基于星载可见光相机的空间碎片探测

空间碎片在轨识别与参数辨识为空间轨道预警、航天器规避空间碎片提供了重要依据。文章在轨道相对动力学的基础上,模拟了空间碎片在光学探测过程中的拖尾成像特性;随后,采用 Hough变换对空间碎片尾迹特征.r进行提取与识别,获取碎片方位角信息,通过匹配多帧图像,获取碎片的方位角速度信息。同时,结合激光测距仪的测距信息,获取空间碎片的位置和速度信息;通过数值仿真验证,该方法能够实现对空间碎片探测、识别和定位,因而具有一定的工程应用价值。     

交会对接任务碰撞规避策略制定研究简

针对交会对接任务目标飞行器与追踪器轨道运行特性,综合考虑规避策略计算方法与工程实际相结合的问题,提出高度规避、时间规避以及与正常轨控相结合的碰撞规避策略计算方法等三种空间目标碰撞规避策略计算方法.高度规避计算方法采用了Lambert飞行原理,用简化二体开普勒模型取代高精度轨道预报方法,迭代求解规避机动速度增量,实现了通过约束过交点与目标径向距离差得到速度增量的最优解;时间规避计算方法通过轨道周期与速度增量的关系,实现了通过约束过交点与目标的时间差得到速度增量的最优解;与正常轨控相结合的碰撞规避策略计算方法,在正常控制考虑冗余控制量的基础上,对控制策略的控制开始时间或沿迹方向的速度增量进行较小的修正,使两者通过碰撞点的时刻或径向距离错开,达到碰撞规避的目的,该方法不仅可以节省燃料、而且对任务的影响较小.通过对三种空间目标碰撞规避策略计算方法仿真分析结果表明,完全适用于交会对接任务,可为我国载人航天任务飞行安全提供技术保障.     

Cleaning space debris with a space-based laser system

High-energy pulsed laser radiation may be the most feasible means to mitigate the threat of collision of a space station or other valuable space assets with orbital debris in the size range of 1–10 cm. Under laser irradiation, part of the debris material is ablated and provides an impulse to the debris particle. Proper direction of the impulse vector either deflects the object trajectory or forces the debris on a trajectory through the upper atmosphere, where it burns up. Most research concentrates on ground-based laser systems but pays little attention to space-based laser systems.There are drawbacks of a ground-based laser system in cleaning space debris. Therefore the placement of a laser system in space is proposed and investigated. Under assumed conditions,the elimination process of space debris is analyzed. Several factors such as laser repetition frequency, relative movement between the laser and debris, and inclination of debris particles which may exercise influence to the elimination effects are discussed. A project of a space-based laser system is proposed according to the numerical results of a computer study. The proposed laser system can eliminate debris of 1–10 cm and succeed in protecting a space station.     

Numerical simulation of high-velocity element collisions with shell and filler of aerospace structures

The fracture pattern of shells with a filler at collision with high-speed projectiles is analyzed. The special features of the projectile and barrier fragmentation and formation of debris fields, and the impact of the shock wave on the filler are revealed.     

空间翻滚非合作目标消旋技术发展综述

大量残存太空的空间垃圾对在轨运行航天器的安全构成严重威胁,对其进行主动移除已迫在眉睫。火箭末级、失效卫星等非合作目标已失去姿态调整能力,且长期在失控状态下运行,受太阳光压、重力梯度等摄动力矩及失效前自身残余角动量等因素的影响往往会出现翻滚运动。对翻滚非合作目标直接捕获存在碰撞风险,为降低风险系数采取消旋后再捕获是较为合适的方式。在对火箭末级、失效卫星等典型非合作目标运动形式及消旋过程进行分析的基础上,综述了目前国内外所提出的接触式及非接触式消旋方法,并对非合作目标翻滚运动测量及动力学参数辨识和消旋控制这两项消旋共性关键技术进行了归纳总结。本综述将为中国空间碎片主动清除技术的发展提供有益参考。     

