从地球到日-火系平动点轨道的转移

平动点轨道特殊的空间位置及动力学特征,使其在深空探测中具有重要的应用。以日-火系平动点轨道(Lissajous与Halo轨道)任务为目标,结合平动点轨道的不变流形理论,研究了小推力转移问题。首先给出了圆型限制性三体动力学模型下平动点附近不变流形(稳定和不稳定流形)高阶分析解以及相应的计算实例。接着以流形分析解为基础,建立了初始小推力轨道优化模型,并利用改进的协作进化算法求解初始小推力轨道。最后将初始轨道离散,采用多点打靶法将最优控制问题转化为参数优化问题,并用序列二次规划方法(SQP)求解。仿真结果证明轨道设计方法的有效性。     

地球-火星的燃料最省小推力转移轨道的设计与优化

小推力转移轨道的设计与优化一直是深空探测轨道设计方面的难点。针对这些问题，提出了一种基于等高线图的初始发射机会搜索方法，该方法通过绘制探测器一火星距离的等高线图寻找满足任务约束的小推力转移轨道发射机会；同时，本文还给出了一种小推力轨道的直接优化算法，该算法通过将连续的控制变量参数化，把轨道优化问题转化为参数优化问题，然后基于所提搜索方法，采用逐次二次规划方法进行求解。数值计算验证了该发射机会初值猜测方法和优化算法的有效性。     

一种小推力航天器变轨优化方法

针对连续小推力航天器在轨道转移及制导控制过程中,传统方法需优化大量参数,且无法保证得到近优解的问题,提出一种新的轨道转移和规划算法.该算法将电推进式小推力卫星模型的变轨过程转化为最优控制中两点边值问题,引入混合遗传算法,实现了小推力航天器由低轨向高轨的飞行轨道规划及优化,并在开源的科学工程计算软件SCILAB6.0.1...     

基于不变流形的小推力Halo轨道转移方法研究

利用动力系统理论中的不变流形概念设计向halo轨道转移的小推力轨道。首先,根据小推力发动机是否工作将转移轨道划分为上升段和滑行段。两个轨道段分别采用不同的动力学模型描述;并通过不变流形和Lyapunov反馈控制原理将整段轨道参数化;最后进行参数优化获得最优转移轨道。这种方法通过合理选择坐标系和利用反馈控制的方法,避免了由三体动力学模型以及最优控制问题的共轭方程所具有的极强的非线性带来的求解困难。具有很强的收敛性;优化过程的每一步中不包含迭代过程,计算速度快。并以从地球停泊轨道向日-地L2点halo轨道转移为例验证了此方法的有效性。这种方法对小推力动平衡点任务设计有着重要的实际意义。     

应用非线性规划求解异面最优轨道转移问题

研究了一种应用非线性规化求解有限推力作用下异面最优轨道转移问题的方法。采用改进春分点根素形式的高斯行星方程，从庞德里亚金极小值原理出发，将有限推力作用下异面最优轨道转移问题转化为两点边值问题；在考虑边界条件、横截条件及开关函数的前提下，将两点边值问题转化为针对协状态初值等的参数优化问题；最后应用非线性规划方法求解形成的参数优化问题。本方法特点是能得到开关函数从而得到最优发动机开关机逻辑。文章最后通过一个仿真计算，演示了完整的求解过程，验证了方法的有效性。     

采用Gauss伪谱法的小推力日-火Halo轨道转移优化设计

针对日-地Halo轨道到日-火Halo轨道的小推力轨道转移问题,给出一种基于不变流形理论和Gauss伪谱法的优化设计方法。首先,在日心惯性坐标系中建立小推力轨道优化模型,并基于不变流形理论给出轨道转移中流形出口和入口的选择原则,应用该原则在日-地系统中选择流形出口,在日-火系统中选择流形入口,并将其作为轨道转移的初末状态;然后基于Gauss伪谱法将最优控制问题离散化为非线性规划(NLP)问题,并采用基于逆多项式的形状算法给出了NLP初值的计算方法;最后对该轨道转移问题进行了数学仿真。仿真结果表明：Gauss伪谱法可有效用于小推力日-火Halo轨道转移的优化,且采用逆多项式形状算法得到的初值具有初始误差小,使得NLP收敛速度快的特点。     

基于SQP方法的常推力月球软着陆轨道优化方法

月球软着陆是未来月球探测中的一项关键技术。针对这项技术，本文给出了一种基于SQP方法的常推力月球软着陆轨道优化方法。该方法通过将常推力月球软着陆轨道离散化，利用离散点处状态连续作为约束条件，把常推力月球软着陆轨道优化问题归结为一个非线性规划问题，对于此问题的求解，其初值均为有物理意义的状态和控制量，从而避免了采用传统优化方法在解决此优化问题时对没有物理意义变量初值的猜测。最后，利用SQP方法求解了此轨道优化问题。仿真计算结果表明这种离散化的方法应用于此轨道优化问题可以避免传统轨道优化方法对初值敏感的问题。     

