The visible imaging system (VIS) for the polar spacecraft

The Visible Imaging System (VIS) is a set of three low-light-level cameras to be flown on the POLAR spacecraft of the Global Geospace Science (GGS) program which is an element of the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) campaign. Two of these cameras share primary and some secondary optics and are designed to provide images of the nighttime auroral oval at visible wavelengths. A third camera is used to monitor the directions of the fields-of-view of these sensitive auroral cameras with respect to sunlit Earth. The auroral emissions of interest include those from N ₂ ⁺ at 391.4 nm, Oi at 557.7 and 630.0 nm, Hi at 656.3 nm, and Oii at 732.0 nm. The two auroral cameras have different spatial resolutions. These resolutions are about 10 and 20 km from a spacecraft altitude of 8R _e . The time to acquire and telemeter a 256×256-pixel image is about 12 s. The primary scientific objectives of this imaging instrumentation, together with thein-situ observations from the ensemble of ISTP spacecraft, are (1) quantitative assessment of the dissipation of magnetospheric energy into the auroral ionosphere, (2) an instantaneous reference system for thein-situ measurements, (3) development of a substantial model for energy flow within the magnetosphere, (4) investigation of the topology of the magnetosphere, and (5) delineation of the responses of the magnetosphere to substorms and variable solar wind conditions.     

WAVES: The radio and plasma wave investigation on the wind spacecraft

The WAVES investigation on the WIND spacecraft will provide comprehensive measurements of the radio and plasma wave phenomena which occur in Geospace. Analyses of these measurements, in coordination with the other onboard plasma, energetic particles, and field measurements will help us understand the kinetic processes that are important in the solar wind and in key boundary regions of the Geospace. These processes are then to be interpreted in conjunction with results from the other ISTP spacecraft in order to discern the measurements and parameters for mass, momentum, and energy flow throughout geospace. This investigation will also contribute to observations of radio waves emitted in regions where the solar wind is accelerated. The WAVES investigation comprises several innovations in this kind of instrumentation: among which the first use, to our knowledge, of neural networks in real-time on board a scientific spacecraft to analyze data and command observation modes, and the first use of a wavelet transform-like analysis in real time to perform a spectral analysis of a broad band signal.     

A three-dimensional plasma and energetic particle investigation for the wind spacecraft

This instrument is designed to make measurements of the full three-dimensional distribution of suprathermal electrons and ions from solar wind plasma to low energy cosmic rays, with high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, good energy and angular resolution, and high time resolution. The primary scientific goals are to explore the suprathermal particle population between the solar wind and low energy cosmic rays, to study particle accleration and transport and wave-particle interactions, and to monitor particle input to and output from the Earth's magnetosphere.Three arrays, each consisting of a pair of double-ended semi-conductor telescopes each with two or three closely sandwiched passivated ion implanted silicon detectors, measure electrons and ions above 20 keV. One side of each telescope is covered with a thin foil which absorbs ions below 400 keV, while on the other side the incoming <400 keV electrons are swept away by a magnet so electrons and ions are cleanly separated. Higher energy electrons (up to 1 MeV) and ions (up to 11 MeV) are identified by the two double-ended telescopes which have a third detector. The telescopes provide energy resolution of E/E0.3 and angular resolution of 22.5°×36°, and full 4 steradian coverage in one spin (3 s).Top-hat symmetrical spherical section electrostatic analyzers with microchannel plate detectors are used to measure ions and electrons from 3 eV to 30 keV. All these analyzers have either 180° or 360° fields of view in a plane, E/E0.2, and angular resolution varying from 5.6° (near the ecliptic) to 22.5°. Full 4 steradian coverage can be obtained in one-half or one spin. A large and a small geometric factor analyzer measure ions over the wide flux range from quiet-time suprathermal levels to intense solar wind fluxes. Similarly two analyzers are used to cover the wide range of electron fluxes. Moments of the electron and ion distributions are computed on board.In addition, a Fast Particle Correlator combines electron data from the high sensitivity electron analyzer with plasma wave data from the WAVE experiment (Bougeretet al., in this volume) to study wave-particle interactions on fast time scales. The large geometric factor electron analyzer has electrostatic deflectors to steer the field of view and follow the magnetic field to enhance the correlation measurements.     