基于混合神经网络模型的磨粒电荷检测方法研究

由于传统的滑油磨粒在线监测方法无法获取电荷分布位置信息,难以准确测量荷电颗粒数目及其携带的电荷量。为此,本文提出一种基于静电层析成像（Electrostatic tomography,EST）技术和深度学习算法的荷电颗粒检测方法。对EST传感器测量数据采用BP神经网络算法重建出测量截面上电荷的分布图像,采用卷积神经网络（Convolutional neural networks,CNN）算法分析重建图像以识别荷电颗粒数目,将识别的颗粒数目和传感器测量数据组合成输入向量,通过1个多层前馈网络确定带电颗粒数目、感应电荷值与颗粒电荷量值之间的映射关系,得到准确的各颗粒的电荷量值。实验结果表明：混合神经网络模型对数据样本的测量误差为9%,可满足滑油监测对于准确性的要求。     

基于超高速碰撞仿真的卫星碰撞解体碎片分析

使用超高速碰撞数值仿真技术,结合自主开发的碎片识别统计方法,以Iridium33与Cosmos2251卫星在轨撞击解体事件为例,进行了在轨卫星碰撞解体碎片分析.通过有限元方法(FEM)与光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)的复合算法,从图形角度识别出碎片云中的大碎片,然后利用二值图转换与二值图连通域的快速统计,提取出了碎片数目...     

磨粒分析技术及其在发动机故障诊断中的应用

基于显微形态学方法的磨损微粒显微分析技术是近年来出现的解决发动机磨损故障诊断问题的新方法之一。应用形态学分析方法建立一套磨粒显微特征描述体系提取磨粒特征信息,作为磨粒识别的信息基础,可以准确地完成磨粒自动识别。基于发动机润滑系统磨粒分析的结果和颗粒摩擦学理论,比较准确地评估出发动机接触磨损部件的磨损状态,进而诊断或预测此类磨损故障;另外,此项分析诊断技术在发动机气路磨损故障诊断中也具有潜在的应用前景。      

Space Debris Reentry Analysis Methods and Tools

The reentry of uncontrolled spacecraft may be broken into many pieces of debris at an altitude in the range of 75-85 km. The surviving fragments could pose great hazard and risk to ground and people. In recent years, methods and tools for predicting and analyzing debris reentry and ground risk assessment have been studied and developed in National Aeronautics and Space Ad-ministration (NASA), European Space Agency (ESA) and other organizations, including the group of the present authors. This paper reviews the current progress on this topic of debris reentry briefly. We outline the Monte Carlo method for uncertainty analysis, breakup prediction, and parameters affecting survivability of debris. The existing analysis tools can be classified into two categories, i.e. the object-oriented and the spacecraft-oriented methods, the latter being more accurate than the first one. The past object-oriented tools include objects of only simple shapes. For more realistic simulation, here we present an object-oriented tool debris reentry and ablation prediction system (DRAPS) developed by the present authors, which introduces new object shapes to 15 types, as well as 51 predefined motions and relevant aerodynamic and aerothermal models. The aerodynamic and aerothermal models in DRAPS are validated using direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method.     

超高速碰撞碎片云的四序列激光阴影照相

为研究超高速碰撞过程中所产生碎片云的特性,在中国空气动力研究与发展中心超高速所碰撞靶上发展了四序列激光阴影照相系统。该系统由YAG激光光源、阴影仪、成像系统和控制系统组成,在采用多光源空间分离、偏振分光、光束角放大、补偿式滤光等技术后,获得了撞击速度 v=4．6km／s时碎片云的四序列阴影照片。笔者对该系统的工作原理、调试情况及试验结果进行了介绍。调试及试验结果表明：（1）该系统可以获得最小间隔为1μs、曝光时间为10ns的4个不同时刻的超高速碰撞碎片云图像,满足碰撞试验中对碎片云照相的要求;（2）该技术可以发展为更多序列激光阴影照相系统,并应用于其它超高速瞬态过程的测量显示。     

