高斯混合概率假设密度算法对多目标的跟踪研究

为了规避数据关联的困难,本文深入研究了适宜多目标跟踪工程应用,线性高斯多目标模型假设下的高斯混合概率假设密度算法（GM—PHD）,详细给出了后验PHD高斯元素的均值、方差和权值的解析递推式,使用了修剪和合并方法控制高斯元素数目的指数增长。最后。给出了一系列仿真实验,验证了在检测不确定和高杂波环境下,即使对目标数量未知和...     

一种新的混合高斯模型的学习算法

混合高斯模型是背景对消中一种非常有效的方法.本文提出了一种有效的混合高斯模型的学习算法.与以前的方法不同在于:a.根据最大似然准则,在线的更新模型的参数;b.定义了遗忘因子和学习率因子,并根据它们实际的物理含义,得到了更一般的形式.运用这种算法对模拟视频数据和真实视频处理,结果表明,本文提出的学习算法无论在收敛速率,还是在准确性方面,都要优于以前的方法.     

A Gaussian Mixture PHD Filter for Jump Markov System Models

The probability hypothesis density (PHD) filter is an attractive approach to tracking an unknown and time-varying number of targets in the presence of data association uncertainty, clutter, noise, and detection uncertainty. The PHD filter admits a closed-form solution for a linear Gaussian multi-target model. However, this model is not general enough to accommodate maneuvering targets that switch between several models. In this paper, we generalize the notion of linear jump Markov systems to the multiple target case to accommodate births, deaths, and switching dynamics. We then derive a closed-form solution to the PHD recursion for the proposed linear Gaussian jump Markov multi-target model. Based on this an efficient method for tracking multiple maneuvering targets that switch between a set of linear Gaussian models is developed. An analytic implementation of the PHD filter using statistical linear regression technique is also proposed for targets that switch between a set of nonlinear models. We demonstrate through simulations that the proposed PHD filters are effective in tracking multiple maneuvering targets.     

混合高斯测量噪声下的多模型滤波

就带有混合高斯测量噪声的离散时间系统 ,提出了一种简化的多模型滤波。理论分析证明该滤波方法用较少的计算量得到了与交互多模型滤波相同的估计性能。为满足应用要求 ,给出了该滤波器的数值鲁棒实现方法。一个关于仅有方位测量的制导例子验证了该滤波算法的有效性。     

Data Association and Track Management for the Gaussian Mixture Probability Hypothesis Density Filter

The Gaussian mixture probability hypothesis density (GM-PHD) recursion is a closed-form solution to the probability hypothesis density (PHD) recursion, which was proposed for jointly estimating the time-varying number of targets and their states from a sequence of noisy measurement sets in the presence of data association uncertainty, clutter, and miss-detection. However the GM-PHD filter does not provide identities of individual target state estimates, that are needed to construct tracks of individual targets. In this paper, we propose a new multi-target tracker based on the GM-PHD filter, which gives the association amongst state estimates of targets over time and provides track labels. Various issues regarding initiating, propagating and terminating tracks are discussed. Furthermore, we also propose a technique for resolving identities of targets in close proximity, which the PHD filter is unable to do on its own.     

Mixture Reduction Algorithms for Point and Extended Object Tracking in Clutter

The Bayesian solution to the problem of tracking a target with measurement association uncertainty gives rise to mixture distributions, which are composed of an ever increasing number of components. To produce a practical tracking filter, the growth of components must be controlled by approximating the mixture distribution. Two mixture reduction schemes (a joining algorithm and a clustering algorithm) have been derived for this purpose. If significant well spaced mixture components are present, these techniques can provide a useful improvement over the probabilistic data association filter (PDAF) approach, which reduces the mixture to a single Gaussian component at each time step. For the standard problem of tracking a point target in uniform random clutter, a Monte Carlo simulation study has been employed to identify the region of the problem parameter space where significant performance improvement is obtained over the PDAF. In the second part of this paper, the formal Bayesian filter is derived for an extended target consisting of an array of measurement sources with association uncertainty. A practical multiple hypothesis filter is implemented using mixture reduction and simulation results are presented.     

