The biological clock of Neurospora in a microgravity environment.

The circadian rhythm of conidiation in Neurospora crassa is thought to be an endogenously derived circadian oscillation; however, several investigators have suggested that circadian rhythms may, instead, be driven by some geophysical time cue(s). An experiment was conducted on space shuttle flight STS-9 in order to test this hypothesis; during the first 7-8 cycles in space, there were several minor alterations observed in the conidiation rhythm, including an increase in the period of the oscillation, an increase in the variability of the growth rate and a diminished rhythm amplitude, which eventually damped out in 25% of the flight tubes. On day seven of flight, the tubes were exposed to light while their growth fronts were marked. Some aspect of the marking process reinstated a robust rhythm in all the tubes which continued throughout the remainder of the flight. These results from the last 86 hours of flight demonstrated that the rhythm can persist in space. Since the aberrant rhythmicity occurred prior to the marking procedure, but not after, it was hypothesized that the damping on STS-9 may have resulted from the hypergravity pulse of launch. To test this hypothesis, we conducted investigations into the effects of altered gravitational forces on conidiation. Exposure to hypergravity (via centrifugation), simulated microgravity (via the use of a clinostat) and altered orientations (via alterations in the vector of a 1 g force) were used to examine the effects of gravity upon the circadian rhythm of conidiation.     

安装位置导管感应钎焊

在某型号飞机的总装现场,部分导管的连接是在飞机上装配焊接而成的,传统固定式感应钎焊设备已经不能满足现场安装焊接工艺的要求.针对安装位置导管感应钎焊的特点,研究开发了专用的低损耗功率延伸电缆、钎焊温度的光纤实时测量与控制系统,以及大功率超音频感应加热逆变电源等相关技术,在此基础上研制出了一套安装位置导管感应钎焊设备,并且完成了飞机装配现场的工艺研究.结果表明:该设备及其成套技术完全能够满足导管接头焊接质量的要求,已经成功应用到了该型号飞机安装位置导管钎焊生产线上.     

航天器异种金属钎焊接头静态裂纹行为分析

采用高频感应钎焊方法连接了航天推进系统的异种金属(钛合金与不锈钢)薄壁小直径导管结构,结构的质量和性能远远优于螺栓连接的导管结构.钎焊接头静态拉伸试验发现,银基钎料钎焊的接头承载能力要优于铜基钎料.对静态拉伸断裂接头的微观组织进行了分析,结果发现,银基钎料钎焊的接头区域出现的裂纹仅在钎缝区域萌生和扩展,当裂纹扩展到钎缝与母材的界面位置时停止扩展.铜基钎料钎焊的接头区域的裂纹从3个位置萌生:钎缝2种组织的交界处,钎缝与钛合金、不锈钢的界面.裂纹驱动力主要是由静态拉伸载荷和异种金属钎焊接头失配行为构成的,而裂纹扩展抗力主要与钎焊接头的微观组织有关.     

A review of long drop tubes as a supplement/alternative to space experiments

The 100 meter high drop tube at the Marshall Space Flight Center has proven to be a viable facility for studies of containerless solidification. Advantages are that experiments are inexpensive and large numbers of specimens can be processed rapidly. It would not be unusual to run ten specimens in a day. Another significant advantage is that the undercooling behavior can be followed with sufficient sensitivity to easily detect the onset of recalescence and subsequent events.Disadvantages are the restrictions on specimen sizes and types of alloys that can be run in a microgravity environment. Practical specimen sizes range between 50 mg and 500 mg depending on the type of furnace being used. Refractory alloys can be processed in a vacuum (about 10^?5 torr) and therefore at microgravity. Non-refractory alloys demand an atmosphere (about 200 torr) to obtain appreciable undercooling before impact at the bottom of the tube. Under these conditions significant g forces result.Because of the present limitations of the 100 meter drop tube, the most definitive work has been done on niobium based alloys. Large amounts of undercooling have been observed routinely and the effects of undercooling on microstructure have been characterized in detail. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy have been used to determine types of phases, amounts of phases, and compositions of phases. It is clear, as would be expected, that the results bear some resemblance to rapid solidification processing by quenching. However, there are dissimilarities due to the uniqueness of solidification by deep undercooling without quenching in long drop tubes and accompanying recalescence effects.     

