ZrO2基热障涂层陶瓷材料研究进展

由于ZrO2基陶瓷材料在热障涂层上的广泛应用,本文综述了氧化物(一元、二元、多元)稳定ZrO2、MZrO3化合物及Ln2Zr2O7化合物的研究情况。结果指出氧化物稳定ZrO2在热障涂层上的应用空间已十分有限,随着航空发动机技术的发展,化学式为A32 B24 O7焦绿石结构的陶瓷材料有望替代YSZ,根据声子导热理论和晶体化学原理,用稀土元素离子对A32 B24 O7型陶瓷材料进行掺杂进一步降低其热导率,将为热障涂层技术应用开辟广阔的空间。该机理对MZrO3同样适用。     

弯掠动叶扩大稳定工作范围的实验研究

本实验利用两组轴流试验风机，每组分别为一台是常规（径向）动叶，另一台为弯掠动叶。一组保持它们具有（除弦长外）相同的几何参数和相同的转速（弯掠动叶中径处弦长增加量为２０．４％）；另一组具有相同的风机最高压比及其相对应的流量。在这两种条件下对每组风机进行了气动—声学性能的实验，其结果表明：具有弯掠动叶的轴流风机不仅改善了气动—声学性能，而且还大幅度地扩大了稳定工作范围。根据实验结果，对弯掠动叶扩大轴流风机稳定工作范围的机理进行了讨论。     

互补MOS-光耦合式多点切换器

 多点切换器是现代自动测控技术中的一个难点。本文介绍了一种由衬底引出的互补MOS模拟门作开关元件、双端出线的光耦合器作隔离屏蔽元件和由集成门作控制元件设计成的多点切换器。它的栅极泄漏电流影响可忽略,导通电阻只有10～30欧,噪声电平约±1微伏,能兼容高低电平的测量（±1～3200毫伏）;实现了模拟电路和控制电路的隔离屏蔽,能三线采样,抗干扰性强;切换时间短（微秒级）,可进一步集成化。它不仅可以解决试验现场低电平快速切换的困难,而且能使数据采集系统简单经济和通用性强。     

Geomagnetic pulsations

Conclusion In writing this review paper the author has been aware that although the present international classification on geomagnetic pulsations (see Table I) had been really useful for several years since the Berkeley Meeting, it seems unsuitable for the up-to-date pulsation study. This is mainly due to the fact that it depends only on the period and waveform of the pulsations. For example, (1) occurrence of PP type of Pc1 even in the international Pc3 range (Heacock, 1966), (2) PP and CE getting mixed in a common period band (cf. 2.7), (3) similar mixing tendency of Pc3 with Pc4 (cf. 3.3 or Figure 21), (4) subtypes of Pi pulsations having common period ranges but different source mechanisms, (5) existence of various types of pulsations which can be classified neither to Pc nor to Pi (cf. Section 6), and so on. Hence the author feels that a new pulsation classification based on physical image on the occurrence models is really needed now.According to the international definition which has a period range of pulsations from 0.2 (5 Hz) to 600 sec, a part of the following electromagnetic field fluctuations called ELF emissions and ELF whistlers should belong to geomagnetic pulsations. ELF emissions are at times observed near 4 Hz and 9 Hz. They are so termed because of the difference between these frequencies and the Schumann resonance frequencies of 8 and 14 Hz (Yanagihara and Shimizu, 1969; Polk, 1969). Another type, ELF whistlers, exhibit either rising, falling or fluctuating tones from about 2 Hz to probably a few tens of Hz (Duffus, Nasmyth et al., 1958; Yamashita, 1967; Glangeaud, 1967; Yanagihara and Shimizu, 1969). In this review paper, however, both ELF emissions and whistlers have not been reviewed, since most of these seem to be out of the international frequency range so far as present observational knowledge is concerned. Some of the Pc6 and Dp2, involved in the international period range of pulsations, have also not been commented on, but the reader is advised to refer to Herron (1967) and Nishida (1968), respectively, for more detail.It has been frequently pointed out in this paper that latitudinal dependence of pulsation amplitude is one of the most important clues for seeking the model of excitation and propagation of HM and EM waves, but that this dependence has not been precisely obtained so far owing to the difference in geomagnetic longitude of the pulsation stations (for example, see Figure 40). Cooperative observations based on standardized magnetometers are eagerly desired at stations which are densely arranged along the same magnetic meridian, even if the observation is temporal.As already reviewed, various conflicting models have been proposed for each type of pulsation. On the occurrence of pc's, for example, there are two main conflicting models. In the first model, Pc2, 3, and 4 (Troitskaya, 1967; Patel and Hastings, 1968; and others) or Pc3 and 4 (Radoski and Carovillano, 1966) are related to one and the same resonance system and the difference in the type of these pc's is attributed to an effect of geomagnetic activity on the size of this system. In the second model, Pc2, 3, 4 and 5 are related to three or four different resonant systems (Jacobs and Sinno, 1960b; Hirasawa and Nagata, 1966; Kato, Mori et al., 1968; and others). Most of the conflict among such models seems to be removable by combining more thorough theoretical studies and correct dynamic spectrum analyses of the data at the polar region, auroral zone, sub-auroral zone, and middle and low latitudes, for various geomagnetic disturbance conditions.     

