空间冗余机械臂零反作用最优路径规划

自由漂浮空间机械臂运动通过力传递会对其载体航天器产生反作用力和力矩,从而影响基座和末端执行器的位置与方向。利用冗余机械臂的反作用零空间,求解对基座航天器姿态零干扰的机械臂运动规律的解析解。给定机械臂初始和终端状态,考虑最大关节角约束和最大关节角加速度约束,分别针对时间最优和沿整个运动路径关节加速度最小的问题,采用高斯伪谱法,在零反作用轨迹解集中寻找满足约束方程的最优解。所得最优解使得机械臂在达到期望构型的同时不影响基座姿态。将算法用于平面3自由度冗余机械臂系统中,仿真结果表明:算法在保证基座姿态稳定的同时,关节运动满足给定的约束条件,从而验证了算法的有效性。     

载体姿态无扰的自由漂浮空间机器人运动学特性研究

针对载体姿态无扰的自由漂浮空间机器人的运动学问题,引入具有非完整特性的载体 姿态无扰约束方程,推导了载体姿态无扰的自由漂浮空间机器人广义雅可比矩阵。采用等效 杆的概念,分析了普通状态的自由漂浮空间机器人和载体姿态无扰的自由漂浮空间机器人可 达工作空间;基于载体姿态无扰的自由漂浮空间机器人广义雅可比矩阵所得到的奇异方程, 研究了载体姿态无扰的自由漂浮空间机器人动力学奇异性。仿真结果验证了普通状态的自由 漂浮空间机器人与载体姿态无扰的自由漂浮空间机器人运动学问题的差异性。研究结果为载 体姿态无扰的自由漂浮空间机器人运动规划及控制研究奠定了理论基础。
     

多臂空间机器人的视觉伺服与协调控制

针对多臂空间机器人自主目标抓捕任务,首先建立多臂空间机器人的运动模型和其与目标的相对运动模型,采用Kane方法建立多臂空间机器人的动力学模型;其次,研究基于视觉伺服的机械臂在线轨迹规划算法,并引入零反作用机动,消除机械臂运动对平台姿态的扰动;再次,在不使用零反作用机动功能时,分别使用基于角动量前馈补偿的协调控制算法和逆动力学方法设计了协调控制器,在机械臂运动时保持平台姿态和相对目标的位置。最后,开发了基于Matlab的仿真软件MASS（多臂空间机器人仿真）,仿真结果校验了上述方法的有效性。     

自由漂浮空间机器人最小基座反作用轨迹规划

在自由漂浮空间机器人系统中,由于机械臂与基座之间存在动力学耦合,机械臂运动会对基座产生不期望的反作用干扰,因此必须最小化基座反作用。为此,提出了一种关节空间内点对点轨迹规划的方法。首先,利用sin函数参数化关节轨迹;然后根据基座反作用和运动约束定义适应函数;最后利用混沌粒子群优化(CPSO)算法搜索空间机械臂的全局最优轨迹,使基座反作用最小。该方法考虑了机械臂的关节角、关节速度和加速度约束。给出一个仿真算例来验证该方法的有效性。规划的轨迹连续平滑,适用于多自由度空间机械臂。     

双臂空间机器人利用内部运动的姿态控制

本文对双臂自由漂浮空间机器人系统的姿态控制问题进行了研究 ,推导出了系统的运动学模型 ,证明了系统具有非完整的力学结构 ,并且提出了一种利用内部运动的机器人本体姿态控制算法。该算法可使机器人本体的姿态在机械臂完成任务的过程中保持不变或变化最小 ,仿真结果验证了算法的有效性。     

空间机械臂自适应扩展雅克比零反作用控制

针对自由漂浮空间机械臂执行在轨服务(On Orbit Servicing, OOS)时对基座姿态的扰动问题,设计了一种基于扩展雅克比矩阵的自适应零反作用运动控制器。通过巧妙利用角动量守恒定律,解决了广义雅克比矩阵的非线性参数化问题。基于此,将运动学不确定性和动力学不确定性都考虑在内,采用李雅普诺夫稳定性分析工具,得到了自适应零反作用运动控制器,可以同时实现航天器姿态调节和机械臂末端执行器对任务空间中期望轨迹的跟踪,并且不需要测量机械臂末端执行器的速度。仿真结果表明了本文所提算法的有效性。     

有外力作用的多臂自由飞行空间机器人协调操作动力学特性

利用牛顿-欧拉方法分析了有外力作用时多臂自由飞行空间机器人协调操作的动力学特性。首先推导出多臂自由飞行空间机器人协调操作的机械臂关节驱动力矩和关节角速度及角加速度间的关系，其次建立了多臂自由飞行空间机器人系统的动力学方程和动力学计算模型，经仿真分析得到了在不同外力作用下多臂自由飞行空间机器人的本体的位置干扰规律，验证了有外力作用下的多臂自由飞行空间机器人的动力学特性。     