展开式薄膜遮光罩设计及重复展开精度研究

针对星敏感器的杂光抑制需求，设计了一种可以实现轴向展开的圆柱状展开式薄膜遮光罩，包括充气支撑管、薄膜蒙皮和挡光环，并完成了各构件的结构和材料设计。建立了薄膜蒙皮的运动学模型，分析了构型随着二面角的变化情况，验证了薄膜蒙皮采用hexagonal折纸样式可以完全折叠和展开。通过试验研究了遮光罩的重复展开精度，包括轴向和径向展开精度等。研制了遮光罩原理样机，并开展了地面展开试验，表明在充气支撑管的驱动下能够顺利展开，为大尺寸遮光罩的工程应用提供了新的技术方案。     

Temperature and altitude of the polar mesopause in summer

A review and summary of 60 in situ experiments is provided which determined the temperature and altitude of the mesopause north of 58°N latitude during the summer months of May through August. These experiments employed 4 experimental techniques; acoustic grenades, rigid and inflatable falling spheres, and Pitot-static tubes. Excellent agreement is found among the results obtained from different techniques. During June and July the average mesopause temperature drops below 130 K, the average mesopause altitude is 88.5 km. The climatological tables of CIRA 1986 indicate, however, a mean mesopause temperature of approximately 140 K at 91 km for corresponding geophysical conditions.     

Orbital dynamics of magnetospherically trapped lunar ejecta

$\text{In situ}$ measurements by dust experiments on HEOS II showed significant enhancement of fluxes for submicron particles. Recent studies have shown that lunar ejecta in this size range can, in a highly simplified model, be trapped in the earth's magnetosphere. The present work is a more detailed study of the dynamics of lunar ejecta in the magnetosphere. The particle size ranges for which the guiding center approximation is valid, for which corotation is negligible, and for which electromagnetic forces dominate gravitational forces have been calculated. Temporal details of charge acquisition by ejecta in the plasmasphere are considered.     

基于自由胀形的弯曲管材变形行为

随着制造业轻量化的发展趋势,复杂弯曲异形充液成形管件的应用日益广泛。为了更好地研究弯曲异形复杂管件在充液成形过程中的变形规律,进行可靠的工艺设计。本文通过结合薄膜理论和塑性变形理论对弯曲管件在自由胀形状态下的应力应变进行了理论解析,并通过有限元(FE)分析对理论计算模型进行了验证。FE分析结果与理论模型基本吻合。同时分析了管材在绕弯过程的硬化行为,并探索了在不同的弯曲硬化状态下弯曲管材在自由胀形过程下的破裂位置的规律,并且用实验进行了验证,实验结果与FE分析结果吻合。     

杯形陶瓷CBN砂轮修整工艺及参数优化

针对金刚石滚轮修整杯形CBN砂轮时各修整工艺参数对砂轮修整后磨削TC 4时的磨削温度、磨削力和表面粗糙度的影响进行实验研究,并对磨削温度和表面粗糙度进行了多因素回归分析.在回归分析得到的数学模型基础上,进一步对磨削温度和表面粗糙度进行双目标加权优化,得到了粗磨和精磨钛合金时砂轮的最佳修整参数,并通过磨削实验对优化结果进行了验证.     

The reaction of Xenopus laevis Daudin (South African toad) to linear accelerations.

Preparing the German Spacelab Mission D-2 project "Gravity Perception and Neuronal Plasticity"--STATEX II--ground based experiments have been performed with larvae of the amphibian vertebrate Xenopus laevis Daud. to study the reactions to different levels of acceleration forces and profiles. The larvae have been exposed to accelerations of up to 5 g for different time periods using a modified laboratory centrifuge and the NIZEMI (Niedergeschwindigkeits-Zentrifugen-Mikroskop) which allows direct observation and video documentation. The results will be discussed and compared with those of the D1-Mission, parabolic flights, and simulated weightlessness.     

