Free surface and interface oscillations of an infinitely long visco-elastic liquid column

For an infinite liquid column consisting of various immiscible visco-elastic liquids exhibiting free surface and interface tension the transcendental frequency equation is presented. The natural damped frequencies depend on the viscosities, densities, surface and interface tensions and upon the Maxwell relaxation times. For a single liquid column the damped frequencies are numerically evaluated for the circumferential axisymmetric case m = 0, as well as for the asymmetric modes m = 1 and 2. The frequencies are increasing with larger tension parameter and show slightly increases decay magnitude for the smaller relaxation time parameters and less damped oscillations for stronger Maxwellian liquids. For smaller surface tension parameter the more viscously acting liquid (small relaxation time) ceases to oscillate and is only able to perform aperiodic motions, while for the larger relaxation times this feature gets lost and the liquid always oscillates exhibiting more pronounced elasticity.     

Thin body motion under free surface with formation of final length cavity

The two-dimensional problem of high velocity moving slender body interaction with fluid free surface was regarded. Gravity was neglected as compared with fluid inertia. The problem is relevant to underwater motion of a bullet or shell, which could take place in orbital collisions of particles with fluid-filled containments. The problem is also relevant to evaluating wave-breakers effect on the streaming flow. The solution was obtained for the case of final length cavity formation behind the body. The solution allows determining free surface shape, drag and lift forces. In the limiting cases of relatively small depth or high compressibility, the obtained solution permitted analytical approximation.     

Thermo-electro-hydrodynamic instabilities in a dielectric liquid under microgravity

Linear stability analysis of a dielectric fluid confined in a cylindrical annulus of infinite length is performed under microgravity conditions. A radial temperature gradient and a high alternating electric field imposed over the gap induce an effective gravity that can lead to a thermal convection even in the absence of the terrestrial gravity. The linearized governing equations are discretized using a spectral collocation method on Chebyshev polynomials to compute marginal stability curves and the critical parameters of instability. The critical parameters are independent of the Prandtl number, but they depend on the curvature of the system. The critical modes are non-axisymmetric and are made of stationary helices.     

减阻航天煤油减阻机理与传热规律数值模拟

在火箭煤油中添加高聚物进行有效减阻已有大量实验研究,但对于煤油流动与传热过程中流场与温度场的分布及机理分析较少,采用CFD方法对火箭煤油减阻机理与传热规律进行三维数值模拟分析,并与普通煤油进行对比。等效黏度模型采用UDF进行编译,其黏性项分别采用非牛顿流体与牛顿流体模型进行处理。数值模拟研究表明,减阻剂的添加使得减阻煤...     

The Impact of Variable Accelerations on Crystal Growth onboard Spacecraft by the Floating Zone Method

The numerical investigation of the impact of time-dependent accelerations (vibrations) on the flow and heat and mass transfer in the melt is carried out for the case of modeling the crystal growth by the floating zone method under conditions of microgravity that exist onboard spacecraft. The effects of the Archimedean buoyancy force and of vibrations of the free surface of fluid are considered separately. When solving the problem of the effect of the vibrations of the free surface of fluid, the previously obtained data were used. It is shown that vibrations of the free surface have a much stronger effect on the processes under consideration than the buoyancy. Some problems that are related to the newly discovered effects are discussed. The use of vibroprotected systems and a rotating magnetic field can help solve these problems. We plan to continue our investigations in future spacecraft experiments, in particular, at the International Space Station, which is under construction at the moment.     

等离子体环境下圆柱开槽天线特性的研究

本文用磁流体力学的方法研究了等离子体环境下圆柱体开槽天线的辐射问题,推导了槽天线的方向图和阻抗的计算公式,计算了不同等离子体参量的横槽的方向图,并且把计算的结果与用不考虑纵波影响的复介电常数方法得到的结果进行了比较。     

柔性印制膜在太阳电池阵的应用及热适应性试验研究

针对微小卫星太阳电池阵高体积比的功率需求,设计了带柔性印制电路（FPC）的太阳电池阵。该太阳电池阵将太阳电池、FPC与基板集成为一体,具有厚度薄、质量小等优点。通过热循环试验对其环境适应性进行考核,X射线检测结果表明,太阳电池阵上锡焊焊盘与覆铜层连接部位受热应力的影响较大,在长期高低温循环条件下存在锡焊焊盘与覆铜层断裂的风险。为此,给出提升太阳电池阵上FPC抗热形变能力的设计建议,以期为后续太阳电池阵设计提供参考。     

Surface temperature distribution along a thin liquid layer due to thermocapillary convection

The surface temperature distributions due to thermocapillary convections in a thin liquid layer with heat fluxes imposed on the free surface are investigated. The nondimensional analysis predicts that, when convection is important, the characteristic length scale in the flow direction L, and the characteristic temperature difference ΔT₀, can be represented by and , respectively, where L_R and ΔT_T are the reference scales used in the conduction-dominant situations with A denoting the aspect ratio and Ma the Marangoni number. Having had L and ΔT₀ defined, the global surface-temperature gradient ( ), the global thermocapillary driving-force, and other interesting features can then be readily determined. Finally, numerical calculations involving a Gaussian heat flux distribution are presented to justify these two relations.     

