The bistatic radar capabilities of the Medicina radiotelescopes in space debris detection and tracking

An accurate measurement of the position and trajectory of the space debris fragments is of primary importance for the characterization of the orbital debris environment. The Medicina Radioastronomical Station is a radio observation facility that is here proposed as receiving part of a ground-based space surveillance system for detecting and tracking space debris at different orbital regions (from Low Earth Orbits up to Geostationary Earth Orbits). The proposed system consists of two bistatic radars formed by the existing Medicina receiving antennas coupled with appropriate transmitters. This paper focuses on the current features and future technical development of the receiving part of the observational setup. Outlines of possible transmitting systems will also be given together with the evaluation of the observation strategies achievable with the proposed facilities.     

ESA microgravity payloads for the 1990s

Analysis of flight opportunities of existing and new microgravity multi-user facilities on Eureca and Spacelab and design studies of new experimental facilities for Columbus are presently in progress.

The materials and fluid sciences research community is likely to be a major user of the permanently manned Space Station/Columbus elements such as the European Attached Pressurised Module (APM) and the Man-Tended Free Flyer (MTFF).

In metallurgy, crystal growth and bioengineering initial research will be performed in the manned laboratory, whereas later on the processing will be automated and executed on unmanned platforms.

At present ESA prepares - in close cooperation with the scientific community - the hardware development of microgravity experimental facilities/laboratories for all Columbus elements through design studies. Preliminary studies which have been carried out to date are the following : Crystallisation Laboratory, Fluid Sciences Laboratory, Containerless Processing Laboratory, Thermophysical Properties Measurement Facility, Metallurgy Laboratory.

In 1998 it is planned to deepen these studies covering laboratories for the APM and for the MTFF. Details on flight opportunities in the pre-Columbus period will also be provided.     

地基设备布站对空间碎片观测能力的影响分析

建立空间碎片地面观测站时,需要用数值仿真工具对其观测能力进行评估和分析.评估观测站能力的重要指标是测站设备对空间碎片的观测量和可观测频度.先进的设备指标和合适的测站位置能够大大提高观测能力.本文使用STK,PROOF等软件,对不同测站雷达和光学设备的观测能力(过境率和探测率)进行了数值仿真和比较分析,得到了一些初步结论,对于空间碎片监测网的设计有一定的参考作用.      

Shareable Instruments and Observatories for the Joint Research Center on Space Weather of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Sciences

Presented are the ideas and proposals in regards to the pooling of by RAS, SB, ISTP, and CSSAR,CAS toward coordinated usage of existing ground-based and orbiting helio-geophysical observatories, single large installations as well as creating, forecasting services and new observing facilities, in the interests of achieving a profitable activity of the China-Russia Joint Research Center on Space Weather (JRCSW).      

Comparative analysis of global optical observability of satellites in LEO

With a growing number of resident space objects (RSOs), the facilities for near-Earth space surveillance have to cope with increasing workload. It also applies to low-cost small optical surveillance facilities which may present regional, national and global networks. Improved methods of planning and scheduling optical telescopes are required to use these instruments efficiently. Today, optical observations are only feasible if the following quite stringent requirements are met: the object should be illuminated by sunlight, and it should be above while the Sun is below the observer’s horizon. For different orbits, these preconditions result in varying degrees of the space object observability at various ground-based sites. Certainly, satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) are particularly difficult to observe. This study aims at developing a new technique for assessing observability of a satellite in different types of orbits – namely, low, medium and high Earth orbits, imaging of the opportunity for its visibility in respective diagrams and their analysing for the existing near-Earth population of RSOs. Unlike other researches, wherein one or several observational stations have been chosen as target sites for in-depth analyses of visibility of all the satellites or just the selected ones, the present study focuses on examining the probability of optical surveillance of satellites in a certain orbit from any locations worldwide. It offers considerable scope for automation of surveillance planning and scheduling optical surveillance networks.     