Object injection in geodesic conditions: In-flight and on-ground testing issues

In absence of forces, any object moves along the straightest possible path in space–time, called geodesic. The presence of a gravity field generates a space–time distortion that reflects on a curvature of the geodesics. Outer space yields a privileged environment to achieve high levels of geodesic purity, thanks to the absence of many non-gravitational force disturbances typical of the Earth, mainly due to the atmosphere, micro-seismic activity, stray electro-magnetic fields, etc. Many experiments in the field of Fundamental Physics, General Relativity and Earth Observation are performed through space missions, in which objects are either set in geodesic conditions or their deviation from a geodesic is measured. In both cases, stray non-gravitational forces acting on them must be reduced to a negligible level.     

Marangoni and buoyant convection in an open cavity under reduced and under normal gravity

We give the first full analysis of the microgravity experiment MKB ( arangoni onvektion im offenen oot) conducted on board of the space shuttle during the D1-mission in 1985, together with that of some ground based experiments on thermocapillary flow in a rectangular liquid volume with free upper surface. Streamlines and velocity profiles under μ-g and l-g are presented and discussed. Strong thermocapillary flow was observed under μ-g after the rupture of a dirt-film suppressing surface tension forces. The Nusselt-number under microgravity due to thermocapillary flow for Ma = 4.6 · 10⁵ is at least Nu = 6 ± 1. Under l-g a separation of the surface tension driven convection roll of hot fluid circulating on top of colder fluid was found for large Ma. The coupling and decoupling of buoyant and thermocapillary forces has been further studied in an experiment varying the temperature gradient along the free surface independently from that in the bulk fluid.     

Space station gas-grain simulation facility: Application to exobiology

The Space Station provides an environment in which the forces required to suspend particles during an experiment can be reduced by as much as six orders of magnitude. This reduction in levitation force enables us to perform many new experiments in a variety of disciplines. We have grouped these experiments into two catatgories: 1) those involving an individual particle or the interaction between a few particles and 2) those involving clouds of particles. We consider only particle experiments at this stage because cloud experiments suffer from electrostatic interactions and levitation-forced coalescence therefore requiring considerably more space, mass and crew interaction. The displacement of a particle resulting from g-jitter for ballistic, Knudsen and Stokes flow regimes is considered in detail and the radiation, acoustic, electrostatic and electromagnetic levitation mechanisms to control this motion are reviewed. We have selected the simulation of organic haze production on Titan as an example experiment for detailed study. The objective of this experiment is to simulate the photolysis of methane and the subsequent formation of the organic haze particles in the upper atmosphere of Titan.     

Fractal Structure of the Heliospheric Plasma Sheet at the Earth''''s Orbit

An analysis of the data from the Wind and IMP-8 spacecraft revealed that a slow solar wind, flowing in the heliospheric plasma sheet, represents a set of magnetic tubes with plasma of increased density (N > 10cm-3 at the Earth's orbit). They have a fine structure at several spatial scales (fractality), from 2°-3°(at the Earth's orbit, it is equivalent to 3.6-5.4h, or (5.4-8.0)×106km) to the minimum about 0.025°, i.e. the angular size of the nested tubes is changed nearly by two orders of magnitude. The magnetic tubes at each observed spatial scale are diamagnetic, i.e. their surface sustains a flow of diamagnetic (or drift) current that decreases the magnetic field within the tube itself and increases it outside the tube. Furthermore, the value of β= 8π[N(Te + Tp)]/B2 within the tube exceeds the value of βoutside the tube. In many cases total pressure P = N(Te + Tp) + B2/8πis almost constant within and outside the tubes at any one of the aforementioned scales.     