基于高斯伪光谱的星际小推力转移轨道快速优化

针对星际小推力转移轨道优化问题,给出了一种基于高斯伪光谱配点的快速优化 算法。首先,基于归一化的改进春分点根数建立了星际小推力转移轨道的优化模型;然后, 采用高斯伪光谱配点策略对优化模型进行离散化处理,推力方向限制和天体星历分别作为路 径约束和事件约束,将轨道优化问题转化为一个大规模多约束参数优化问题;在此基础上, 基于高斯伪光谱的配点特性,推导出性能指标和约束方程的解析雅可比矩阵,保证了雅可比 矩阵计算的准确性和效率;最后,以利用太阳能电推进探测火星和水星为例,对所给算法进 行了数值验证。数值结果表明：高斯伪光谱方法可有效用于星际小推力轨道的优化问题,并 且与数值差分相比,解析的雅可比矩阵算法可提高计算效率67.78％。
     

基于伪光谱方法的有限推力轨道转移优化设计

研究了伪光谱方法在空间飞行器有限推力轨道转移最优化问题中的应用。首先给出了空间飞行器轨道转移最优化控制问题模型,其中运动方程为三自由度模型,性能指标选为轨道转移过程中燃料消耗最小,控制变量为推力攻角。终端状态受到航迹角、高度和速度的约束。然后,应用伪光谱方法将最优控制问题离散化为非线性规划问题,即将动态优化问题转化为静态参数最优化问题。选取各配点上的状态量和控制量作为优化参数。最后应用基于Matlab语言的SNOPT软件包对参数最优化问题进行求解,该软件包对于求解大型非线性规划问题具有很好的收敛性。仿真结果表明伪光谱方法对于空间飞行器转移轨道初始参数取值不敏感,具有一定的鲁棒性,生成的轨道能够较好地满足各种约束条件。因此,伪光谱方法对于空间飞行器有限推力轨道转移问题的求解是可行的。     

求解中途飞越燃料最优转移轨道的同伦方法

提出一种新的同伦方法,用于求解深空探测中对其他天体进行中途飞越的小推力燃料最优转移轨道,克服由于其存在内点约束及不连续Bang-Bang控制所导致的数值优化方法的求解困难。该同伦方法将同伦参数同时嵌入到性能指标和内点约束方程中,将容易求解的无内点约束且控制量连续变化的最优控制问题作为初始问题,求解一系列同伦参数递增所对应的同伦迭代子问题,直到得到原问题的解。该方法能够有效地解决中途飞越所导致的优化变量增加、求解难度增大等难题,能够快速、稳定地求解考虑中途飞越的小推力燃料最优转移轨道。最后,以地球到火星交会并中途飞越小行星和地球到木星交会并中途飞越火星两个任务为例进行数值仿真验证该同伦方法在求解中途飞越的燃料最优问题中的有效性和优越性。     

基于脉冲初值的小推力转移轨道优化研究

针对小推力转移轨道优化过程往往忽略初值多样性的现状,研究了基于不同脉冲初值的小推力转移轨道优化问题。基于直接法的离散思想建立了小推力转移轨道优化模型,提出了基于粒子群和序列二次规划的组合优化算法,以地球1∶1共振近地小行星2016HO3交会任务为例,将3种典型的脉冲轨道作为初值设计了燃料最优小推力转移轨道。仿真结果表明:3种初值轨道优化得到了2个小推力转移发射窗口,两者燃料消耗差距不超过6%。不同的初值对小推力轨道的整体性能指标影响较小,但开关机时刻和推力方向的变化会产生较大差异,从而得到不同的最优控制曲线。     

Optimization of low-thrust orbit transfers with constraints

Approximate numerical methods of optimization are presented for multi-orbit noncoplanar orbit transfers of low-thrust spacecraft. The linear representation of derivatives of boundary parameters is used in the vicinity of a reference trajectory with its discretization into small segments. For each segment a set of pseudo-impulses is introduced, representing possible directions of the thrust vector. In order to solve essentially nonlinear problems, the iterative process of upgrading the reference trajectory is used. At each iteration the linear programming problem of high dimensionality is solved, its boundary conditions being represented in the form of a linear matrix equation. Interval constraints are considered in the form of blocking the propulsion system operation on shadow segments of the orbit, as well as cycling constraints, and constraints on total duration of maneuvers at certain trajectory segments. The results of comparison with solutions obtained by other methods are presented together with examples illustrating the convergence of iterative processes. Optimizations of the trajectories for launching geosynchronous satellites to their orbits and of the trajectories of a noncoplanar transfer from low to high-elliptic Molniya orbit are considered under these constraints.     

