星载遥感图像压缩编码技术综述

星载遥感图像压缩是星载遥感技术的瓶颈之一。文中简要分析遥感图像压缩的现状、基本要求和核心技术 ,并着重讨论三种优秀遥感图像压缩算法。最后提出对未来遥感图像编码的研究建议     

CCSDS在遥感图像压缩中的应用研究

针对空间光学遥感数据特点,设计适合于星载光学遥感器数据压缩的算法目前仍然是一个研究热点。CCSDS压缩是适合于空间光学遥感数据压缩的最新标准。该标准由空间数据系统咨询委员会于2005年推出,从空间数据特点出发,可以有效解决数据压缩的问题。另外,利用该压缩标准可以更好的跟CCSDS的其他标准兼容。文章针对该压缩标准进行研究,对算法的实现过程进行了分析,并将该算法的实验结果跟其它的压缩算法做了比较,结果表明,该算法压缩效果与JPEG2000相当,但算法复杂度较低,易于硬件实现,符合星载压缩的实时处理要求。     

基于BM3803处理器的即插即用星载计算机系统设计

针对我国星载计算机不能通用和"即插即用"的特点,文章提出一种模块化的星载计算机硬件设计方法,以某卫星原理样机为例,设计了一种基于BM3803处理器的即插即用星载计算机系统,重点研究了通用驱动软件的实现,通过软硬件结合,实现了设备模块的功能自动识别和"即插即用"功能。文章将该方案与现有星载计算机系统进行了对比分析,结果表明:该系统的处理性能更高,具有较好的通用性和扩展性,能够进行模块级替换和产品化生产,并满足新一代星载计算机系统快速组装的需求。     

Earth observation using low cost micro/minisatellites

Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL) at the University of Surrey (UK) has pioneered cost-effective satellite engineering techniques for smaller, faster, cheaper satellites to provide affordable access to space. SSTL has designed, built, launched and operated a series of twelve 50kg microsatellites in low Earth orbit which carry a wide range of satellite communications, space science, remote sensing and in-orbit technology demonstration payloads — for both civil and military applications. Each of these has been built and launched for around US$3M. This paper reviews SSTL's remote sensing capabilities and presents image results from the microsatellite cameras in low Earth in orbit. The latest microsatellites (TMSAT & FASat-Bravo) under construction at SSTL and due for launch in mid-1997 will provide 3-band multispectral imaging with 80-metre resolution; autonomous on-board image analysis, processing and compression prior to transmission direct to ground-based users employing small portable terminals.     

Design of phase-locked loop for communication system via on-board signal processing satellites

The energy inconsistency for a multiple access system via an active satellite with simple repeating of signals is claimed. The on-board ideal signal processing algorithm resolving this inconsistency is considered and the optimal group signal processing algorithm in a manner of digital signals shape transformation followed by their time compression is suggested. The necessity for individual clock synchronization of ground stations is shown and the synchronous multiple access system block diagram with an optimal on-board signal processing is discussed.A phase disturbance dynamics of a two-loops clock synchronization system with variable time delay is investigated. A nonlinear differential-difference equation is obtained and for the first order PLL with time delay the exact solutions are found in cases of relay and linear shapes phase discriminator's characteristics. Phase errors' expressions are derived and the main factors of accuracy limiting caused by PLL's feedback time delay are established.     

基于增量学习的高光谱图像目标检测

高光谱图像目标检测是高光谱图像分析中的重要研究内容之一。本文从经典有效的约束能量最小化算法出发,提出了一种基于增量学习的高光谱目标检测方法。当获得新的样本时,不需要重新计算所有样本的自相关矩阵即可对检测器模型进行更新,减轻了星上有限计算资源的负担。实验结果表明:本文提出的目标检测算法在压制背景光谱的同时可以更好地适应目标光谱,提高了算法的检测性能。     

The data compression problem for the “GAIA” astrometric satellite of ESA

Space-based astrometry has a great tradition at ESA. The first space-based astrometric satellite in history, “Hipparcos”, was launched by ESA in 1989 and, in spite of orbital problems, was able to accomplish almost all of its tasks until it was finally shut down in 1993. The results of the Hipparcos mission were published by ESA in 1997 in the form of six CD-ROMs: the Hipparcos Catalogue contains 118,218 entries with median astrometric precision of around 1 milliarcsec, and specific results for double and multiple systems. In practice, Hipparcos drew for the first time the three-dimensional “map” of the spherical region of the Galaxy surrounding the Sun and having a radius of roughly 1,000 light years.

Then, in 1995, ESA launched the study of a new astrometric satellite, named “GAIA” and about a hundred times more powerful than Hipparcos, i.e. with median astrometric precision of around 10 microarcsec. This new satellite is intended to measure the parallaxes of over 50 million stars in the Galaxy, at least for the brightest stars, and this would mean to “draw” the three-dimensional map of the whole Galaxy, reaching out even to the Magellanic Clouds, 180,000 light years away.