基于主任务零空间的空间机械臂重复运动规划

针对空间机械臂执行封闭在轨操作任务时,终止时刻机械臂关节角与基座位姿发生漂移的问题,提出一种基于主任务零空间的空间机械臂重复运动规划方法。结合在轨操作任务特点,分析了空间机械臂重复运动要求,将重复运动问题转化为关节构型、末端姿态与基座姿态复位优化问题并设计了空间机械臂重复运动优化算子;在此基础上,引入任务优先级概念,将重复运动优化算子引入主任务的零空间,保证主任务完成的同时机械臂重复运动得以优化;进而为增强重复运动优化能力,空间机械臂基座姿态保持算子也被引入。仿真结果表明,新算法能够减小关节角与基座位姿的漂移,实现空间机械臂重复运动规划,可以应用于实际的控制系统中。     

双臂空间机器人利用内部地部运动的姿态控制

本文对双臂自由漂浮空间机器人系统的姿态控制问题进行了研究，推导出了系统的运动学模型，证明了系统具有非完整的力学结构，并且提出了一种利用内部运动的机器人本体姿态控制算法。该算法可使机器人本体的姿态在机械臂完成任务的过程中保持不变或变化最小，仿真结果验证了算法的有铲性。     

空间机械臂非完整运动规划的遗传算法研究

带空间机械臂航天器系统在无外力矩作用时，系统相对于总质心的动量矩守恒而变为非完整系统。由于非完整约束的不可积性，非完整系统的运动规划与控制比一般系统要困难得多。现利用非完整特性研究了自由漂浮空间机械臂的三维姿态运动控制问题。首先导出带空间机械臂的航天器三维姿态运动数学模型，并将系统的控制问题转化为无漂移系统的非完整运动规划问题。在运动规划中，根据最优控制原理和优化理论，提出基于遗传算法的最优运动规划数值算法。通过数值仿真，表明该方法对空间机械臂及航天器三维姿态运动的非完整运动规划是有效的。     

不同重力环境下空间机械臂神经自适应鲁棒控制

针对空间机械臂从地面装调到空间应用过程中重力项的变化问题,提出了一种神经网络自适应鲁棒补偿控制策略用于空间机械臂的末端控制,从而实现在地面重力环境下装调好的空间机械臂在空间微重力环境下实现在轨操控任务。通过神经网络在线建模来逼近系统模型中变化的重力项,逼近误差及系统的不确定性通过自适应鲁棒控制器来补偿。该控制策略不依赖于系统的模型,避免了回归矩阵的复杂计算及未知参数的估计,降低了计算量。基于李亚普诺夫理论证明了闭环系统的渐近稳定性。仿真结果表明该控制器对不同重力环境下空间机械臂的末端控制均能达到较高的控制精度,具有重要的理论研究和工程应用价值。     

Orbit and attitude control of a geostationary inertially oriented large flexible plate-like spacecraft

The paper presents design of a near optimal orbit and attitude control system for a very large flexible rectangular flat plate-like spacecraft in geostationary orbit, with its normal kept in the orbital plane in an inertial orientation. First, assuming the plate to be rigid, an optimal control system is designed. Two control systems are needed: one to balance the gravity gradient torque and the other to control the plate's orbit and attitude against disturbances. The interaction of the structural dynamics with the control system is investigated next. It is shown that the structural dynamics destabilizes the control system. The control design is modified to reduce the interactions, by including just a couple of flexural modes into the control logic and by optimally locating the thrusters a little away from the corners. The control structure interaction which is measured by the residual flexural energy after an orbit or attitude correction, is shown to be reduced by several orders of magnitude by the simple modifications. An approach to find an optimal location of actuators and a concept of “associated modes” are also proposed to help the designer evolve a very simple coupled orbit and attitude controllers with minimum control/structure interactions for very large flexible space systems of the future. This configuration considered represents the proposed solar power satellite, solar reflectors, communication platforms, etc.     

Vibration control of a flexible space manipulator during on orbit operations

Space manipulators are complex systems, composed by robotic arms accommodated on an orbiting platform. They can be used to perform a variety of tasks: launch of satellites, retrieval of spacecraft for inspection, maintenance and repair, movement of cargo and so on. All these missions require extreme precision. However, in order to respect the mass at launch requirements, manipulators arms are usually very light and flexible, and their motion involves significant structural vibrations, especially after a grasping maneuver. In order to fulfill the maneuvers of space robotic systems it is hence necessary to properly model the forces acting on the space robot, from the main terms, such as the orbital motion, to the second order perturbations, like the gravity gradient and the orbital perturbations; also flexible excitation of the links and of the joints can be of great importance in the manipulators dynamics. The case is furthermore complicated by the fact that the manipulator, together with its supporting spacecraft, is an unconstrained body. Therefore the motion of any of its parts affects the entire system configuration. The governing equations of the dynamics of such robotic systems are highly nonlinear and fully coupled. The present paper aims at designing and studying active damping strategies and relevant devices that could be used to reduce the structural vibrations of a space manipulator with flexible links during its on orbit operations. In particular an optimized adaptive vibration control via piezoelectric devices is proposed. The number of piezoelectric devices, their placement and operational mode should be correctly chosen in order to obtain maximum performance in terms of elastic oscillations reduction and power consumption. Even though an optimal placement cannot have a universal validity, since it depends on the type of maneuver and on the overall inertial and geometrical characteristics, an approach to solve the problem is proposed.     

