Test results judgment method based on BIT faults

Built-in-test(BIT) is responsible for equipment fault detection, so the test data correctness directly influences diagnosis results. Equipment suffers all kinds of environment stresses, such as temperature, vibration, and electromagnetic stress. As embedded testing facility, BIT also suffers from these stresses and the interferences/faults are caused, so that the test course is influenced,resulting in incredible results. Therefore it is necessary to monitor test data and judge test failures.Stress monitor and BIT self-diagnosis would redound to BIT reliability, but the existing antijamming researches are mainly safeguard design and signal process. This paper focuses on test results monitor and BIT equipment(BITE) failure judge, and a series of improved approaches is proposed. Firstly the stress influences on components are illustrated and the effects on the diagnosis results are summarized. Secondly a composite BIT program is proposed with information integration, and a stress monitor program is given. Thirdly, based on the detailed analysis of system faults and forms of BIT results, the test sequence control method is proposed. It assists BITE failure judge and reduces error probability. Finally the validation cases prove that these approaches enhance credibility.     

A discrete event systems approach to discriminating intermittent from permanent faults

Almost all work on model-based diagnosis （MBD） potentially presumes faults are per- sistent and does not take intermittent faults （IFs） into account. Therefore, it is common for diag- nosis systems to misjudge IFs as permanent faults （PFs）, which are the major cause of the problems of false alarms, cannot duplication and no fault found in aircraft avionics. To address this problem, a new fault model which includes PFs and IFs is presented based on discrete event systems （DESs）. Thereafter, an approach is given to discriminate between PFs and IFs by diagnosing the current fault. In this paper, the regulations of （PFs and IFs） fault evolution through fault and reset events along the traces of system are studied, and then label propagation function is modified to account for PFs and the dynamic behavior of IFs and diagnosability of PFs and IFs are defined. Finally, illustrative examples are presented to demonstrate the proposed approach, and the analysis results show the fault types can be discriminated within bounded delay if the system is diagnosable.     

BIT综合表示模型研究

 在分析机内测试(BIT)主要设计要素组成的基础上,提出了BIT综合表示模型。建立了BIT综合表示模型的数学定义,包括BIT单元模型、BIT层次关系集合、BIT数据传送方式集合、BIT执行次序集合和BIT综合表示模型。在数学定义的基础上,进一步建立了BIT综合表示的框图模型和表格模型,这两种模型可以直接用于工程分析。最后,以某辅助导航系统为案例,进行了BIT综合表示模型的应用,给出了框图模型结果和表格模型结果,验证了该模型的可用性和有效性。     

Performance evaluation of complex systems using evidential reasoning approach with uncertain parameters

The composition of the modern aerospace system becomes more and more complex. The performance degradation of any device in the system may cause it difficult for the whole system to keep normal working states. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the performance of complex aerospace systems. In this paper, the performance evaluation of complex aerospace systems is regarded as a Multi-Attribute Decision Analysis (MADA) problem. Based on the structure and working principle of the system, a new Evidential Reasoning (ER) based approach with uncertain parameters is proposed to construct a nonlinear optimization model to evaluate the system performance. In the model, the interval form is used to express the uncertainty, such as error in testing data and inaccuracy in expert knowledge. In order to analyze the subsystems that have a great impact on the performance of the system, the sensitivity analysis of the evaluation result is carried out, and the corresponding maintenance strategy is proposed. For a type of Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) used in a rocket, the proposed method is employed to evaluate its performance. Then, the parameter sensitivity of the evaluation result is analyzed, and the main factors affecting the performance of IMU are obtained. Finally, the comparative study shows the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于时间应力分析的机内测试系统综合降虚警技术

 虚警率高是困扰机内测试（BIT）系统得到广泛应用的主要原因。针对该问题,从机电系统所承受时间应力的角度构建了机内测试系统综合降低虚警技术的总体模型。首先采用双支持向量机（SVM）的方法将实时应力信息与机内测试诊断结果相互关联。在此基础上,提出了基于核主元模糊聚类的虚警识别方法将机电系统多源信息进行综合分析,并通过优化决策实现多级降低机内测试系统虚警的目的。最后,针对某型直升机航空地平仪的机内测试系统进行了试验验证与分析。     