航天器悬停构型设计与控制方法

为满足航天器在轨服务任务对悬停技术的需求,对航天器悬停构型的设计与控制问题进行了研究。通过任务航天器轨道设计得出目标航天器与任务航天器的绝对轨道关系,并用以说明悬停轨道的形成机理。结合任务航天器相对于目标航天器的相对轨迹,采用具有严格定义的相对轨道要素,对悬停轨道在目标航天器轨道平面内和平面外的构型进行描述。对"间隔式"的悬停构型脉冲控制策略进行推导,以实现任务航天器在目标航天器任意位置的长期悬停,并在此基础上分析悬停构型变化对速度脉冲的影响。最后,通过典型仿真算例验证所提方法与结果的正确性和有效性,并获得任务航天器在不同悬停轨道间转移的实现过程。研究结果完善了航天器悬停轨道的设计与控制方法,并说明了设计的悬停轨道具有可行性,能够为工程任务设计人员提供参考。     

航天器在轨可更换模块机构与结构设计

航天器常在其任务中出现功能失效,造成巨大的损失,而在轨模块更换技术则是利用空间机械臂自主对可接受在轨服务航天器进行故障模块更换、升级、补充消耗品等。通过对在轨可更换模块在轨服务的任务、在轨可更换模块的组件构成,从而得出在轨可更换模块的机构设计方案,进而又对在轨可更换模块进行结构设计,利用 SolidWorks 软件建立该结构的三维模型,实物模型验证了其可行性。     

平面叶栅风洞的设计与研究

针对某高校教学科研用低速平面叶栅风洞进行设计,提出了在低马赫数下低成本叶栅风洞的设计方案,使用双转子对转风扇提供动力源,实验段截面150×(94-320)mm,空腔道最大风速105米/秒,有附面层抽气装置,5-7叶片叶栅通道,攻角可在±25°范围内调节,实验气流直排大气,对不同实验件(压气机、涡轮叶栅)有良好的通用性能.为高校教学科研用平面叶栅风洞的研制提供了可行的方案.     

Thruster design for position/attitude control of spacecraft

The objective of this work is to design the configuration of thrusters and valves of a propulsion system which should reject external and internal perturbations to control position and attitude of a spacecraft. As has been proved in a previous paper by Pena et al. (see ibid., vol. 36, no. 3, 2000), there exist configurations of 6 thrusters which can achieve this task, even under the failure of any one of them. Nevertheless, that previous result only presents analysis conditions and furthermore its implementation would demand also 6 valves, one for each thruster. Here we propose a design method that can solve the aforementioned problem with 6 thrusters/3 valves.     

声学引导风洞高效低噪声风扇设计

运用任意涡风扇设计方法,进行声学引导风洞高效低噪声风扇设计。在设计过程中,通过调整叶片径向旋转系数分布优化叶片出口速度分布,通过合理匹配转子、定子数目及定子后掠角度来改善动静叶的干涉噪声。气动及声学性能试验表明,高效低噪声风扇设计点气动效率达到83.9%,相比引导风洞原风扇效率的73%有了明显的提高;高效低噪声风扇入口及出口噪声分别比原风扇入口及出口噪声低3dB（A）和2dB（A）。试验结果成功验证了任意涡设计方法在风扇气动及声学性能上的优越性。     

HY-750 风洞动力系统的设计

通过对HY-750开口回流低速风洞的实验数据分析,从具体精度指标上对风洞动力系统应用矢量控制的效果进行了评估.阐述了无速度传感器矢量控制技术的原理,分析了矢量控制技术在动力系统中的应用优点.     