表面张力贮箱推进剂管理装置流阻的计算

为了在设计卫星用表面张力贮箱时，正确地计算出推进剂管理装置中液体推进剂的流阻，根据液体的流动特性，研究了卫星用表面张力贮箱推进剂管理装置中推进剂在管道，筛网和一些局部流阻的计算方法，给出了各部分流阻的计算公式，据此实际计算了一个简单的推进剂管理装置，并和实验进行了比较，结果表明理论和实验较为符合。     

氟化处理工艺对TiAl合金氧化层组织的影响

文章研究了氟离子注入和NH₄F溶液处理对TiAl合金高温氧化层组织结构的影响规律。结果表明:TiAl合金高温氧化层的组织和致密度受氟化处理工艺和参数的影响很大;经过表面氟化处理的TiAl合金高温氧化抗力高于原始合金;随着表面氟含量增加,氧化层的钛元素含量增加,致密度下降,研究表明存在一个最佳的表面氟浓度。     

低能质子辐照下F46/Ag光学性能退化及损伤模型

利用空间综合辐照环境模拟器对F46/Ag二次表面镜进行低能质子辐照试验,发现30 keV质子辐照会导致F46/Ag的光学性能发生显著退化,波长为350 nm处的光谱反射率变化值随累积辐照通量呈指数关系增加,太阳吸收比变化值随累积辐照通量线性增加。通过Monte Carlo模拟计算得到不同深度电离能损和位移能损的分布,发现质子辐照F46/Ag主要通过电离进行能量的传递。当质子能量为30 keV时,F46表面获得质子传递能量的最大值。量子化学计算结果表明30 keV质子辐照F46/Ag时材料表面C—F键和C—C键断裂所需吸收的能量远小于质子传递给F46表面的能量。XPS分析表明质子辐照后材料表层发生了一系列断键和重组反应,生成了自由基和分子片段,表面发生脱氟和碳富集,与量子化学计算结果相吻合。     

On hydromagnetic flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid near a pulsating plate

An initial value investigation is made of the motion of an incompressible, viscoelastic, conducting Oldroyd-B fluid bounded by an infinite rigid non-conducting plate. The unsteady flow is generated from rest in the fluid due to velocity tooth pulses subjected on the plate in presence of an external magnetic field. It is assumed that no external electric field is acting on the system and the magnetic Reynolds number is very small. The operational method is used to obtain exact solutions for the fluid velocity and the shear stress on the plate. Quantitative analysis of the results are presented with a view to disclose the simultaneous effects of the magnetic field and the fluid elasticity on the flow and the wall shear stress for different periods of pulsation of the plate. It is shown that the classical and hydromagnetic Rayleigh solutions are limiting cases of the present analysis.     

点阵结构空气舵及内部流体热流固耦合研究

开展了钛合金TC4材料激光粉末床熔融(LPBF)工艺研究,在此基础上设计了多孔轻质空气舵模型,并基于有限差分法(FDM),采用三维流固耦合共轭传热数值计算方法,利用流体体积法(VOF)追踪流体自由液面,研究了典型的点阵夹层结构的空气舵内部冷却液动态换热过程的相互影响过程,考虑了冷却液与钛合金材料蒙皮间的耦合传热及湍流换热。结果表明,空气舵的内部流体压强随速度的增加而增加,从而导致流体出口的速度增加。当压强增加到一定程度时,流体的出口以水柱形式喷出。虽然较大的流体速度可以带走较多的热量,但是影响远小于对压强的影响。综合考虑空气舵的服役要求,获得了合适的冷却水入口速度。     

航天铝基复合材料零部件超精密加工技术研究

针对航天高碳化硅铝基复合材料零部件采用聚晶金刚石PCD刀具进行了超精密车削加工试验，用原子力显微镜AFM和扫描电子显微镜对其进行了检测，分析了零部件表面粗糙度值的大小及影响因素、SiCw变形破坏机理、已加工表面微观结构及加工变质层特性。结果表明，超精密车削高碳化硅铝基复合材料零部件可以获得超精密级加工表面（如Ra11．5nm）；超精密车削过程中SiC，存在着三种主要变形破坏机理：直接剪断型、拔出型和压入型，且以直接剪断型为主。直接剪断的SiCw对表面粗糙度值影响最小，而后二者是影响表面粗糙度值达到超精密级的主要障碍；超精密加工零部件表面仍会产生很薄的加工变质层。     

Boundary layer stripping of liquid drops fragmented by Taylor instability

A model is presented to describe the breakup of large ( 1 mm diameter) liquid drops by shock waves such as occurs in the heterogeneous detonation of liquid fuel sprays. After passage of a shock, high speed gas flow is established about the drops with large Reynolds number, large Weber number and large ratio of Weber number to the square root of the Reynolds number. Under these conditions, a thin liquid boundary layer is formed in the windward surface of a drop and is stripped from the drop at its equator. The rate of mass loss from the drop is small initially, but is increased an order of magnitude by fragmentation of the original drop. This fragmentation occurs because of Taylor instability of the windward surface of the accelerating drop. Calculations based on boundary layer stripping, which include the increase in liquid surface area due to fragmentation, give mass loss rates in general agreement with experimental observations.     

