Designing nonuniform satellite systems for continuous global coverage using equatorial and polar circular orbits

We present a method for designing nonuniform satellite systems for continuous global coverage using a combination of equatorial and near-polar satellite segments in circular orbits. Equations are derived to determine the basic design parameters of the satellite system itself and the conditions of its closure at the joint of near-polar and equatorial segments. We analyze specific features of near-polar and equatorial satellite systems and their advantages and disadvantages compared with existing classes of near-polar phased and kinematically correct satellite systems. We estimate the minimum required number of spacecrafts in satellite systems for a given fold of coverage and present calculated dependences for classes of near-polar phased and equatorial satellite systems with different types of closure. For the class of kinematically correct satellite systems, we analyze the characteristics of systems with a minimum spacecraft flight height and reveal that the number of satellites in the orbital plane depends on the flight height for different folds of coverage. We bring examples of the best near-polar equatorial satellite systems of global coverage for different folds and a class of satellite systems with a fixed number of spacecrafts and orbital planes in them.     

Gravity-oriented satellite dynamics subject to gravitational and active damping torques

The dynamics of the rotational motion of a satellite moving in the central Newtonian field of force over a circular orbit under the effect of gravitational and active damping torques, which depend on the satellite angular velocity projections, has been investigated. The paper proposes a method of determining all equilibrium positions (equilibrium orientations) of a satellite in the orbital coordinate system for specified values of damping coefficients and principal central moments of inertia. The conditions of their existence have been obtained. For a zero equilibrium position where the axes of the satellite-centered coordinate system coincide with the axes of the orbital coordinate system, the necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability are obtained using the Routh–Hurwitz criterion. A detailed analysis of the regions where the conditions of the asymptotic stability of a zero equilibrium position are fulfilled have been obtained depending on three dimensionless parameters of the problem, and the numerical study of the process of attenuation of satellite’s spatial oscillations for various damping coefficients has been carried out. It has been shown that there is a wide range of damping parameters from which, by choosing the necessary values, one can provide the asymptotic stability of satellite’s zero equilibrium position in the orbital coordinate system.     

区域覆盖混合星座设计

针对我国邻海海上运动目标探测的需求,提出一种由多种类型卫星构成的区域覆盖混合星座系统方案。选择了合适的轨道类型,利用轨道动力学特性保持不同高度卫星构成的星座的构形;提出了星座配置方案,确定了不同类型卫星的协同工作方式和顺序等;在此基础上给出了轨道设计方法。最后设计了一个由海洋监视卫星簇、光学成像卫星和SAR卫星组成的星座。仿真表明,该星座能够实现预定的设计目标,保持一定的空间和时间关系对给定地区进行一定时间间隔的重访。     

Motion of a satellite equipped with a pitch flywheel and magnetic coils in gravitational field

A satellite equipped with a magnetic attitude control system and a pitch flywheel has been considered. The system performance in the transient mode has been investigated. The characteristic exponent of the system have been approximated for a satellite on a circumpolar orbit. In the steady-state mode of gravitational attitude, small motions are considered in the vicinity of equilibrium. The attitude accuracy has been analyzed. The algorithm of an arbitrary but given attitude of the satellite in the orbital plane has been investigated. A numerical simulation has been performed.     

卫星编队飞行的地球扁率摄动分析

本文研究了地球扁率J2项摄动对卫星编队飞行的影响。首先，给出了编队飞行数学描述，推导了轨道根数和相对运动状态的关系式；然后，将卫星编队的受摄影响分解为整体摄动和相对摄动，分别得到了解析解，重点分析了相对摄动规律。研究结果对卫星编队的设计有一定的参考价值。     

Analysis of the orbital motion of the asteroid Apophis’ satellite

We have analyzed the orbital disturbed spacecraft motion near an asteroid. The equations of the asteroidocentric spacecraft motion have been used with regard to three perturbations from celestial bodies, the asteroid’s nonsphericity, and solar radiation pressure. It has been shown that the orbital parameters of the main spacecraft and a small satellite with a radio beacon can be selected such that the orbits are rather stable for a fairly long period of time, i.e., a few weeks for the main spacecraft with an orbit initial radius of ~0.5 km and a few years before approaching Apophis with the Earth in 2029, for a small satellite at an orbit initial radius of ~1.5 km. The initial orientation of the spacecraft orbital plane perpendicular to the sunward direction is optimal from the point of view of the stability of the spacecraft flight near an asteroid.     