多功能风洞及CFD优化设计

上海交通大学在建的多功能低速风洞具有串列式的大小两个试验段。为提高边界层试验时的工作效率,将在大试验段的转盘前部设置自动升降粗糙元装置。为模拟风浪流联合作用环境下船舶/海洋工程结构物的流体动力响应,由旁路风道将风引至循环水槽测试部的上方,并且该测试部的风速可以随时间周期变化。为提高大试验段的流场指标,在与试验结果对比的基础上,用CFD方法模拟了风洞的内部流场,基于DOE结果生成了Kriging模型,采用多岛遗传算法得到最优解。研究结果表明优化设计的结果显著提高了流场的性能指标。     

2m超声速风洞总体结构设计

＂高速化＂、＂精确化＂是未来飞行器一个极为重要的发展方向,是提高飞行器效能的有效手段,而先进飞行器的研制强烈依赖于地面模拟试验设备——风洞。目前我国现有的超声速风洞设备尺寸和试验模拟能力还有很大不足,主要体现在真实模拟、模拟能力、精确测量等方面。在这种背景下,开展了2m超声速风洞的建设,笔者针对风洞的特点主要介绍结构总体设计概况。该风洞为下吹-引射式暂冲型超声速风洞,采用全钢结构,主要涉及风洞总体布局、模型更换方式、支座布局、风洞洞体各部段间连接、密封和定位、风洞洞体的强度和刚度、洞体水压试验等问题。     

Solar wind charge states measured by ULYSSES/SWICS in the south polar hole

The Ulysses mission now has an extensive data base covering several passes of the south polar coronal hole as the spacecraft proceeds to higher latitudes. Using composition measurements from the SWICS experiment on the Ulysses spacecraft, we have obtained charge state distributions, and hence inferred coronal ionization temperatures, for several solar wind species. In particular, we present an overview of Oxygen ionization temperature measurements, based on the O⁷⁺/O⁶⁺ ratio, for the period January 1993 until April 1994 (23°S to 61°S heliographic latitude), and detailed Oxygen, Silicon and Iron charge state distributions of the south polar hole during a two month period of nearly continuous hole coverage, Dec 1993–Jan 1994 (45°S to 52°S heliographic latitude).     

风洞风扇桨叶低噪声优化设计及实验研究

风扇噪声是风洞中最主要的噪声源.高噪声不仅会对风洞中的实验结果不利,影响实验结果的可靠性和精确性,而且还会带来严重的噪声污染.因此,对风洞风扇桨叶进行低噪声设计研究具有十分重要的意义.主要研究了风洞风扇桨叶的低噪声设计,采用工程估算法与试验结合的方法对风洞风扇噪声情况进行分析.以某翼型桨叶为研究对象,通过修改叶型尾缘厚度对风洞风扇进行了低噪声优化设计.     

An approach to forming the design performance of the attitude control system for small spacecraft

The elements for various types of attitude control systems used in a number of small spacecraft are considered. An approach for assessment of such system effectiveness based on design requirements for spacecraft purpose and restriction in accuracy, mass and energy is proposed.     

Investigation of the composition of solar and interstellar matter using solar wind and pickup ion measurements with SWICS and SWIMS on the ACE spacecraft

The Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) and the Solar Wind Ions Mass Spectrometer (SWIMS) on ACE are instruments optimized for measurements of the chemical and isotopic composition of solar and interstellar matter. SWICS determines uniquely the chemical and ionic-charge composition of the solar wind, the thermal and mean speeds of all major solar wind ions from H through Fe at all solar wind speeds above 300 km s−1 (protons) and 170 km s−1 (Fe+16), and resolves H and He isotopes of both solar and interstellar sources. SWICS will measure the distribution functions of both the interstellar cloud and dust cloud pickup ions up to energies of 100 keV e−1. SWIMS will measure the chemical, isotopic and charge state composition of the solar wind for every element between He and Ni. Each of the two instruments uses electrostatic analysis followed by a time-of-flight and, as required, an energy measurement. The observations made with SWICS and SWIMS will make valuable contributions to the ISTP objectives by providing information regarding the composition and energy distribution of matter entering the magnetosphere. In addition, SWICS and SWIMS results will have an impact on many areas of solar and heliospheric physics, in particular providing important and unique information on: (i) conditions and processes in the region of the corona where the solar wind is accelerated; (ii) the location of the source regions of the solar wind in the corona; (iii) coronal heating processes; (iv) the extent and causes of variations in the composition of the solar atmosphere; (v) plasma processes in the solar wind; (vi) the acceleration of particles in the solar wind; (vii) the physics of the pickup process of interstellar He in the solar wind; and (viii) the spatial distribution and characteristics of sources of neutral matter in the inner heliosphere. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