Smart BIT: a plan for intelligent built-in test

A major factor influencing the readiness of today's highly electronics-driven weapons systems is the amount of time spent maintaining them. The attainment of a better understanding of the causes for intermittent and other ill-defined failure modes and development of a greater appreciation for the effect of both external and internal environmental factors on the fault behavior of electronic systems will help to improve the BIT (built-in test) performance. Smart BIT is the name applied to a program of research and development sponsored by Rome Air Development Center (RADC) to investigate, develop, and apply artificial-intelligence (AI) techniques to effect BIT improvement. An overview of that program, its contents and purposes is provided. Deficiencies in current BIT implementations and potential benefits of the Smart BIT program are presented. Components of this approach are discussed and supporting technology areas highlighted. The current plan for implementing this approach is given along with a scenario describing its potential form     

BIT技术在装备全寿命费用中影响分析

通过对BIT(Build in test,机内测试)技术在LCC(Life Cycle Costs,全寿命费用)中的影响分析,建立采用BIT技术后的LCC增量模型,研究了采用BIT技术对装备的全寿命费用产生的影响。同时基于国外现状,分析现今国内的情况,阐明采用BIT技术将在节约装备全寿命费用产生良性的影响。     

航空发动机电子控制器可测试性技术应用研究

基于边界扫描的测试思想,提出了1种航空发动机电子控制器可测试性设计方案。通过器件管脚的边界扫描单元,在板级甚至多个目标板组成的复杂系统间,构建了1条在集成电路边界绕行的移位寄存器链,可以实现复杂集成电路的嵌入式测试。该方案还可以实现故障注入,对航空发动机电子控制器机内自测试(B IT)能力进行验证。     

面向FADEC系统BIT验证的综合故障注入器研究

为了评价航空发动机数字电子控制器机内自测试检测能力,提出了一种面向全权限数字电子控制(FADEC)系统机内自测试(BIT)验证的综合故障注入器的设计思想。综合故障注入器采用ARM处理器作为核心控制器;基于数模混合电路,分别通过后驱动技术和电压求和技术实现对数字电路节点和模拟电路节点的故障注入;针对各种传感器和执行机构的电气特征,设计了具有良好逼真度的接口模拟电路,从而与电子控制器(EEC)构成FADEC系统运行环境。通过对具有BIT功能的电子控制器原理样机的故障注入实验,证明该综合故障注入器作为航空发动机FADEC系统BIT设计和应用研究的工具是非常有效的。      

An Approach to Built-In Testing

The archiitecture and justification for an approach to built-in testing (BIT) in electronic circuits and systems is presented. The proposed system is capable of on-line fault detection and prediction up to the shop replaceable assembly (SRA) level and is designed to interface with external automatic test equipment (ATE) for off-line fault diagnosis within the SRA. The constituent parts of the BIT system have been extensively simulated and the approach appears to be suitable for hardware implementation both with respect to computational and economic considerations.     

综合应力加速贮存试验方案优化设计

针对电子产品在贮存过程中受到的复杂环境应力及现阶段主要采用单应力加速贮存试验的现状,提出一种基于累积损伤理论的温度-湿度步降加速贮存试验方案的优化设计方法。以电子设备正常应力水平下中位寿命估计值的最小渐近方差为目标,以各加速应力水平为设计变量,结合极大似然估计理论,建立了温度-湿度综合应力加速贮存试验方案优化设计的数学模型。对某电度表的综合应力加速贮存试验进行优化设计,利用遗传算法解得k=5时的方案为最优方案。利用Monte Carlo仿真进一步证明k=5时的方案为最优方案。经优化后的试验方案不仅可以满足小样本综合应力加速贮存试验的优化设计,而且能够保证试验数据的估计精度,减少试验次数,缩短试验时间和节约费用。     

Detection and diagnosis of sensor and actuator failures using IMMestimator

An approach to detection and diagnosis of multiple failures in a dynamic system is proposed. It is based on the interacting multiple-model (IMM) estimation algorithm, which is one of the most cost-effective adaptive estimation techniques for systems involving structural as well as parametric changes. The proposed approach provides an integrated framework for fault detection, diagnosis, and state estimation. It is able to detect and isolate multiple faults substantially more quickly and more reliably than many existing approaches. Its superiority is illustrated in two aircraft examples for single and double faults of both sensors and actuators, in the forms of “total”, “partial”, and simultaneous failures. Both deterministic and random fault scenarios are designed and used for testing and comparing the performance fairly. Some new performance indices are presented. The robustness of the proposed approach to the design of model transition probabilities, fault modeling errors, and the uncertainties of noise statistics are also evaluated     

励磁系统仿真模型校正技术研究

励磁控制系统作为同步发电机的重要组成部分,主要作用是向同步发电机的定子绕组提供一个可控的直流电流(电压),维持机端电压恒定,满足同步发电机的正常发电需要。通过发电机组控制系统模型,及时校正机组仿真模型,对异常响应进行预警排查,能够有效提高系统运行的稳定性。在MATLAB中搭建了一种以外部仿真机作为励磁调节器的单机无穷大系统仿真模型,模拟励磁系统PID主环异常以及电力系统稳定器(PSS)辅环异常时的输出,与理论值进行对比分析,能够及时确定故障原因和部位,实现故障维修。     