系统参数对电动力绳系动力学的影响

将电动力绳系(EDT)的主星质量、子星质量、绳系质量以及绳系中的电流视为系统参数,研究这些参数对系统的摆动动力学和轨道动力学的影响。哑铃模型下的电动力绳系摆动动力学方程存在不稳定的周期解,通过Floquet理论来衡量周期解的不稳定程度,从而研究各系统参数对摆动动力学的影响。建立了用春分点轨道元素的形式描述的电动力绳系轨道动力学方程,并以降轨时间来衡量电动力绳系的降轨效率,从而研究系统参数对轨道动力学的影响。运用算例对周期解迁移矩阵的特征值、降轨时间随各系统参数的变化关系进行了仿真,分别得出了各系统参数对系统摆动动力学和轨道动力学的影响。综合本文的仿真结果,并考虑实际发射及空间运行中的其它因素,对电动力绳系的设计和降轨策略提出了建议。     

椭圆轨道卫星对地全球覆盖电推进控制

针对椭圆轨道卫星近/远地点的星下点对全球或特定纬度区域的访问问题,提出一种连续小推力下的对地覆盖控制策略。首先,推导了自然摄动对卫星拱线变化的影响,并探讨了进行小推力覆盖控制的必要性。然后,针对燃料消耗的优化问题,将控制方程展开成含傅里叶级数的形式,用以获得便于星上计算的解析形式的次优解,同时探讨了截取阶数与优化程度的关系。在进行拱线控制的同时,通过合理设置约束,对椭圆轨道的近地点高度进行保护,确保卫星安全运行。仿真结果表明,提出的方法能够以适当的燃料消耗代价实现椭圆轨道的近/远地点的全球覆盖控制或特定纬度区域的反复推扫,且控制力在可接受的范围内。     

太阳同步卫星的轨道设计

在轨道六要素的基础上，分析了卫星太阳同步轨道设计时降(升)交点地方时、升交点赤经，以及冻结轨道参数等的确定方法。并给出了在轨道交点周期、回归圈数、回归周期、重复周期和其他因素等约束条件下的轨道设计要点。最后给出了一个轨道高度750～800km，卫星太阳同步轨道、冻结轨道和回归轨道的算例。     

低轨Walker星座构型演化及维持策略分析

针对低轨(LEO)Walker星座构型维持问题,分析在地球非球形引力和大气阻力摄动下卫星的运动规律及星座构型演化特性。结果表明,低轨Walker星座构型发散主要体现在由初始轨道参数不一致引起的轨道高度衰减和相位漂移,国内首例低轨Walker星座实测轨道数据验证了理论分析的正确性。结合星座任务特性与构型发散特点,提出了基于基准卫星的相对相位维持策略,选取一颗卫星作为基准卫星,使星座中其它所有卫星相对于基准卫星的相位漂移量累加值最小,通过对目标卫星实施一次相对基准卫星的轨道高度抬升/降低,维持星间的相对位置关系。实际工程应用表明了此策略的有效性,不仅降低星座构型维持的复杂度及频次,节约燃料,且轨控时间短,为我国今后卫星星座的构型维持提供参考。     

Determining Spacecraft Motion from Four Star Sensor Measurements

The BOKZ-M60 star sensor (a module that measures the coordinates of stars) has been designed for determining the parameters of the orientation of the intrinsic coordinate system relative to the inertial system from observations of stellar sky sections. The methods and results of processing of measurements by a set of four BOKZ-M60 sensors on the Resurs-P satellite no. 2 have been described. The time interval at which the satellite was in orbital orientation exceeds three orbital revolutions (19003 s). The joint processing of measurements by the four sensors conducted at the same time instants allowed the sensors to be associated with the universal coordinate system. With a root-mean-square error of less than 0.4′′ for each angle of rotation around its axes, this system is consistent with the model of the satellite’s rotational motion. The position of the universal system with respect to the instrumental coordinate system of the satellite was determined from the angular velocity measurements. Here, the root-mean-square errors for the values determined by the angles of rotation of the universal system around its axes were 0.044°, 0.051°, and 0.18°. The low-frequency (with frequencies less than 0.05 Hz) variations in the positions of intrinsic sensor coordinate systems relative to the universal system do not exceed 10′′. These are periodic variations with a fundamental frequency equal to the orbital frequency. The root-mean-square values of high-frequency components of these variations do not exceed 18′′.     