A low-thrust transfer between the Earth–Moon and Sun–Earth systems based on invariant manifolds

A low-energy, low-thrust transfer between two halo orbits associated with two coupled three-body systems is studied in this paper. The transfer is composed of a ballistic departure, a ballistic insertion and a powered phase using low-thrust propulsion to connect these two trajectories. The ballistic departure and insertion are computed by constructing the unstable and stable invariant manifolds of the corresponding halo orbits, and a complete low-energy transfer based on the patched invariant manifolds is optimized using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm on the criterion of smallest velocity discontinuity and limited position discontinuity (less than 1 km). Then, the result is expropriated as the boundary conditions for the subsequent low-thrust trajectory design. The fuel-optimal problem is formulated using the calculus of variations and Pontryagin's Maximum Principle in a complete four-body dynamical environment. Then, a typical bang–bang control is derived and solved using the indirect method combined with a homotopic technique. The contributions of the present work mainly consist of two points. Firstly, the global search method proposed in this paper is simply handled using the PSO algorithm, a number of feasible solutions in a fairly wide range can be delivered without a priori or perfect knowledge of the transfers. Secondly, the indirect optimization method is used in the low-thrust trajectory design and the derivations of the first-order necessary conditions are simplified with a modified controlled, restricted four-body model.     

Fuel optimum low-thrust elliptic transfer using numerical averaging

Low-thrust electric propulsion is increasingly being used for spacecraft missions primarily due to its high propellant efficiency. As a result, a simple and fast method for low-thrust trajectory optimization is of great value for preliminary mission planning. However, few low-thrust trajectory tools are appropriate for preliminary mission design studies. The method presented in this paper provides quick and accurate solutions for a wide range of transfers by using numerical orbital averaging to improve solution convergence and include orbital perturbations. Thus, preliminary trajectories can be obtained for transfers which involve many revolutions about the primary body. This method considers minimum fuel transfers using first-order averaging to obtain the fuel optimum rates of change of the equinoctial orbital elements in terms of each other and the Lagrange multipliers. Constraints on thrust and power, as well as minimum periapsis, are implemented and the equations are averaged numerically using a Gausian quadrature. The use of numerical averaging allows for more complex orbital perturbations to be added in the future without great difficulty. The effects of zonal gravity harmonics, solar radiation pressure, and thrust limitations due to shadowing are included in this study. The solution to a transfer which minimizes the square of the thrust magnitude is used as a preliminary guess for the minimum fuel problem, thus allowing for faster convergence to a wider range of problems. Results from this model are shown to provide a reduction in propellant mass required over previous minimum fuel solutions.     

Nonlinear feedback control of low-thrust orbital transfer in a central gravitational field

This paper investigates the problem of continuous-thrust orbital transfer using orbital elements feedback from a nonlinear control standpoint, utilizing concepts of controllability, feedback stabilizability and their interaction. Gauss's variational equations (GVEs) are used to model the state-space dynamics of motion under a central gravitational field. First, the notion of accessibility is reviewed. It is then shown that the GVEs are globally accessible. Based on the accessibility result, a nonlinear feedback controller is derived which asymptotically steers a spacecraft form an initial elliptic orbit to any given elliptic orbit. The performance of the new controller is illustrated by simulating an orbital transfer between two geosynchronous Earth orbits. It is shown that the low-thrust controller requires less fuel than an impulsive maneuver for the same transfer time. Closed-form, analytic expressions for the new orbital transfer controller are given. Finally, it is proven, based on a topological nonlinear stabilizability test, that there does not exist a continuous closed-loop controller that can transfer a spacecraft onto a parabolic escape trajectory.     

基于组合优化算法的临近空间飞行器轨迹优化

提出一种临近空间飞行器轨迹优化方法,利用基于支持向量机与遗传算法的组合优化算法,解决多约束条件下的高效轨迹优化问题。首先,建立临近空间飞行器轨迹优化数学模型。然后,通过参数化方法和惩罚函数法将轨迹优化问题转化为约束参数优化问题。在此基础上,提出一种求解无约束参数优化问题的组合优化算法,通过支持向量机对遗传过程中产生的种群进行分类,提高基本遗传算法的计算效率,结合轨迹优化数学模型,给出轨迹优化算法。最后,以临近空间飞行器航程最远轨迹优化问题为例,进行数学仿真分析。仿真结果表明,针对给定的算例,文中提出的方法与基于基本遗传算法的轨迹优化方法相比,计算效率显著提高。     

日地Halo轨道的多约束转移轨道分层微分修正设计

针对日-地系统L1点（简称SEL1点）Halo轨道转移轨道设计中存在的多约束与初值敏感性问题,提出一种基于分层微分修正与初值多项式的设计方法。首先定义平动点转移轨道设计过程中存在的约束条件,然后根据不同的终端约束条件,重点给出了同时考虑轨道高度、轨道倾角、升交点赤经与航迹角等多约束条件下的分层微分修正方法。通过分析约束变量与控制变量之间的关系,得到能够解决微分修正初值问题的初值表达式。最后在多约束条件下设计了从轨道高度为200km的地球停泊轨道到SEL1点Halo轨道的转移轨道。仿真结果表明,分层微分修正方法能够处理多约束问题,且初值表达式可以为微分修正提供良好的初始条件,从而保证算法收敛,方法具有较好的实用性。