空间科学实验通用地面检测系统研制

分析了地面检测设备在空间有效载荷研制过程中的作用,提出一种用于对多种空间微重力科学实验设备（载荷）进行地面测试的通用地面检测设备设计方法.通过载荷特性分析,对载荷中的控制对象进行分类.针对不同控制对象使用不同的操作进行控制.将载荷实验过程分解为一系列固定时刻执行的操作,通过配置静态配置表、动作配置表和动态配置表,实现对载荷实验过程的控制.地面检测设备由计算机、电源和RS422通信接口构成.针对不同载荷,使用规格一致的电缆和通信接口,保证地面监测设备的通用性.地面检测设备配合多功能炉、骨髓培养箱、辐射基因箱、煤燃烧箱、蒸发对流箱、导线特性箱及胶体材料箱7台载荷开展研制工作,在各载荷试验参数确定、空间试验流程确定、设备性能测试、环境模拟实验、电磁兼容实验、地面匹配实验以及载荷设备验收等过程中发挥了重要作用.      

冲突证据决策新方法及应用

冲突证据决策方法研究是证据理论重要研究课题。鉴于现有的证据理论改进方法在冲突证据决策过程中存在计算量较大,归一化过程不合理,证据组合效果不理想等一系列问题,提出基于二次组合的冲突证据决策方法。首先,提出新的基于二次组合的冲突证据决策方法的流程图;然后,提出新的乘性归一化规则,并对新的乘性归一化规则进行算例分析,验证其合理性;最后,分析现有冲突度量函数的不足,并提出新的冲突度量函数,并分析冲突度量函数的合理性。通过算例分析,并与现有证据组合规则的比较表明,所提方法不仅计算量得以改善,组合结果也得到提升。      

压缩感知OFDM稀疏信道估计导频设计

为提高稀疏信道估计性能, 基于压缩感知(CS)理论, 研究了正交频分复用(OFDM)系统中的导频设计问题。由于已有方法不能准确衡量采样矩阵重建性能, 从而导致根据已有方法设计的导频具有较差的信道估计性能, 因此提出以互相关矩阵元素的立方和为准则准确评价采样矩阵的重建性能。针对OFDM系统信道估计导频设计为离散组合优化问题, 提出了一种并行完全树分组替换搜索算法用于搜索最优的导频。在算法的每次循环中, 先将导频索引集合分组, 再根据每一组替换的结果更新导频, 提出的方法扩大了导频搜索空间, 避免了导频搜索的局部最优问题。仿真结果表明, 提出的评价方法相比现有方法能够准确评价采样矩阵重建性能, 使用提出的准则设计的导频与现有互相关准则相比信道估计均方误差可减小约3 dB。同时, 所提出的导频搜索算法具有更快的收敛速度和最优的导频搜索性能。      

微重力燃烧研究进展

微重力燃烧是一门非常新的学科,它研究在微重力环境下的基本燃烧过程。本文概括最近几年刚发展起来的以下几方面的进展:微重力燃烧研究所用的设备;固体材料的着火性;预混气燃烧;液滴燃烧;颗粒群燃烧;空间飞行器着火安全性。最后对我国开展微重力燃烧研究提出建议。     

Performance estimation for GEO space surveillance

For space surveillance Europe is currently strongly depending on external sources. Although some European radar and optical facilities for space object tracking exist, there is no operational European space surveillance system. An ESA-funded feasibility study for a future independent European space surveillance capability was performed recently. Some of the main conclusions are presented here. We discuss the surveillance of the geostationary ring (GEO) by evaluating existing and newly designed optical ground-based sensors in terms of their performance. The main performance-related issues – the coverage of the GEO ring and the minimum detectable objects size – are discussed. In order to perform detailed simulations, an observation strategy was defined and algorithms for the correlation of objects with a catalogue and for the maintenance of that catalogue were developed. We used the ESA PROOF software to estimate the sensor performance and AIUB tools to simulate the catalogue correlation. The performance was validated using data from campaigns performed with the ESA Space Debris Telescope at Tenerife, Spain.     