采用遗传算法进行区域覆盖卫星星座优化设计

区域覆盖星座的研究具有很大的现实意义。本文建立了一种比较通用的区域覆盖星座模型，将遗传算法用于该模型，建立了一整套区域覆盖星座的优化设计办法，算例说明了该算法的有效性。这种优化设计法具有一定的理论和实用意义。     

微纳InSAR卫星总体技术研究

微纳合成孔径雷达干涉(Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry, InSAR)卫星是对地定量化遥感的重要手段。开展了微纳InSAR卫星系统总体技术研究,给出了使得干涉测量覆盖范围最大的双星编队构型设计方法,建立了低燃料消耗双星轨道参数设计准则,提出高功能密度比InSAR卫星系统的设计方法,包括载荷平台一体化、卫星高集成模块化等总体设计方法,并给出了相应的设计实例。     

分布式InSAR系统技术综述

概述分布式卫星干涉合成孔径雷达（InSAR）系统的定义、组成、工作体制、应用领域及特点。综述了4个典型的分布式卫星InSAR系统发展现状,分析了总体技术、编队控制、三同步和基线测量四项系统关键技术。讨论了分布式卫星InSAR系统的高分辨率与宽观测带、实时与准实时和多功能发展方向。针对可实现高分辨率与宽观测带的多通道技术,分析了相位中心个数与重频的关系,并以一发三收模式为例,设计分辨率1m、观测带宽度30km波位参数,并分析总结其技术难点。针对有望实现实时与准实时监视的中、高轨InSAR系统,分析了处理器带宽、合成孔径时间、天线尺寸、峰值功率和基线等参数与轨道高度的相互关系。以轨道高度30000km为例,设计分辨率5m、覆盖范围600km波位参数,分析并总结了系统的关键技术。     

卫星/INS组合导航仿真平台结构与仿真模型研究

建立卫星/INS组合导航仿真平台可以先行对结构设计、相关算法和精度分析验证提供支持,是优化设计指标和加快开发周期的有效途径。本文根据卫星/INS组合导航系统的特点,利用面向对象技术进行模块分解,设计了一种扩展性好的卫星/INS组合导航仿真平台结构。并提出了与此平台构建相关的关键仿真模型。另外,还提出了一种从数值上对卫星轨道根数进行仿真的方法,避免了直接由动力学模型来计算卫星轨道根数的复杂性,简化了卫星轨道根数的仿真。     

Low-Frequency Microaccelerations onboard the Foton-11 Satellite

We analyze the microacceleration measurements carried out onboard the Foton-11 satellite with the three-component accelerometer BETA. The microaccelerations were recorded virtually throughout the entire orbital flight of the Foton-11 satellite. The data obtained were analyzed in the following way. First they were used to determine the actual rotational motion of the satellite for several arbitrarily selected time intervals 4 h long. This problem was solved by constructing the approximation of the microacceleretation low-frequency component (previously determined from the data) by its calculated analog computed along the solutions to differential equations of rotational motion of the satellite. The approximation was made by the least squares method. As a result, those mathematical model parameters and the solutions to equations of motion were found that gave the best consistency of the microacceleretation low-frequency component and its calculated analog. Then the spectral analysis of the low-frequency component and its calculated analog was made. It was shown that, although basic harmonics of these functions coincided sufficiently well, some harmonics of the low-frequency component failed to be interpreted in terms of the satellite's rotational motion.     

近圆太阳同步卫星轨道倾角偏差的影响和调整

以某近圆太阳同步轨道卫星为例,分析了倾角偏差引起的降交点地方时的漂移规律及影响。为将降交点地方时漂移限制在允许的范围内,给出了轨道倾角调整方案,仿真实验结果表明控制方案有效。     

星载合成孔径雷达的运动效应

对星载合成孔径雷达的运动效应进行了详细的分析，给出了雷达回波的多普勒参数和距离徒动特性的一般关系式。详细论证了卫星运动对多普勒参数和成像的影响，导出了描述速度误差、加速度误差和姿态误差的一系列定量计算公式，并就运动误差的补偿方法进行了阐述。     

基于2×2 MIMO的星地双圆极化通信系统验证

卫星通信因通信距离远、覆盖面积大、机动灵活等优势,广泛应用在抗震救灾、广播电视与移动通信中。然而,卫星通信因长距离通信和环境对信号的阻塞等问题,导致通信质量下降。为提高卫星通信质量,可以增加地面站发射功率或者采用分集技术。由于电磁波具备极化特性,左旋圆极化电磁波与右旋圆极化电磁波相互正交,利用其正交特性可实现长距离通信中传输路径相互独立,可以应用于星地MIMO通信中。主要研究双圆极化分集2×2 MIMO相关内容,对开阔环境和城市环境的信道参数进行研究,建立了窄带卫星双圆极化卫星2×2 MIMO信道模型,设计了一套具备在地面模拟双圆极化卫星和个人移动终端收发系统,并在该系统上验证双圆极化分集2×2 MIMO,相比于SISO获得的信噪比改善。     

Electrodynamic stabilization of earth-orbiting satellites in equatorial orbits

A satellite with electrodynamic stabilization system is considered. Based on the method of Lyapunov functions, sufficient conditions of the asymptotic stability of direct equilibrium position of this satellite in the orbital coordinate system under perturbing action of a gravitational moment are obtained. These conditions allow one to ensure a rational choice of parametric control coefficients depending on parameters of the satellite and its orbit.