热力学模型在氮氧化物陶瓷研究中的应用

用热力学几何规则，对Si3N4-AlN-Al2O3-SiO2体系中的部分化舍物的标准生成吉布斯自由能进行了预报和评估；用新几何模型计算了Al2O3-SiO2-Si3N4三元体系高温液相的热力学性质。为研究Si3N4-AlN-Al2O3-SiO2体系陶瓷材料在制备和应用条件下的物理化学变化规律提供了热力学数据。此外，根据预报的热力学数据，计算并给出了Al-O-N、Si-O-N和B-O-N体系的参数状态图，为分析和确定O-Sialon-BN系复合材料合成和应用的条件提供了理论依据。     

预冷组合循环发动机吸气式模态建模与性能分析

为了对预冷组合循环发动机开展性能分析，以协同吸气式火箭发动机（SABRE 4）为研究对象，采用部件法建立了发动机稳态模型，计算获得了SABRE 4发动机在吸气式模态下沿飞行弹道的性能参数变化规律。然后对发动机的高度和速度特性进行研究，得到了发动机的飞行包线。计算结果表明，在吸气式飞行弹道内，核心机推力和比冲的变化分别为488~680kN和34786~46954m/s。SABRE 4发动机具备推力大和比冲高的性能优势。在预冷器工作过程中，随着飞行马赫数增大，预冷器换热量不断增大，进入预燃室的氢流量减小，预燃室总温降低，HX3的吸热量减小。与其他压气机和涡轮相比，空气压气机和氦涡轮的工作参数变化较大。SABRE 4发动机通过对来流空气进行预冷，可实现在大空域和宽速域内工作。由于空气压气机的喘振和堵塞边界限制，发动机的高度和速度特性分别存在飞行高度和飞行马赫数的限制。     

基于全连接神经网络的分层旋流火焰燃烧振荡预报

燃气轮机贫油预混低排放燃烧室容易发生燃烧振荡,在宽工况极端条件下燃烧主动控制有潜力成为抑制燃烧振荡的有效方法。然而主动控制系统依赖于对燃烧振荡的快速监测和准确预报,因此有必要针对不同的燃烧振荡预报手段开展研究和验证。本文以甲烷预混同心分层旋流火焰的图像为基础,采用降低图像分辨率和提取火焰结构特征参数这两种不同的方式对火焰图像信息进行简化处理,并使用全连接神经网络对燃烧振荡进行预报研究。结果发现,两种方式都可以较为准确地预报燃烧振荡,精度均达到90%以上。预报精度随着图像分辨率的增加而升高,在极低的图像分辨率(3*3)下,预报精度也能达到90%以上。此外,对根据火焰平均图像提取的结构特征参数进行了敏感性分析,捕捉到了系统稳定性的转变,但参数变化范围受训练集限制。本文提出的基于数据驱动方法对燃烧振荡的预报时间小于2 ms,为实现燃烧振荡实时在线预报提供了支持。     