地基激光清除空间碎片过程建模与仿真

 空间碎片对人类航天活动的影响越来越大,用地基高能脉冲激光清除空间碎片被认为是一种可行手段。分析了地基激光清除空间碎片的原理,建立了碎片清除过程轨道动力学模型,通过选取两种典型的ps级和ns级激光器,对空间碎片的清除效果进行了仿真计算。结果表明:对于800 km和1 500 km轨道高度上的某典型空间碎片,两种激光器均不能在其一次过顶将其清除,需多次过顶才能达到清除效果;在进入大气层烧毁前,均需烧蚀一定的质量,而且轨道高度越高,烧蚀质量越多;ps级激光器比ns级激光器具有优势,15 kJ、 10 ns、 2 Hz的ns级激光器清除800 km和1 500 km轨道高度上的碎片所需总能量分别是150 J、1 ps、 65 Hz的ps级激光器的2.95倍和3.31倍。研究结果可为碎片清除方案制定和地基激光器参数选择提供依据。     

基于图像的发动机滑油滤磨屑定量分析技术

定量分析滑油滤磨屑是提高航空发动机内部磨损故障诊断成功率的有效技术途径.为满足某型航空发动机使用维护中滑油滤磨屑快速定量分析和磨损状态诊断的实际需求,设计制造了油滤磨屑自动清洗收集装置,采用电荷耦合器件(CCD)获取油滤磨屑数字图像,运用二维最大熵遗传算法对磨屑图像进行阈值分割后提取磨屑目标的特征量,将磨屑特征量与反映...     

Highly reliable relative navigation for multi-UAV formation flight in urban environments

Formation flight of multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is expected to bring significant benefits to a wide range of applications. Accurate and reliable relative position information is a prerequisite to safely maintain a fairly close distance between UAVs and to achieve inner-system collision avoidance. However, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements are vulnerable to erroneous signals in urban canyons, which could potentially lead to catastrophic consequences. Accordingly, on the basis of performing relative positioning with double differenced pseudoranges, this paper develops an integrity monitoring framework to improve navigation integrity (a measure of reliability) in urban environments. On the one hand, this framework includes a fault detection and exclusion scheme to protect against measurement faults. To accommodate urban scenarios, spatial dependence in the faults are taken into consideration by this scheme. On the other hand, relative protection level is rigorously derived to describe the probabilistic error bound of the navigation output. This indicator can be used to evaluate collision risk and to warn collision danger in real time. The proposed algorithms are validated by both simulations and flight experiments. Simulation results quantitatively reveal the sensitivity of navigation performance to receiver configurations and environmental conditions. And experimental results suggest high efficiency and effectiveness of the new integrity monitoring framework.     

气膜冷却射流对叶片微细颗粒沉积影响

针对微细颗粒在涡轮叶片表面的沉积问题,采用EI-Batsh沉积模型对涡轮叶片表面微细颗粒沉积情况进行数值仿真,探究压力面冷却射流对颗粒沉积特性的影响.研究表明:沉积主要发生于叶片前缘与压力面,且沉积率随着粒径的增大不断增大,但粒径增大到17 μm后沉积率增加幅度开始变小.存在冷却射流时,射流可以通过吹离和卷吸作用影响小...     

SRM两相内流场模型计算

火箭发动机内流场中的大量液态颗粒与喷管的壁面发生碰撞后会产生沉积和破碎,从而影响发动机的性能。针对此问题,采用颗粒与壁面碰撞破碎沉积模型和欧拉-拉格朗日两相流模型对某固体火箭发动机中不同尺寸的颗粒与喷管背壁区和收敛段碰撞破碎和沉积的基本情况进行了数值模拟,并与相关试验结果进行了对比。计算得到了流场中不同直径颗粒在考虑碰撞破碎后的分布情况和在壁面的沉积情况。计算结果说明,颗粒与壁面碰撞破碎后会大大增加流场尤其是喷管段中小颗粒的数目,颗粒的沉积主要集中在背壁区的下部,而大颗粒主要沉积在喷管收敛段。     