大型回流边界层风洞的气动与结构设计

大型边界层风洞是开展风工程研究的必备装备。以浙江大学ZD-1边界层风洞的研制为背景,详细介绍了大型回流边界层风洞气动设计和立式结构设计中的关键问题,在风洞气动设计时采用了收缩比为4∶1的单回路单试验段气动轮廓,在试验段中设置了0．22°的当量扩散角,对拐角导流片外形作了特殊处理,并采用钢结构与混凝土结构相结合的立式结构。流场校验结果表明,大型回流边界层风洞的气动与结构设计能满足设计要求,某些指标甚至达到航空风洞的标准,在试验段中设置扩散角有利于降低轴向静压梯度,立式结构设计对提高试验段气流的水平均匀性有一定的作用,可为今后类似风洞的研制提供参考。     

连续式跨声速风洞设计关键技术

为研制先进飞行器,除了提高现有风洞试验测量精度和改进试验技术外,必须建立高性能连续式跨声速风洞试验设备,解决飞行器高速风洞试验模拟能力和精细化模拟问题。以试验段尺寸0．6m×0．6m连续式跨声速风洞设计为例,给出了风洞总体设计方案,分析了如何降低风洞气流脉动、如何改善风洞流场品质、提高风洞运转效率和拓展风洞试验能力等关键技术途径。该风洞作为大型连续式跨声速风洞的引导风洞,方案设计主要采用了高压比压缩机驱动系统、半柔壁喷管、低噪声试验段、高性能换热器和三段调节片加可调中心体式二喉道等新型技术。     

垭口地貌要素对风速分布规律影响的风洞试验研究

输电线路微地形气象灾害的调查研究显示,垭口地貌影响下的输电线路风偏闪络事故多发。鉴于垭口地貌不同位置处的风剖面分布规律尚不明确,借助风洞试验,研究了垭口地貌的山丘坡度、谷口宽度等地貌要素对山谷及山脊中轴线上风速分布规律的影响。风洞试验结果表明：与平地风速相比,山谷中轴线及山丘峰顶处风速的最大加速幅度分别达到了33％和53％,明显大于规范规定的10％,容易造成垭口区域内输电线路风偏闪络或倒塔;山谷中轴线风速修正系数随两侧山丘坡度增加而增加,随谷口宽度增加而减小,提出了符合这一规律的计算公式;山谷中轴线上,下风侧风速加速效应略强于上风侧;垭口两侧山丘山顶处风速未受垭口地貌影响,风洞试验测得风速修正系数与单体山丘拟合公式的计算结果基本一致;设计时可统一偏于保守地取用山丘顶部的风速修正系数对平地风速予以修正。     

基于粗糙度敏感性研究的风力机专用翼型设计

对几个具有代表性的风力机常用翼型的几何特性和气动特性进行分析研究,详细探讨了各种翼型的前缘粗糙度敏感特性情况。基于一种新的翼型几何形状表征形式,以设计攻角工况下光滑条件和粗糙条件下的升阻比加权值为目标,优化设计得到了一种相对厚度为24.7%的风力机专用新翼型。对新翼型在主要工作攻角范围的升力特性、阻力特性及升阻比特性进行了研究,并详细分析了新翼型在不同工况下的气动特性情况,研究结果表明:新翼型具有低前缘粗糙度敏感性和低湍流敏感性;在设计和非设计运行工况下都具有很好的气动性能;雷诺数的升高和三维旋转效应对风轮叶片新翼型的气动特性具有促进作用。