鱼鳞纹叶栅试验研究

鱼鳞纹叶栅临界马赫数比原型提高了９．５％,减少了４６．９％,比直纹叶栅也减少了１０．７％。最大二元静压比比原型高２．７％,比直纹叶栅高１．１７％。在原型叶栅不能达到的Ｍａ１＝０．８处,两种花纹叶栅均未堵塞。     

含燃速催化剂的丁羟推进剂高压燃烧性能研究

对含Ｔ２７（一种二茂铁衍生物）、卡托辛、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３三种燃速催化剂的ＨＴＰＢ／ＡＰ／Ａｌ推进剂在１６ＭＰａ～２２ＭＰａ下的燃速和燃速压强指数进行了研究。结果表明：二茂铁衍生物能大幅度提高ＨＴＰＢ／ＡＰ／Ａｌ推进剂的燃速,同时可使高压下的压强指数大幅度地下降;Ｆｅ２Ｏ３对ＨＴＰＢ／ＡＰ／Ａｌ推进剂有着显著的燃速催化效果,但其推进剂压强指数较高;Ｆｅ２Ｏ３的催化效率较Ｔ２７高,但不及卡托辛;Ｆｅ２Ｏ３和二茂铁衍生物组合使用能进一步提高ＨＴＰＢ／ＡＰ／Ａｌ推进剂的燃速,并使推进剂具有较低的压强指数。     

聚邻乙氧基苯胺/ Fe3 O4 复合薄膜的制备及吸波性能

采用静电自组装技术,以化学氧化法合成的聚邻乙氧基苯胺和水热法制备的Fe3O4磁流体为原料,制备了聚邻乙氧基苯胺/Fe3O4复合薄膜,并采用SEM、FT-IR和矢量网络分析仪等手段表征了复合薄膜的形貌及电磁参数随频率的变化关系,对其微波吸收性能进行了初步研究.结果表明:制得的复合薄膜呈片状结构,吸波性能主要靠磁损耗,且在较低频率范围(8～10 GHz)内,薄膜厚度d为3.5mm时吸波效果较佳,反射率最低可达-11.5 dB;在较高频率范围(10～12.5 GHz)内,d为2.5 mm时吸波效果较佳,反射率最低为-10.4dB.     

基于超燃冲压发动机的HIFiRE项目飞行试验研究进展

飞行器在临近空间内的气动特性及发动机性能一直是各国高超声速项目研究的重点,为探索边界层转捩、激波边界层相互作用以及气动加热效应,美澳牵头于2006年联合启动了HIFiRE项目,采用探空火箭发射进行重点技术验证的模式开展了系列创新性研究。项目重点关注20~38km空域,4~8速域飞行马赫数,试验方案通过单项验证、系统集成的思路逐步深入,将一体化设计的乘波体从无动力滑翔推进到有动力巡航,最终完成带超燃冲压发动机高升阻比飞行器的总体性能测试。研究结果表明:①试验飞行器的边界层转捩高度在35~25km;②乘波体飞行器在飞行马赫数为7时最大升阻比为5.6;③超燃冲压发动机的飞行试验中,在86.2kPa的恒定动压下,飞行马赫数从5.5加速到8.5,试验中发动机实现了从亚燃到超燃的模态转换。      