铝球超高速撞击铝板反溅碎片云团辐射特性研究

通过超高速撞击试验,获得了铝球撞击铝板反溅粒子云团在250～340nm波段的辐射特征光谱。在该波段辨认出铝原子的六条特征谱线,并对其伴线进行了解耦。根据所测光谱数据,使用多谱线法测量出不同撞击条件下的超高速撞击反溅粒子云团的温度,发现超高速撞击反溅粒子云团温度随弹丸直径和撞击速度的增加而增加;相较弹丸直径,反溅粒子云团温度对撞击速度更加敏感;最后拟合出反溅粒子云团温度与撞击参数之间的经验公式。对每条谱线波峰和整个波段分别进行了积分,研究发现谱线波峰积分强度、整个波段积分强度均与弹丸动能呈线性关系,并获得了谱线波峰积分强度与撞击动能之间的斜率系数,该系数可以表征在超高速撞击条件下该峰值的辐射效率。最后结合所得超高速撞击反溅粒子云团温度经验公式推导出基态原子数与撞击参数之间的关系,在此基础上探讨了超高速撞击反溅粒子云团原子离化率、气化率与撞击参数的关系。     

Capture and detumbling control for active debris removal by a dual-arm space robot

Active debris removal (ADR) technology is an effective approach to remediate the proliferation of space debris, which seriously threatens the operational safety of orbital spacecraft. This study aims to design a controller for a dual-arm space robot to capture tumbling debris, including capture control and detumbling control. Typical space debris is considered as a non-cooperative target, which has no specific capture points and unknown dynamic parameters. Compliant clamping control and the adaptive backstepping-based prescribed trajectory tracking control (PTTC) method are proposed in this paper. First, the differential geometry theory is utilized to establish the constraint equations, the dynamic model of the chaser-target system is obtained by applying the Hamilton variational principle, and the compliance clamping controller is further designed to capture the non-cooperative target without contact force feedback. Next, in the post-capture phase, an adaptive backstepping-based PTTC is proposed to detumble the combined spacecraft in the presence of model uncertainties. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out to validate the feasibility of the proposed capture and detumbling control method. Simulation results indicate that the target detumbling achieved by the PTTC method can reduce propellant consumption by up to 24.11%.     

交叉航路碰撞风险研究

航路上航班的碰撞风险问题是目前空域规划的主要研究问题之一,就交叉航线的碰撞风险问题进行了研究.首先推导出交叉航路碰撞概率计算公式,然后结合概率论和划设保护区的方法对交叉航线的碰撞风险问题进行了研究,最后用自主开发的"空域安全评估方法的研究与应用"软件对上海区域内的某交叉航线的碰撞风险进行了仿真计算.为交叉航路的碰撞风险计算提供了简单易行的方法.     

Hole size and crack length models for spacecraft walls under oblique hypervelocity projectile impact

All long-duration spacecraft in low-earth-orbit are subject to high speed impacts by meteoroids and orbital debris. In the event of a perforation, the pressure wall of a dual-wall structure impacted by a high-speed particle can also experience cracking and petalling. If such cracking were to occur on-orbit, unstable crack growth could develop which could lead to an unzipping of the impacted spacecraft module. The analysis presented in this paper extends the applicability of a crack length and hole size model developed previously for a normally impacted spacecraft wall to the case of obliquely incident particles. Predictions of the oblique impact model are compared with experimental data and the predictions of empirical hole size and crack length models. Modifications to the model that are required to bring its predictions in closer agreement with the experimental results are then presented and discussed.     

Optimal planning for a multi-debris active removal mission with a partial debris capture strategy

In this paper, a new mission model, called a multi-debris active removal mission with partial debris capture strategy, is proposed. The model assumes that a platform only captures part of the scheduled debris at a time and then releases these debris pieces to a disposal orbit. This process is then repeated until all of the scheduled debris is removed. A genetic algorithm with a multiparameter concatenated coding method is designed to optimize the plan of a multi-debris active removal mission wit...