任务空间内空间机械臂的一种鲁棒自适应控制

对于本体姿态受控而位置不受控的空间机械臂系统,考虑存在参数不确定性及非参数不确定性(包括扰动、未建模动态),本文在任务空间内提出了一种鲁棒复合自适应控制方法,证明了这种方法可以保证末端执行器在任务空间内的位置轨迹跟踪误差、关节空间内的角偏差和角偏差速率渐近收敛.仿真结果验证了算法的有效性.     

超大柔性空间结构姿态振动耦合稳定性分析

针对太阳帆塔等细长结构的空间太阳能电站构型,以圆轨道内平面运动的空间柔性梁为研究对象,在质心浮动坐标系下,基于Hamilton原理建立了姿态运动与弯曲振动的耦合动力学模型。引入简谐形式的姿态运动假设,并验证了假设的合理性。基于此假设,分析了姿态运动与重力梯度对弯曲振动的第一阶频率的影响,重力梯度项的影响为简谐波动形式,而姿态运动使得弯曲振动频率降低,两者作用均随初始姿态角增大而增强。同时,推导了Mathieu方程形式的模态振动方程,并利用小参数摄动分析方法,得到了不同初始姿态角下的弯曲振动的稳定图,发现当初始姿态角越大时不稳定区域就越大。     

Deployable space manipulator commanded by means of visual-based guidance and navigation

On orbit maneuvering of flexible space manipulators requires a special caution. In fact the task of reaching the desired configuration, and at the same time safely preserving the structure integrity and not perturbing the overall spacecraft attitude, is complicated by the extreme flexibility of the structure itself. For studying this problem, an experimental test bed is designed and realized at the Guidance and Navigation Laboratory at La Sapienza, University of Rome. In this paper, visual based techniques are considered as a valid option for the dual purpose of evaluating the control signals and monitoring the flexible behavior of the controlled structure. In fact the joint motors are controlled in order to reach a desired target taking the image of the target as acquired by a mobile camera mounted on the end effector of the manipulator, into account. The Image Based Visual Servoing is introduced together with the simple adaptive algorithm used for processing the acquired images. With respect to a more traditional terrestrial visual servoing, a control system based on a moving camera (a typical configuration in space applications) is particularly sensitive to the flexible vibrations of the arm links. In fact in the closed loop control scheme, an oscillating movement of the camera influences the image processing, which in turn influences control actions. Instability could arise if the flexible dynamics is not separated from the rigid motion. This paper shows that it is possible to evaluate the elastic properties of the complex multibody manipulator (flexibility of the link, elastic behavior of the joints, effects of nonstructural masses) thanks to the analysis of the image acquired.     

空间机械臂关节动力学建模与分析的研究进展

空间机械臂的机械部分是一个由关节和臂杆等结构、机构部件组成,在空间零重力环境下运行的多体系统。关节是空间机械臂的核心部件,在机械臂动力学特性中起着重要的作用。准确全面地了解关节的动力学特性,是正确分析与模拟机械臂系统空间运动特性的关键,而建立精确的关节动力学模型,是机械臂系统设计、分析和控制的基础。文章结合空间应用的特殊性,对机械臂关节动力学建模方法的发展过程和研究成果进行了总结;并讨论了关节模型的求解算法;最后,对空间机械臂关节动力学建模与分析方面有待进一步研究的问题进行了展望。     

On orbit control using gravity gradient effects

Possibility of orbit control using gravity gradient (GG) effects without any mass expulsion is discussed. For simplicity, a dumb-bell type satellite and circular orbits are mainly considered. It is shown that the GG effects can be applied to convert attitude torques into orbital torques and vice versa. In central gravitational force fields, maximum orbital torques or thrusts are available from the GG force when roll or pitch angle is $\text{±}\text{π}\text{4}$ provided that the attitude angle is null when the dumb-bell axis coincides with the local vertical. Such external torques as geomagnetic or solar wind pressure can be utilized to maintain the $\text{±}\text{π}\text{4}$ attitude, then the orbital torques are available forever. In non-central gravitational fields, without any external torque, the orbital radii of circular orbits can be increased by controlling the satellite attitude using electric energy. The use of the Earth's oblateness effects and the exterior Lunar potential is discussed.     

空间机械臂抓取目标动力学与寻的制导控制

针对安装有两连杆机械臂的航天器对地球圆轨道上的空间目标已形成自由绕飞（即满足齐次C-W方程）的情形,研究通过机械臂抓取该目标的系统动力学建模与制导控制问题。在目标固连旋转参考系下,运用非惯性系下的拉格朗日分析力学,建立了两连杆机械臂系统动力学方程。忽略惯性耦合影响,对模型进行了合理简化,在此基础上设计了机械臂末端执行器即机械手抓取目标的寻的制导控制规律。然后代入原始复杂模型,进行数值仿真校验。结果表明,在机械臂载体自由绕飞空间目标的条件下,机械手能够准确地抓住目标。