新型碳基复合吸波材料的制备及性能研究

在聚丙烯腈(PAN)聚合液中分别加入Fe,nano-Fe和FeC2O4.2H2O,经热处理后制备了三种新型的电磁损耗型碳基复合吸波材料.通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)对复合材料分别进行物相分析,三种复合材料中,Fe元素主要以Fe3O4的形式存在.根据所测得的介电常数和磁导率比较分析了三种碳基复合材料和纯碳材料的吸波性能,结果表明加入Fe和nano-Fe制备的碳基复合材料有效改善了纯碳材料的输入波阻抗匹配程度,提高了微波吸收性能.结果表明,加入Fe和nano-Fe制备的碳基复合材料,涂层厚度分别为1.9和2.2mm时,在12.7～ 18GHz频段内,反射损失值都小于- 10dB,有效吸收带宽为5.3GHz.涂层厚度均增至2.5mm,最小反射损失值分别达到- 46和- 29.8dB,有效改善了纯碳基体输入波阻抗匹配程度,提高了微波吸收性能.     

Glare层合板的抗鸟撞分析

飞机结构的抗鸟撞性能对于飞行安全有着直接的联系,鸟撞事故一旦发生,对飞机结构、设备的破坏作用往往极为严重。针对Glare层合板材料进行了抗鸟撞分析,利用有限元方法,采用显式碰撞动力分析软件PAM-CRASH,对四种不同纤维铺层角的Glare层合平板进行了抗鸟撞仿真分析,比较选取了最优的纤维铺层角;设计了全尺寸的机翼前缘模型,对4/3和3/2两种构型的Glare层合蒙皮进行了抗鸟撞仿真。结果表明4/3构型的Glare层合蒙皮的抗鸟撞效果最好,该构型将被进一步应用于机翼抗鸟撞试验件的设计中。     

高超声速轴对称流道冷流特征及气动力特性研究

对一种轴对称形式的高超声速飞行器全流道开展了风洞实验和数值模拟研究, 分析了不同来流总压、飞行攻角全流道的流场结构和气动力特性.研究结果表明:(1)一定范围内雷诺数的变化对全流道的流动结构和模型的气动力特性无显著影响, 因此所获得的风洞实验结果有望通过某种形式推广到飞行状态下使用;(2)飞行攻角对全流道的流动结构和升力系数有着显著影响, 但阻力系数的影响并不明显;(3)研究范围内来流马赫数的变化对全流道的流动结构有着一定影响, 但研究范围内, 阻力系数随马赫数的变化幅度较小;(4)由于轴对称流道的浸润面积较大, 研究范围内该类飞行器的摩擦阻力在全机阻力中占据了较大的比重, 设计状态下达全机气动力的62%;(5)与实验结果的对照表明, 所采用的数值模拟方法具有较高的精度.      

某型涡轴发动机高低温起动性能试验与分析

开展了采用RP-3燃油和RP-5燃油的涡轴发动机高低温起动性能对比试验。分析了不同环境温度下转子的阻力矩和电动机扭矩的变化规律,指出了当前计算方法的局限性;对比了环境温度、燃油种类、燃油流量对发动机起动性能的影响,摸索出了该型发动机低温起动极限温度。试验结果表明:随着温度降低,滑油黏度增大,转子阻力矩增大,发动机带转转速和转子自转时间显著降低;在极限低温条件下,两种燃油对涡轴发动机起动性能影响非常大,而在高温条件下,采用上述两种燃油,发动机起动性能基本一致;该型发动机采用RP-3燃油能在-40 ℃环境下成功起动,而采用RP-5燃油,经过调油等措施最终只能在-20 ℃环境下成功起动;在一定范围内,增加燃油流量,能改善发动机采用RP-5燃油的起动能力。研究结论为同类发动机高低温试验提供了参考。      

A Direct Solution to GPS-Type Navigation Equations

One solution to the navigation equations involves iteration on the 4 by 4 augmented range-direction-cosine matrix beginning with an assumed position and so assumed direction cosines, of which there are 12 for 4 satellites. An algebraic, direct solution to this same basic equation set has recently been published. Both of these methods are reviewed. We offer a direct solution using modified functions of the range magnitude data from four satellites to yield user's clock bias correction, user's position, and true range vectors if desired. The highest order of matrix inversion used is 2 by 2. The highest order, nonlinear equation is a numeric square root. The principle of the formulation is use of differences among the range magnitudes and range magnitudes squared. An additional auxiliary difference equation is formed. A computation basis uses the ephimeride differences and an orthogonal vector. The method offers convenience, speed, simplicity, low dimensionality, and precision, with no operational constraints.     