基于最速下降法的可展开索网天线型面调整方法

考虑到索网结构的几何非线性和节点位移的高度耦合,为提高索网天线的型面调整效率,需设计合理的型面调整优化方法。文章根据双层索网结构的拓扑关系,将平衡矩阵和柔度矩阵分块化表示,通过偏导方法推导了任意平衡状态下型面误差对于张力阵拉力的梯度公式,利用型面误差梯度的无穷范数确定对型面误差影响最显著的张力阵单元。结合最速下降优化算法,采用型面误差负梯度方向作为优化路径。通过调节张力阵拉力,降低由于索网长度误差引起的型面误差。建立环形桁架天线的双层索网模型,进行型面调整数值试验,结果表明调整后的型面误差已趋近为零。     

基于试验气动力的纵向机动飞行载荷分析

提出了一种基于非线性风洞试验数据(简称试验气动力)同步进行纵向机动飞行过程和飞行载荷的计算分析方法.通过曲面样条插值将试验气动力的升力系数和俯仰力矩系数引入纵向机动飞行过程的计算,同时基于试验气动力的压力分布进行全机飞行载荷的静气动弹性修正.弹性载荷的计算采用线性气动力影响系数矩阵处理.采用偶极子格网法提供气动力(简称理论气动力).将基于这两种气动力的计算结果进行了对比.结果表明:基于试验气动力的机动飞行过程更为合理;基于理论气动力的载荷随机动飞行过程的变化趋势有可能与基于试验气动力的载荷变化趋势不一致.      

Cool luminous stars

A broad theme emerging from $\text{IUE}$ and $\text{Einstein}$ observations of cool stars is that magnetic fields control the structure and energy balance of the outer atmospheres of these stars. I summarize the phenomena associated with magnetic fields in the Sun and show that similar phenomena occur in cool luminous stars. High dispersion spectra are providing unique information concerning densities, atmospheric extension, and emission line widths. A recent unanticipated discovery is that the transition lines are redshifted (an antiwind) in β Dra (G2 Ib) and perhaps other stars, which I interpret as indicating downflows in closed magnetic flux tubes as are seen in the solar flux tubes above sunspots. Finally, I classify the G and K giants and supergiants into three groups — active stars, quiet stars, and hybrid stars — depending on whether their atmospheres are dominated by closed magnetic flux tubes, open field geometries, or a predominately open geometry with a few closed flux tubes embedded.     

大型网状天线展开过程温度及展开时机分析

大型网状天线在轨展开过程复杂,风险大。反射器在展开过程中的温度影响展开动力与碳纤维管件抗弯能力,是反射器展开安全的关键因素。通过测试得到反射器展开动力的传动效率、桁架管件抗弯能力随温度变化规律,即-65℃时管件抗弯能力最好,而传动效率随温度升高而提高。通过建立大型网状天线有限元模型与节点矩阵转换算法,模拟展开臂与反射器的展开过程,对管件与T型铰链在轨温度变化规律进行分析,确定最佳展开时机,降低展开过程中展开动力不足、管件强度过载等风险。分析结果表明：布置在地球静止轨道卫星东舱板的大型网状天线展开时机为6:00~9:00时,管件抗弯能力最强;展开时机为4:00时,T型铰链展开动力传动效率最高。     

非金属管状材料表面电阻率测试研究

由于非金属管具有质量小,造价低等优点,所以很多金属管已被非金属管所代替。但是,非金属的使用,在某些危险场所或防静电场所可能会带来静电安全隐患。为了评价非金属管的防静电性能,制作了一套管状专用电极,用于管状试样的表面电阻测试,并研究了对测量结果有影响的因素。     

The creation of fine structure by magnetic fields

The solar plasma is strongly structured by the presence of magnetic field. This structuring is manifest in the photosphere in the form of flux tubes, from the readily visible sunspots to the sub-telescopic intense tubes, so that the atmosphere is divided into strong-field media or field-free media. In the corona, by contrast, the magnetic field permeates the whole of the atmosphere and structuring consists principally of density and temperature inhomogeneities. We discuss some of the causes of magnetic structuring, including kinematic concentration, convective collapse and magnetoconvection for photospheric tubes, spicules in the chromosphere, and thermal instability for coronal loops.