气液鼓泡床反应器中气泡行为光纤探针测量方法

本文分别采用电导探针和光纤探针测量气液鼓泡床反应器中的气含率、气泡速率和气泡弦长等气泡行为,结果表明光纤探针对气泡具有响应迅速、阶跃显著的特点。将光纤探针信号进行方波化处理,探针在气相中的采样点数与总采样点数之比即为局部气含率,再沿径向积分可得平均气含率,以压差法测得的平均气含率为基准,光纤探针比电导探针准确性更高。将改造后的光纤探针应用于高温、高压、液相为有机体系的气液鼓泡床反应器,测得该反应器的气含率呈中心及边壁低、0.4倍半径处最大的抛物形分布。因此,开发的光纤探针可用于高温、高压、液相有机体系中气泡行为的测量。     

泡沫铜/低熔点合金复合相变材料凝固放热分析

为研究泡沫铜/低熔点合金(LMPA)复合相变材料在间歇放热工作环境下恢复至初始状态的能力及不同孔隙率泡沫铜的添加对其凝固放热过程的影响，通过数值模拟对比分析了47合金、正二十三烷与泡沫铜复合前后的凝固放热过程，并调节泡沫铜/47合金复合材料孔隙率计算模拟芯片温度在凝固放热过程中温度随时间变化曲线。结果表明:泡沫铜的添加对2类材料凝固过程均有促进作用，模拟芯片恢复至目标温度所需时间分别被缩短6.6%和47.7%。因体积潜热值的差距，泡沫铜/47合金凝固时需放出更多热量，恢复至目标温度的时间较长，是正二十三烷复合相变材料的1.52倍。随着孔隙率的增大，复合相变材料恢复至室温状态所用时长变化不大，考虑到孔隙率对相变热控过程中的影响，实际使用时应综合考虑。      

微重力下加热面尺寸对气泡动力学行为的影响

为揭示微重力环境下加热表面尺寸对气泡动力学行为的影响,通过对比实验研究了不同热流密度条件下两种尺寸芯片表面核态沸腾过程中气泡的动力学行为.结果表明,低热流密度时两种尺寸芯片表面均能维持典型的孤立气泡沸腾,气泡生长合并过程缓慢,仅大芯片表面气泡脱落,并且体积达到小芯片气泡的3.4倍.两芯片在中等热流密度下均呈稳定的核态沸腾,气泡生长合并加速、脱离频率升高.大芯片表面气泡脱离次数明显高于小芯片,脱离气泡产生的尾流效应减小了后续气泡的脱离直径,进而有效抑制了气泡底部干斑的形成.高热流密度时,小芯片处于膜态沸腾状态,沸腾换热显著恶化;而大芯片表面仍能维较持稳定的核态沸腾.因此,增大芯片尺寸能有效促进气泡脱离,提高临界热流密度.继续升高大芯片热流至临界热流密度之上,虽然进入膜态沸腾换热状态,但是气泡无法完全覆盖芯片表面且可缓慢滑移,从而缓和了芯片温度上升速率.      

Mass transport in the near vicinity of solidification fronts under conditions of microgravity

Cellular solidification has been known and discussed since a long time. The appearance of cellular and dendritic microstructure closely resembles Benard cells known from fluid physics. Similar generation mechanismus may possibly be assumed. Both g-dependent and g-independent convective phenomena may probably be linked to the occurrence of instabilities at solidification fronts. It is to be expected that normal freezing of model alloys (advantageously such with no volume change at the freezing point) in a defined temperature gradient (gradient furnace) and quenching them may help to quantity g-influence on solidification.     

Contactless positioning,manipulation and shaping of liquids by gas bearing for microgravity applications

Contactless positioning, manipulation and shaping of liquids using the gas bearing principle is demonstrated by ground experiments. Extensions to microgravity applications are presented also associated with solidification of molten materials.     