基于通道校准和HMM的机载雷达健康状态评估

性能退化与间歇故障是机载雷达健康状态的重要反映。针对传统机载雷达健康评估方法缺乏整机级的监测指标、未能综合考虑性能退化和间歇故障，传统BIT电路难以监测间歇故障等工程难题，提出了基于通道校准链路，综合运用通道校准仿真技术、正态云、HMM建立起健康状态评估流程。首先，对通道误差与间歇故障进行分析，得到4类校正系数，建立误差与间歇故障注入仿真流程；然后，基于正态云，利用校正系数的样本方差来表征雷达系统的健康状态，提出统一健康模型，并给出HMM拓扑结构与参数设计方法；最后，建立起基于数据驱动的评估流程并开展应用研究。仿真实验验证了误差和间歇故障仿真流程的可行性、健康状态评估方法的有效性，可获得大于95%的评估准确率；应用案例表明所提方法可行，能解决工程上机载雷达健康状态评估的问题。     

基于故障树的某型飞机电源BIT分析

对飞机机电系统进行机内自检测（ＢＩＴ）设计和研究已提上日程,本文提出了以故障树（ＦＴ）为基础的某型飞机电源系统故障分析方法,对欠压、欠频两种典型故障进行了故障树分析,最后对我国电源ＢＩＴ技术的发展方向提出了建议。     

飞行控制计算机模拟接口BIT电路设计及仿真

随着航空电子设备维修性要求的提高以及设备本身要求具备检测隔离故障的能力以缩短维修时间,机内测试(BIT)在测试领域研究中将越来越重要。功能电路BIT系统是航空电子设备整机BIT系统的重要组成部分,因此从解决实际问题出发,针对飞行控制计算机中的模拟输入和输出接口电路,提出了几种BIT的设计方法,并使用Multisim软件对所设计的BIT监测电路进行仿真,仿真结果表明,所设计的BIT电路是可靠及有效的。     

航空机电系统测试性建模与分析新方法

针对航空机电系统测试性设计(DFT)需求,提出基于面向对象的贝叶斯网络(OOBN)与状态-测试关联灵敏度指标的系统测试性建模与分析的新方法。该建模方法能清晰地刻画系统故障与测试间的关联程度,反映复杂系统的层次结构关系。基于信息论的交叉熵原理提出状态-测试关联灵敏度指标,并给出计算方法。该指标反映复杂机电系统测试中的不确定性影响,克服了基于香农熵的测点评判分析方法的缺点,结合测试性建模获得的模型信息进行推理计算,可用于测试性的定量分析。运用该综合分析方法对飞机燃油系统进行测试性建模与分析,结果表明所提出的方法与指标在航空机电系统DFT中具有实用性。     

Integrated fault estimation and fault-tolerant control for a flexible regional aircraft

The article focuses on the design and application of an active reconfigurable controller that mitigates the effects of gust load and actuator faults on a flexible aircraft. A novel integrated adaptive output feedback scheme is investigated to address the actuator faults. The real-time fault values provided by the fault estimation module are considered in the reconfigurable control law to improve the fault-tolerant capability. The estimate values of faults and control gains are calculated by anal...     

改善电子系统故障诊断能力的神经网络虚警过滤器技术

分析了现代电子系统机内测试 (BIT)技术存在的虚警问题 ,提出运用神经网络虚警过滤器(NNFAF)技术来降低虚警、改进BIT能力 ;并介绍了NNFAF的原理和网络开发方法 ;最后分析了NN FAF技术的特点、应用及发展方向。     

Integrated active fault-tolerant control using IMM approach

An integrated fault detection, diagnosis, and reconfigurable control scheme based on interacting multiple model (IMM) approach is proposed. Fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) is carried out using an IMM estimator. An eigenstructure assignment (EA) technique is used for reconfigurable feedback control law design. To achieve steady-state tracking, reconfigurable feedforward controllers are also synthesized using input weighting approach. The developed scheme can deal with not only actuator and sensor faults, but also failures in, system components. To achieve fast and reliable fault detection, diagnosis, and controller reconfiguration, new fault diagnosis and controller reconfiguration mechanisms have been developed by a suitable combination of the information provided by the mode probabilities from the IMM algorithm and an index related to the closed-loop system performance. The proposed approach is evaluated using an aircraft example, and excellent results have been obtained