弯掠动叶叶尖径向间隙对气动──声学性能的影响

采用了两种修正叶尖径向间隙的方法:一种是利用实验结果减小径向动叶叶尖径向间隙,使之与弯掠动叶相同,弯掠动叶气动效率提高3%-4%,气动噪声降低2-3dB（A）,稳定工作范围扩大20%以上;另一种是利用修正公式（增大弯掠动叶径向间隙）计算弯掠动叶气动-声学性能。      

二元高超声速变几何进气道气动特性研究

设计了一种唇罩可沿来流方向平移的二元高超声速变几何进气道,对进气道开展了三维数值仿真研究,就气动特性与相应定几何进气道进行了对比.结果表明:通过迎着来流方向平移唇罩,进气道内收缩比由1.80下降至1.57,自起动马赫数由4.9下降至3.4.在来流马赫数为4.0~7.0范围内,变几何进气道与定几何进气道隔离段出口马赫数和增压比相差不大,变几何进气道流量系数和总压恢复系数可实现提升最大值分别为21%和9%.二元高超声速变几何进气道综合气动性能明显高于定几何进气道.      

Analysis of observed and computed crossing-shock-wave/turbulent-boundary-layer interactions

The prediction of the performances of supersonic inlets heavily depends on the ability to model Shock-Wave/Turbulent-Boundary-Layer Interactions (SWBLI). A joint experimental and computational study is carried out to identify the flow regimes occurring at Mach 4 between two sharp fins mounted on a flat plate. Three configurations are examined (7°×7°, 7°×11°, 15°×15°) to cover a representative range of interaction strengths. The evolution of the flow regimes with the interaction strength is described. The distributions of pressure and heat-transfer coefficient are related to the identified flow regimes. Experiments and computations agree on the primary features of the flow, while they diverge about the secondary features and the level of the heat transfer in these regions, where it may be over-predicted by a factor of 2−2.5. The SWBLI heat transfer issue is related to specific flow regimes, for which turbulence modeling deficiencies are pointed out.     

Effect of boron doping on waterproof and dielectric properties of polyborosiloxane coating on SiO2f/SiO2 composites

A hydrophobic coating of the silica fiber reinforced silica composites (SiO_2f/SiO₂) was synthesized by sol-gel method using methyltriethoxy-silane (MTES) and boric acid (B(OH)₃) as raw materials. The relationship among boron doping, chemical structure of precursors and durability of hydrophobic coatings was discussed. The Si-O-B and methyl groups were successfully introduced in the gel precursors according to the FT-IR and XPS results. The resins were filled in the internal and surface holes of the SiO_2f/SiO₂ composites partially or completely, which is beneficial to reduce the physical adsorption of the moisture. In addition, hydroxyl groups of the SiO_2f/SiO₂ composites reacted with the resins and hydrophobic methyl groups were introduced, leading to the reduction of the chemical adsorption of water. Also, the boron doping was beneficial to enhancing the physical cross-linking between the coating and the SiO_2f/SiO₂ composites, and improved the adhesion of the coating to the substrate. The results show that the optimal hydrophobic coating with contact angle 130.33°, moisture absorption 0.33% and adhesion level 1 is obtained when the molar ratio of MTES to B(OH)₃ is 10:4. The real permittivity of M10B4 is constant in the range of 2.32–2.51 and the dielectric tangent loss is constant in the range of 5.5 × 10⁻⁴–8.7 × 10⁻³. The hydrophobic coating has excellent dielectric properties.