不依赖于分布的子波去噪算法

本提出了一种新的子波去噪方法，这种方法不依赖于噪声的统计分布，因而可以适用于非高斯噪声和有色噪声的情况，实验结果表明：在高斯和非高斯噪声背景下，该方法都能获得好的去噪效果。     

Sonar Array Detection of Gaussian Signals in Gaussian Noise of Unknown Power

A statistical test is postulated for detecting, with an M-element hydrophone array, a Gaussian signal in spatially independent Gaussian noise of unknown power. The test is an extension of the uniformly-most-powerful (UMP) unbiased test for a two-element array. The output signal-to-noise ratio of the test is calculated and, for a large number of independent space-time samples, is shown to be no better than a mean-level detector (MLD). Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) for the MLD are computed and compared to the ROC curves for the optimum (Bayes) parametric detector. The input signal-to-noise power ratios required to provide a detection probability of 0.5 differ by less than 0.2 dB for a fifty-element array with wide variation in false-alarm probability and time-bandwidth product. This result suggests that both the extended bivariate UMP unbiased test and the MLD perform close to the unknown UMP unbiased test for independence of a multivariate Gaussian distribution.     

一种基于Web的产品配置方法

随着市场竞争加剧和信息技术的飞速发展,产品制造过程的网络化和定制化成为传统制造业发展的必然趋势。基于Web的产品配置是实现产品在线定制的重要方法。本文提出了一种基于Web的产品配置方法,论述了相关的问题。该方法在一注塑模架在线定制系统中进行了应用和验证。     

An Approach to Fixed-Point Smoothing Problems

This paper examines the possibility of deriving fixed-point smoothing algorithms through exploitation of the known solutions of a higher dimensional filtering problem. It is shown that a simple state augmentation serves to imbed the given n-dimensional smoothing problem into a 2n-dimensional filtering problem. It is further shown that computation of the smoothed estimate and the corresponding error covariance does not require implementation of the 2n-dimensional filtering equations. Some new results involving systems with or without multiple time delays and having colored observation noise have been derived in order to illustrate the versatility of the proposed technique. It is also demonstrated that the present approach leads to an easier derivation of the continuous-time fixed-point smoothing algorithm reported in the literature.     

Dynamical Systems Approach to Space Environment Turbulence

Space plasmas are dominated by waves, instabilities and turbulence. Dynamical systems approach offers powerful mathematical and computational techniques to probe the origin and nature of space environment turbulence. Using the nonlinear dynamics tools such as the bifurcation diagram and Poincaré maps, we study the transition from order to chaos, from weak to strong chaos, and the destruction of a chaotic attractor. The characterization of the complex system dynamics of the space environment, such as the Alfvén turbulence, can improve the capability of monitoring Sun-Earth connections and prediction of space weather. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

复杂深孔的高效加工方法

复杂的深孔加工变得越来越富有挑战性。零件通常需要具有更多的特征,例如非常小的孔、内腔、不同的孔径、轮廓、凹槽、螺纹及不同的孔方向。要高效地完成此类公差很小的孔的加工,不仅需要具备丰富的经验和研发资源,而且需要良好的研发能力和应用设备,并要实质性地参与到客户的加工过程中去。     

An Algebraic Approach to Superresolution Array Processing

In a recent paper we made an algebraic characterization of the problem of resolving closely spaced plane waves incident on a linear array. The characterization encompassing several superresolution processing methods and encompassed the Wiener, maximum likelihood, and Pisarenko methods as well as suggesting new procedures. In this paper we amplify the algebraic approach and extend the results to consider correlated noise. An adaptive algorithm is given for a particularly effective processing method.     

An Approach to Optimization of Terminal Rendezvous

The optimal solution is presented to a cooperative game which is described by a common quadratic cost functional subject to linear ordinary differential equation constraints. The optimal feedback controller is constructed for both players when all components of the state vector can be measured. For the case that only some components of the state vector are available, the optimal feedback controller is designed using a dynamic observer. As a specific application, the approach is used in determining the optimal feedback controllers for two satellites which are performing a rendezvous on a circular orbit. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the applicability of the approach.     

复杂深孔的高效加工方法

当孔深超过10倍孔径时,加工出的孔一般很深。孔深达300倍径时就需要专门的技术,并采用单管钻头或双管钻头进行钻削。在加工至这些孔底部的漫长过程中,需要使用正确的运动机构、刀具配置以及合适的切削刃才能完成内腔、凹槽、螺纹和型腔的加工。支撑板技术是另一重要领域,在深孔钻削中也至关重要,现在它作为深孔加工技术的一部分也发展很快,其中就包括在该领域能实现更高性能的高质刀具的开发。     

Peculiarities of Mixture Formation and Ignition of the Fuel Mixture in the Metal Sprayer Chamber

The paper presents a device for spraying the low-melting metal coating, based on the rocket chamber operation principle. The design of the fuel nozzle, pre-mixing chamber, and radial combustion chamber is considered. The processes of electro-spark ignition of the fuel mixture and the flame front stabilization are described. The choice of the critical section area as a place of the coating material feeding in the high-temperature combustion products flow is substantiated.