at the stagnation point on the blunt body and the wave drag are reduced to 50%, 75% and 81% respectively according to the simulation. Schlieren imaging has provided important information for the investigation of the mechanism of the interaction.     

NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF NAVIER-STOKES EQUATION OF UNSTEADY SEPARATED FLOWS DUE TO A SPOILER''''S OSCILLATION

The finite difference method (FDM) is applied in the present paper to solve the unsteady NHS equations for incompressible fluids. ADI and SLOR methods are served for the vorticity equation and the Poisson equation for ψ respectively. The upwind scheme is used for the convective terms. The moving boundary conditions are specially treated, and the effects of outlet conditions on the flow field are abo examined. Numerical results obtained show that the spoiler's oscillation induces forming, growing and shedding of the vortices. The shedding frequency of vortices is equal to that of the spoiler's oscillation. The forced unsteady separated flows under the present investigation depend mainly on the reduced frequency. At low reduced frequency, the vortices shed from the spoiler interact weakly with each other, and move downstream at an almost uniform speed of 038 V∞. At high reduced frequency, the interaction between the adjacent vortices strengthens. They close up to and rotate around each other, and eventu     

Cyclic Oxidation Behavior of an EB-PVD CoCrAlY Coating Influenced by Substrate/coating Interdiffusion

To reveal the influence of substrate/coating interdiffusion on the cyclic oxidation property of a metallic coating, cyclic oxidation behavior of an EB-PVD CoCrAlY coating on directionally solidified Ni-based superalloy DZ125 at 1 050 oC is investigated. The 40 μm thick CoCrAlY coating has a cyclic oxidation life of around 160 h, and the oxidation constant is 1.915× 10.7 mg4·cm.8·s.1. However, severe spallation of the oxides containing Co, Cr, Ni, Ta and Ti occurs with longer cyclic oxidation. The degradation in oxidation resistance for the coating is related to the depletion of Al due to the oxide spallation and interdiffusion. Severe interdiffusion between the coating and underlying substrate occurs at 1 050 oC. The composition of the substrate has an important effect on the thermal cycling lifetime of the coating. The influencing mechanism is discussed.     

Transonic wing stall of a blended flying wing common research model based on DDES method

Numerical simulation of wing stall of a blended flying wing configuration at transonic speed was conducted using both delayed detached eddy simulation(DDES) and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) equations methods based on the shear stress transport(SST) turbulence model for a free-stream Mach number 0.9 and a Reynolds number 9.6 × 10~6. A joint time step/grid density study is performed based on power spectrum density(PSD) analysis of the frequency content of forces or moments, and medium mesh and the normalized time scale0.010 were suggested for this simulation. The simulation results show that the DDES methods perform more precisely than the URANS method and the aerodynamic coefficient results from DDES method compare very well with the experiment data. The angle of attack of nonlinear vortex lift and abrupt wing stall of DDES results compare well with the experimental data. The flow structure of the DDES computation shows that the wing stall is caused mainly by the leeward vortex breakdown which occurred at x/x_(cr)= 0.6 at angle of attack of 14°. The DDES methods show advantage in the simulation problem with separation flow. The computed result shows that a shock/vortex interaction is responsible for the wing stall caused by the vortex breakdown. The balance of the vortex strength and axial flow, and the shock strength, is examined to provide an explanation of the sensitivity of the breakdown location. Wing body thickness has a great influence on shock and shock/vortex interactions, which can make a significant difference to the vortex breakdown behavior and stall characteristic of the blended flying wing configuration.     

Numerical simulation of multi-phase combustion flow in solid rocket motors with metalized propellant

Multi-phase flowfield simulation has been performed on solid rocket motor and effect of multi-phases on the performance prediction of the solid rocket motor(SRM) is investigation.During the combustion of aluminized propellant,the aluminum particles in the propellant melt and formliquid aluminum at the burning propellant surface.So the flow within the rocket motor is multi phase or two phase because it contains droplets and smoke particles of Al2O3.Flowsi mulations have been performed on a large scale motor,to observe the effect of the flowfield onthe chamber and nozzle as well.Uniform particles diameters and Rosin-Rammler diameter distribution method that is based on the assumption that an exponential relationship exists betweenthe droplet diameter,dand mass fraction of droplets with diameter greater thandhave been used for the si mulation of different distribution of Al2O3 droplets present in SRM.Particles sizes in the range of 1-100μm are used,as being the most common droplets.In this approachthe complete range of particle sizes is dividedinto a set of discrete size ranges,eachto be defined by single streamthat is part of the group.Roe scheme-flux differencing splitting based on approxi mate Riemann problem has been used to si mulate the effects of the multi-phase flowfeild.This is second order upwind scheme in which flux differencing splitting method is employed.To cater for the turbulence effect,Spalart-All maras model has been used.The results obtained show the great sensitivity of this diameters distribution and particles concentrations to the SRMflowdynamics,primarily at the motor chamber and nozzle exit.The results are shown with various sizes of the particles concentrations and geometrical configurations including models for SRM and nozzle.The analysis also provides effect of multi-phase on performance prediction of solid rocket motor.     

Hover performance of helicopter main and tail rotors with swirl velocities

It is important to quickly predict the hover performance of main and tail rotors with sufficient precision for helicopter design. To investigate the effects of swirl velocities on the hover performance of main and tail rotors, and give a better prediction for the hover performance, a flight performance model was derived and a swirl velocity model was coupled into it. The test data of the UH-60A helicopter were used for validation. When the blade loading coefficient of the main rotor was higher than 005, the effects of the swirl velocities on the main rotor power became significant. The swirl velocities increased the profile torque of the main rotor. The increased torque required the tail rotor to produce more thrust with more power consumption. At a higher blade loading coefficient of the main rotor of 012, the swirl velocities increased the main rotor power, tail rotor power and total power by 380%, 524% and 508%, respectively. The profile power increase of the main rotor caused by the profile swirl velocity was less than that of the induced swirl velocity, but the power increase was higher at high rotor blade loadings. Considering the swirl velocities in the main rotor can improve the prediction precision of the hover performance, especially at high blade loadings