电化学过程中的局域核反应及动态Casimir效应

通过CR-39固体径迹探测器、钯阴极的辐射自照相等方法观察到了电解过程中的局域核反应.综合国内外相关研究数据,认为电解过程中,电极尖端处出现的动态Casimir效应,及涡漩运动与零点能相干效应而提取真空能,是电化学异常放热的来源,少量具有滞后和积累效应的、高度定向的极化核反应,可以用具有轴向高能宇宙射线的类星体涡旋模型加以解释.讨论了真空零点电磁涨落和挠场理论,及有关实验现象.利用推出的类星体涡旋模型理论,可以对自然界和实验室中出现的许多异常现象进行解释.      

过冷核态池沸腾中的Marangoni效应

分析了过冷核态池沸腾过程中气泡横向运动现象,指出其成因在于相邻气泡界面温度差引起的Mara-ngoni对流对周围液体的吸引.通过对该流动的尺度分析,得到了气泡横向运动特征速度及其可观测度的估算公式,其预测结果与实验观测相一致.特别是对极细小的初始核化气泡,该公式预测了强烈的横向Marangoni对流会导致气泡顶端微射流的形成.该效应在加热面水平向下或微重力沸腾等气泡脱落频率较低的情形中尤为重要.      

Gas bubble coalescence in reduced gravity conditions.

The effects of low gravity, as produced by a reduced gravity aircraft, the KC135, on the formation and coalescence of gas bubbles were examined over a range of gas-liquid ratios and with various medium constituents. These effects will influence design considerations of fermentors operating in reduced gravity conditions.     

气液两相流中气泡速度的电磁互相关测量

气液两相流作为一种工业领域中普遍存在的流态,在测量时需考虑气相和液相间的速度差。相较于流动规律平稳的气相而言,研究不稳定的气泡流动状态具有更高的技术难度。本文针对空气-水为工质的两相流中一项重要参数——气泡速度进行测量,引入基于互相关运算的电磁检测方法,通过提高系统激励频率得到较大的检测信号。实验设计了高频(1 MHz)电磁检测系统,选用垂直上升管道,并在管道的2个平行截面分别安装电磁传感器,每组传感器均包含一个激励线圈及一个接收线圈,对2组接收线圈上的相位信号进行互相关运算,从而求得气泡的速度。实验中,对3种不同速度气泡采集到的信号进行了对比分析,相对误差控制在10%以内,提供了一种完全非接触非侵入的测量气泡速度的方法。此方法可以进行后续补充完善,用于其他工业场合,如金属液中气泡参数的测量等。     

空间毛细管式蛋白质结晶室样品加载技术研究

采用X-elax射线衍射技术研究蛋白质分子结构与功能的必要前提是获得高质量的蛋白质晶体.空间微重力环境是生长优质蛋白质晶体的理想场所.蛋白质样品的加载工艺对于空间蛋白质结晶实验的成效具有重要影响.针对为神舟八号飞船空间实验新研制的毛细管式空间蛋白质结晶室,结合样品加载基本流程,对加载工艺和伴随的气泡缺陷问题进行了系统和深入分析,确定了针头形状、毛细管封口质量和硅化效果、样品加载工具以及毛细管夹持方式等影响因素,并获得了实验测试验证.在此基础上,通过改进毛细管烧制工艺和样品加载工具,研制和使用专用毛细管夹具等措施,简化了蛋白质样品加载工艺,消除了气泡缺陷,提高了加载效率.新工艺的实施保证了空间实验任务的顺利完成.      

Indo-German low-latitude project deos: plasma bubbles in the post sunset and nighttime sector

Two spread-F flights were performed under equinox conditions in April and September 1998 from the Indian low-latitude station SHAR. Both flights detected plasma bubbles confined to a narrow longitudinal extent. Plasma parameters are measured under two different conditions in the post-sunset ionosphere; when the F-layer is moving upward (19:21 IST launch) and when the F-layer is stationary (20:41 IST launch). Low altitude bubbles during upwelling of the F-region in the prereversal current enhancement phase are characterized by turbulent, non Maxwellian regions. Transitional scale waves with k=−3.6 are observed in the bubbles. This flight also detects strong sharp E-layers during downleg and an intermediate layer at 170km. Nighttime bubbles during almost stationary F-layer conditions show turbulent, Maxwellian features with moderate cooling compared to the undisturbed environment. Transitional scale waves in the bubble region show a spectral index k=−3.1. The spectral power is reduced by around 20dB compared to the sunset flight.     