The team of European scientists and engineers now designing GAIA, however, is facing hard technological difficulties. One of these is the design and coding of radically new and ultra-powerful mathematical algorithms for the on-board compression of the 50-million-stars data that GAIA will send to Earth from its intended geostationary orbit. Preliminary estimates of the raw data rates from the GAIA focal plane, in fact, are of the order of a few Gigabits per second. To reduce the data stream to the envisaged telemetry link of 1 Megabit per second, on-board data compression with a 1 to 1,000 ratio is the target. Clearly, this is far beyond the capabilities of any lossless compression technique (enabling compression ratios of 1 to some tens), and so some “wise” lossy compression mathematical procedure must be adopted.

In this paper a GAIA-adapted lossy data compression technique is presented, based on the Karhunen-Loève Transform (KLT). The essence of this method was already used by NASA for the Galileo mission when the large antenna got stuck and the mission was rescued by re-programming the on-board computer in terms of the KLT. That transform was officially named ICT — “Integer Cosine Transform” — by the NASA-JPL team led by Dr. Kahr-Ming Cheung. But the KLT here described for GAIA will of course differ from the JPL one in many regards, owing to the advances in computer technology.

Finally, estimates are also given about the possibility of using the KLT for onboard data compression in case GAIA is going to be put into orbit around the Lagrangian point L2 of the Earth-Sun system, and, above all, in case the number of stars to be observed is actually raised from 50 millions to one billion, as ESA currently appears to be likely to pursue.     

A packetised remote visual access data system for space station interactive payload operations.

Potential users of the pressurised Columbus elements, (the Attached Pressurised Module and the Man-Tended Free Flyer), were consulted in order to establish the requirements necessary to achieve effective and efficient remote interactive payload operations. These are briefly described and clearly indicate that the key to such operations is a versatile remote visual access (video) system which is well-tuned to the requirements of the users in both the on-board and ground segments. A packetised remote visual access data system is proposed which accommodates these requirements and offers a very flexible operational environment. It incorporates a scheme for optimising users' remote visual access to their experiments. Methods of implementing the necessary multiplexing and compression aspects of the system are discussed. A scheme for centralized on-board monitoring, which is complicated by the wide range of video sources required by the users, is outlined and aspects of the ground segment, in particular the problem is link delays, are considered.     

微小卫星三机异构一体化计算机设计

当前微小卫星的星载计算机与运载计算机多分别采用不同结构的计算机系统设计,导致资源浪费和运载计算机的可靠性较弱。文章提出了一种微小卫星一体化计算机的设计,即采用三机异构备份的设计方案。在发射运载阶段,以数字信号处理器（DSP）为核心的运载计算机作为主机,以高性能FPGA为核心的时变计算机作为备机;在在轨运行阶段,以ERC32处理器为核心的卫星平台计算机作为主机,时变计算机经重构后作为备机。此设计不仅提高了运载计算机的可靠性,而且对卫星平台电子系统在能源、热控、遥测遥控、有效载荷、姿态轨道控制等方面的综合管理能力也有全面提升,并且还具有灵活的扩展性和较强的适应性。     

SpaceWire星载网络通信协议设计

SpaceWire是ESA和NASA推荐的新一代星载数据总线标准,其应用方向之一是构建统一总线星载网络。星载网络是典型的实时系统,它对网络信息的传输时延具有严格要求。然而,传统SpaceWire网络多源、异步、事件触发的特性使它难以提供确定的信息传输时延,这制约了它在统一总线星载网络中的应用。本文为克服SpaceWire的上述应用瓶颈,提出一种基于时间触发的SpaceWire星载网络通信协议,并提出相应的节点通信调度算法,通过合理的规划使节点在确定的时间窗口发送通信数据,从而避免了网络资源冲突,使信息传输时延的确定性得到保证。     

基于TSV的星载微系统设计与可靠性实现

基于硅通孔TSV（Through Silicon Vias）的星载微系统，通过硬件框架设计、TSV关键工艺设计、CPS仿真设计、全流程测试及可靠性研究，最终在全国产化高温共烧陶瓷HTCC（High-Temperature Co-fired Ceramics）管壳内集成了抗辐照海量信息处理器、抗辐照大容量存储器、抗辐照微控制器、抗辐照38译码器等器件，形成43 mm×43 mm×5.65 mm的气密性封装星载微系统，具备高可靠、高性能的处理能力以及星上常用的控制和通讯接口，可用于星上载荷信息实时处理及星务平台控制管理，可以有效替代现有的板级产品，实现星载电子系统的小型化、集成化。     

CCSDS基于小波变换的图像压缩

通过分析一种CCSDS建议的基于小波变换的图像数据压缩的基本原理、编解码方法、系统实现和压缩性能,初步研究深空通信对于图像压缩的特殊要求。通过与现在流行的基于小波变换的图像压缩算法JPEG2000进行比较发现, CCSDS推荐的算法的性能与JPEG2000基本相当,且同样支持无损和有损压缩及渐进传输,但其算法复杂度更低,包丢失不会造成图像大面积损坏,因而更适合于深空通信。     