On laboratory simulation and the effect of small temperature oscillations about the freezing point and ice formation on the evaporation rate of water on Mars

We report measurements of the evaporation rate of water under Mars-like conditions (CO2 atmosphere at 7 mbar and approximately 0 degrees C) in which small temperature oscillations about the freezing point repeatedly formed and removed a thin layer of ice. We found that the average evaporation at 2.7 +/- 0.5 degrees C without an ice layer (corrected for the difference in gravity on Earth and on Mars) was 1.24 +/- 0.12 mm/h, while at -2.1 +/- 0.3 degrees C with an ice layer the average evaporation rate was 0.84 +/- 0.08 mm/h. These values are in good agreement with those calculated for the evaporation of liquid water and ice when it is assumed that evaporation only depends on diffusion and buoyancy. Our findings suggest that such differences in evaporation rates are entirely due to the temperature difference and that the ice layer has little effect on evaporation rate. We infer that the formation of thin layers of ice on pools of water on Mars does not significantly increase the stability of water on the surface of Mars.     

Theoretical solution for the lift force of “ecranoplan” moving near rigid surface

This paper develops a theoretical solution for the problem of determining thin wing's lift force while moving near flat surface (a screen). The solution is determined under the assumption of fluid being ideal and incompressible. The Chaplygin–Zhukovsky hypothesis of rear-edge-limited solution is taken into consideration. The solution of a problem is reduced to the Fredholm equation that is solved numerically. The generalization of the Zhukovski solution was obtained, which provides the lift force dependence on the altitude of the flight. The behavior of the lift force is very peculiar: it increases on decreasing altitude above the rigid surface. The screen effect becomes essential on moving wing altitude being smaller than the wing's length. The effect was detected experimentally before and gave birth to construction of a special flying vehicle named “ecranoplan”. It is shown in the paper that the lift force could increase several orders of magnitude. This effect could be used in developing flying vehicles of high loading capacity, which could be used in the territories of smooth surface: savannas, steppes, deserts, lakes, swamps, etc. The effect could be used for developing vehicles for operation on other planets having not very dense atmosphere and relatively smooth surface (like Mars). Flights in such an atmosphere are energy consuming, while using the effect of lift force increase near the surface could be very effective.     

航天器贮箱内液体晃动阻尼研究(二):数值计算

针对航天器贮箱中燃料晃动阻尼进行估算.在液体晃动阻尼理论研究的基础上,考虑了容器壁面、液体内部以及受污染的自由液面处产生的耗散,建立了一套计算刚性容器中液体小幅晃动阻尼的有限元计算方案,并将计算值与实验值以及经验公式值进行了比较.结果发现大部分情况下的实验值落在两种极端情况的计算值之间,此外如果将液面污染的Stokes边界层阻尼以一定的加权因子引入,可以获得与由实验数据拟合的经验公式一致的结果.     

Numerical studies of fluid oscillation problems by boundary integral techniques

A numerical technique has been developed to investigate the axisymmetric large amplitude oscillations of an inviscid and incompressible liquid drop about its spherical equilibrium shape. The drop is placed into a microgravity environment. Thus the only forces acting on the drop are surface tension forces. The internal flow field of the fluid drop is assumed to be irrotational, so that the methods of classical potential theory can be applied. A solution for the Laplace equation for the velocity potential is posed in form of the potential of the simple layer, where the sources are placed on rings (circles) covering the bounding surface of the drop. Discretization of the drop into discs and caps at the poles, application of the dynamic and kinematic boundary condition and numerical integration with respect to time of the latter allows to study the behaviour of the deformed drop and to determine the eigenfrequencies.     

局部多孔壁－内腔结构的气动加热瞬态特性

根据超声速飞行器外表面连接结构处密封结构几何特征,以局部多孔壁和内腔结构为研究对象,建立流/固/多孔区域流动和传热过程耦合计算模型,其中多孔区域中运用分布阻力法,流、固区域间换热过程采用准稳态耦合计算方法。经过与相关实验数据进行对比,验证了程序可靠性,并进一步分析在整个长时间瞬态过程中,该密封结构的流动和传热特征,阐明了在瞬态过程中多孔材料等效热流对缝隙壁面的加热作用。研究了有、无多孔材料填充两种情况下缝隙壁面热流分布形态的差异,探讨了缝隙中填充多孔材料对高速流场边界层热气流侵入内腔过程的影响。