2006年4月5日中等强度磁暴期间观测到的大经度范围等离子体泡

利用分布在70°E～210°E和20°S～40°N之间的GPS台站的数据,分析了2006年4月5日夜间(中等强度磁暴期间)观测到的电离层等离子体泡的特性.结果表明,本次事件中,等离子体泡大约发生在当地日落后1～1.5 h;空间范围为经度90°E～160°E,纬度12°S～33°N.这是第一次利用地基设备观测到如此大经度范围内的等离子体泡.等离子体泡在南半球出现较早,并且存活时间较长.在其产生的过程中,在约1100 km高度上,映射到磁赤道向上的运动速度约为300m/s,并且等离子体泡在高度上有倾斜.东向电场的存在,对激发等离子体泡起到了一定的作用.      

夏季强对流活动对东亚低纬电离层不规则体影响的事件分析

利用海南台站和东南亚地区的多种地基和天基观测手段,对2014年7月28日夜间观测到的东亚低纬F区不规则体事件的时空变化及其物理过程进行分析。结果表明,海南台站观测到了罕见的长时间持续的F区电离层不规则体,不同手段观测到的电离层不规则体存在明显的形态差异。不同台站观测到的电离层不规则体活动存在明显的差异。海南台站经度区南北异常峰附近的TEC起伏活动在日落后至午夜附近明显增强,在午夜后明显减弱。C/NOFS卫星轨迹午夜后逐渐接近于磁赤道,且处于较低高度上,几乎总会观测到弱等离子体扰动/泡的发生,与该区域地基观测的弱电离层不规则体活动存在明显的联系。SWARM卫星在黎明海南台站附近经度区仍观测到较强的赤道异常双峰结构,且西侧异常峰区附近仍存在明显的等离子体密度耗空/泡结构。海南台站西侧磁赤道区附近（中南半岛）强对流活动（MCC）激发的重力波种子扰动对东亚低纬区等离子体泡及准周期结构的产生发挥了重要作用。      

基于遗传算法的柴油机喷油系统模型参数辨识

柴油机喷油系统中压力的变化会引起气泡的产生和溃灭,而气泡的变化会对燃油的流动和压力波的传播产生影响.为了更准确预测喷油系统中的初始含气率以及变化情况,提出了应用改进遗传算法对柴油机喷油系统模型中的柱塞腔、出油阀紧帽腔、高压油管和针阀腔初始含气率进行辨识的新方法.基于气泡模型,建立了气-液两相条件下的柴油机喷油系统模型,通过仿真数据和试验数据对比,构造了适应度函数,实现了对柴油机喷油系统模型的参数辨识,并得到了参数优化后的柴油机喷油系统模型.仿真结果与试验数据的比较验证了采用改进遗传算法对气-液两相条件下的柴油机喷油系统模型进行参数辨识的可行性.     

微重力量值对气液两相流相分布及液相湍流统计量影响的数值研究

气液两相流在空间领域具有广阔的应用前景, 深入理解微重力量值(微重力大小)对相分布和液相湍流的影响十分必要. 采用欧拉elax-elax拉格朗日双向耦合模型深入研究了不同微重力量值对相分布和液相湍流的影响. 液相速度场通过直接数值模拟求解, 气泡的运动轨迹由牛顿运动方程跟踪. 研究表明, 气泡分布和液相湍流与微重力量值均具有直接联系. 在低微重力量值下, 气泡近似均匀分布在槽道内, 且对液相湍流统计量几乎没有影响; 然而当微重力量值较高时, 大量气泡聚集在壁面附近, 液相湍流由于气泡的注入受到极大调制.      