基于dSPACE的挠性卫星姿轨控实时仿真系统

以某在研挠性卫星星载计算机在回路中的仿真试验为背景 ,利用dSPACE多处理器系统构建了卫星姿轨控实时仿真系统。介绍了实现该系统的软、硬件构成。重点介绍了实现该实时系统的关键———如何用dSPACEDS4 2 0 1s板上的RS2 32 / 42 2串口模拟星载计算机与各路姿态敏感器、反作用飞轮串口之间的复杂通信及串口通信Simulink仿真模型的设计。本文用Simulink ,Stateflow和S函数混合建模方法 ,设计了该实时系统的串口通信接口模型。并以星上自主模式为例进行了实时仿真。仿真结果证明了本文设计的卫星姿轨控实时仿真系统的可行性和串口通信接口模型设计的有效性。     

FY-2C星云图成像技术

介绍了风云二号(FY-2)气象卫星星上成像系统的主要功能和技术指标、云图的生成与传输,以及数传与转发技术.阐述了以太阳为基准采用星上预同步、地面同步/数据缓冲器(S/DB)进行精同步的同步成像技术的卫星成像系统设计原理.分析了卫星姿态动力学对自旋轴定向稳定的影响、扫描辐射计扫描机构步进对自旋周期稳定度的影响、卫星摇摆运动造成的云图几何畸变等产生成像误差的因素,以及采取的补偿修正方案.飞行试验结果表明,C星的云图网格配准精度优于1个可见像素,章动角和摇摆角也符合设计要求.     

一种最大压缩误差可控的高光谱图像压缩算法

提出了一种可以实时控制压缩误差的高光谱图像有损压缩算法。该算法对高光谱 图像矩阵进行奇异值分解得到奇异值矩阵和奇异向量矩阵;用部分奇异值及其对应的奇异向 量重构图像;根据测量系统精度要求确定量化因子并对重构图像与原始图像间的光谱误差进 行量化;采用预测编码和算术编码对用于图像重构的奇异值及其对应奇异向量进行无损压缩 ;设计了非零值编码算法完成对重构误差的无损压缩。对Luna Lake和Low Altitude图像的 仿真结果为：最大相对误差分别控制在0.44％和0.33％时,压缩比为41.5:1和24.6:1, 信噪比为 50.4 dB 和47.8 dB。
     

Image based control of the “PINOCCHIO” experimental free flying platform

A free floating platform is realized with a pneumatic suspension system which enables a two-dimensional test of complex space operations, such as rendezvous and docking. The platform is equipped with a IMU and actuated via cold gas thrusters. In addition, an on-board camera is used to acquire a target and its image is processed for evaluating the control actions needed to reach it. A technique for determining the relative position and velocity with respect to target using the same visual device is proposed and realized. The novel algorithms and relevant experimental results are presented. The tested accuracy of the relative navigation system is not very high, but the guidance algorithm, which is image based and has just a weak dependence on the position information, is robust enough to perform a successful maneuver. The error between the final acquired target image and the desired final target image is of the order of one pixel, notwithstanding all the testbed disturbances.     

新一代运载火箭的数据驱动快速测试技术

本文提出一种数据驱动的快速测试技术。数据由箭上系统通过自检测(BIT)采集,经箭地高速总线传送至地面;地面数据处理终端采用与箭上系统相同的模型和算法,复现箭上的处理过程,从而判断系统中是否存在故障,实现快速故障定位。本文全面介绍实现这一设计的关键技术,包括箭上信息监测点的选择、总线窃听技术、飞行软件中的数据管理任务等,并示例说明各类典型数据的分析以及故障诊断和定位等。所有分析工作均实时自动完成,并能随测试用例的调整自适应地计算出新的比对结果,为提高系统级测试的覆盖性创造条件;并大大节省地面专用测试设备和数据分析时间,减少技术保障人员。     

Autonomy in ground operations for geo-missions of ISRO

Geosynchronous space missions of ISRO with wide spectrum of payloads provide vital infrastructure for National Development and economic programs. Space technology had grown at a phenomenal rate and complex systems are already operational. Successful mission operations depend very much on many ground systems and knowledge base of the informed operator. An effective balance is to be maintained while using on-board autonomy and automatic operations from ground. The requirement to protect the payload services has increased since the solar activity is reportedly higher during recent times. The rich experience of Geo-mission operations has helped ISRO in formulating suitable algorithms and successfully implementing them to ensure service protection. The other benefit is operational economy since skilled work force is able to concentrate on health analysis and planning rather than routine operations. In this paper, certain case studies are discussed illustrating different levels of automation in ground operations.     

基于Kalman滤波的卫星光谱成像仪非均匀性场景校正

为消除在轨卫星光谱成像仪的非均匀性,提出了一种基于Kalman滤波器校正算法.给出了校正算法,建立了均方根误差和列向粗糙度等评价指标.对美国TERRA卫星MODIS仪器图像的校正试验结果表明:用Kalman滤波器校正方法去除遥感图像中非均匀性条带的效果明显,校正后图像的品质显著提高.