Total electron content of the ionosphere at two stations in East Africa during the 24–25 October 2011 geomagnetic storm

The equatorial ionosphere has been known to become highly disturbed and thus rendering space-based navigation unreliable during space weather events, such as geomagnetic storms. Modern navigation systems, such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) use radio-wave signals that reflect from or propagate through the ionosphere as a means of determining range or distance. Such systems are vulnerable to effects caused by geomagnetic storms, and their performance can be severely degraded. This paper analyses total electron content (TEC) and the corresponding GPS scintillations using two GPS SCINDA receivers located at Makerere University, Uganda (Lat: 0.3^o N; Lon: 32.5^o E) and at the University of Nairobi, Kenya (Lat: 1.3^o S; Lon: 36.8^o E), both in East Africa. The analysis shows that the scintillations actually correspond to plasma bubbles. The occurrence of plasma bubbles at one station was correlated with those at the other station by using observations from the same satellite. It was noted that some bubbles develop at one station and presumably “die off” before reaching the other station. The paper also discusses the effects of the geomagnetic storm of the 24–25 October 2011 on the ionospheric TEC at the two East African stations. Reductions in the diurnal TEC at the two stations during the period of the storm were observed and the TEC depletions observed during that period showed much deeper depletions than on the non-storm days. The effects during the storm have been attributed to the uplift of the ionospheric plasma, which was then transported away from this region by diffusion along magnetic field lines.     

熔模精铸件凝固过程温度场的数值模拟

根据熔模精密铸造过程的传热特点,通过对铸型/环境边界及冒口/环境边界进行自然对流和辐射传热处理,改进了原有数值模拟系统,实现了对熔模铸造凝固过程温度场的数值模拟.对采用4种不同铸造工艺方案的阀体铸件凝固过程进行了数值模拟及缺陷预测,获得了与试验相一致的模拟结果.根据数值模拟结果,确定了进行批生产的铸造工艺方案.     

Diagnostics of equatorial and low latitude ionosphere by TEC mapping over Brazil

The total electron content (TEC) in the equatorial and low-latitude ionosphere over Brazil was monitored in two dimensions by using 2011 data from the ground-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver network operated by the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics. It was possible to monitor the spatial and temporal variations in TEC over Brazil continuously during both day and night with a temporal interval of 10 min and a spatial resolution of about 400 km. The daytime equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) and post-sunset plasma enhancement (PS-EIA) were monitored over an area corresponding to a longitudinal extension of 4000 km in South America. Considerable day-to-day variation was observed in EIA and PS-EIA. A large latitudinal and longitudinal gradient of TEC indicated a significant ionospheric range error in application of the GNSS positioning system. Large-scale plasma bubbles after sunset were also mapped over a wide range. Depletions with longitudinally separated by more than 800 km were observed. They were extended by more than 2000 km along the magnetic field lines and drifted eastward. It is expected that 2-dimensional TEC mapping can serve as a useful tool for diagnosing ionospheric weather, such as temporal and spatial variation in the equatorial plasma trough and crest, and particularly for monitoring the dynamics of plasma bubbles.     

富氢/富氧燃气同轴直流喷嘴燃烧过程数值模拟

为研究全流量补燃FFSC(Full Flow Staged Combustion)循环发动机气-气喷注器性能,以气氢/气氧(GH2/GO2)预燃室提供的758K富氢燃气和676K富氧燃气为推进剂对同轴直流喷嘴燃烧流场进行了数值模拟.考察了相同燃烧室结构、流量、入口燃气温度条件下,富氧燃气压降、富氢燃气和富氧燃气的速度比、氧喷嘴厚度和氧喷嘴缩进变化对燃烧性能的影响,获得了4个参数的影响规律.数值模拟结果对燃气气-气喷注器结构设计有参考价值.     

Simultaneous observations of spread F irregularities over Southeast Asia longitude using Sanya VHF radar,GPS and C/NOFS

Through concurrently measurements by Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS), Sanya VHF radar and GPS ionospheric scintillation receiver on 12 March 2010, five plasma bubbles were found and three of them were observed by all those instruments. Two well-developed plumes with strong backscatter echoes were measured by Sanya radar and their corresponding depletions were observed by C/NOFS in Orbit 10317, 10318 and 10319. Broad plasma depletions resulting from merging process were found in orbit of 10318. The occurrence time and geophysical positions of scintillations correlate well with observations implemented by Sanya VHF radar and C/NOFS. Observations from three types of instrument indicate that the spread F irregularities have distinct scale. There were longitudinal differences between Sanya VHF radar and C/NOFS as irregularities measured, and the eastward drift of developed bubbles are responsible for these differences.