Solar and cosmic X- and gamma-ray studies with long duration balloon flights

The scientific goals of balloon-borne X and gamma ray transient studies are reviewed. Several scientific objectives are common to both solar and cosmic investigations, specifically: high time and energy resolution measurements of line and continuum emission, and log N-log S studies. A brief survey of six instruments is presented. It is shown that current proven detector and gondola technologies are sufficient to advance significantly our understanding of transient phenomena via these investigations within the decade and within the current and future constraints of proposed long duration (10–30 days) balloon facilities.     

基于非等维状态的IMM混合估计方法

在目标跟踪领域,交互多模型（IMM）估计器具有良好的性能和较低的复杂度。IMM的成功归因于模式混合,其中各模型输出用于模型条件重初始化。针对IMM算法中存在的非等维状态混合估计问题进行了研究,在总结现有算法的基础上提出了一种最优的IMM混合估计方法。该方法通过将"切换"态的概念引入目标状态,根据当前滤波时刻的模型概率和新息,动态地调整混合策略以实现最优估计。最后,通过仿真实验验证了所提算法在不同模型混合场景中的表现要优于现有的算法。      

基于图对比的上下位关系检测

上下位关系是自然语言处理(NLP)下游任务的基础,因此上下位关系检测是自然语言处理领域备受关注的问题。针对现有词嵌入方法采用随机初始化词向量,不能很好地捕获上下位关系不对称和可传递的特性,且现有模型没有充分利用预测向量与真实投影之间关系的局限性,提出了一种基于图对比学习的上下位关系检测(HyperCL)方法。引入图对比学习进行数据增强,基于最大化局部和全局表示的互信息,学习具有鲁棒性的词特征表示。所提方法学习了将下位词的词向量投影到上位词和非上位词,同时能够更好地区分嵌入空间中的上位词和非上位词,从而提高了检测精度。在2个基准数据集上的实验结果表明,所提模型比现有方法在准确率上提升了0.03以上。     

一种基于卷积神经网络的地磁基准图构建方法

地磁匹配导航技术是一种重要的辅助导航制导方法，地磁基准图的构建精度对地磁匹配制导的精准度起着决定性作用。针对现有地磁基准图构建精度难以满足实际地磁匹配导航需求的问题，提出了一种基于卷积神经网络的地磁基准图构建方法。首先，利用卷积层提取低分辨率基准图中的特征图像块；然后，利用基于学习的阈值收缩算法（LISTA）实现图像块的稀疏表示；最后，利用三通道的地磁信息得到重建后的高分辨率基准图。实验结果表明:所提方法对地磁基准图具有更高的构建精度，同时对噪声有更好的鲁棒性，各种客观评价指标均高于现有的超分辨率重建方法。      

Commercial involvement in the development of space-based plant growing technology.

Considerable technological progress has been made in the development of controlled environment facilities for plant growth. Although not all of the technology used for terrestrial facilities is applicable to space-based plant growth facilities, the information resident in the commercial organizations that market these facilities can provide a significant resource for the development of the plant growing component of a CELSS. In 1985, NASA initiated an effort termed the Centers for the Commercial Development of Space (CCDS). This program endeavors to develop cooperative research and technology development programs with industrial companies that capitalize on the strengths of industry-university working relationships. One of the these CCDSs, the Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics (WCSAR), deals with developing automated plant growth facilities for space, in cooperation with several industrial partners. Concepts have been developed with industrial partners for the irradiation, water and nutrient delivery, nutrient composition control and automation and robotics subsystems of plant growing units. Space flight experiments are planned for validation of the concepts in a space environment.     

和平利用空间技术国际合作的现状和前景

本文较详细地介绍了当前应用最广和最成熟的三种空间技术:电信、气象、遥感领域中的国际合作的现状和发展趋势;并指出发展中国家在其现有的科技基础上,通过国际合作,培养一批空间技术和管理人才,配以适当的地面设施,就可获取空间技术所能带来的利益。     

计量测试软件验证方法研究

在分析计量测试软件的软件测评与计量验证区别的基础上,应用软件测试的基本原理,提出了计量测试软件的计量验证方法。应用提出的方法对铂、铜热电阻自动检定软件系统进行了计量验证,并对存在的问题进行了讨论。     

测量数据中色噪声处理方法探讨

针对经纬仪对高速运动目标测量数据的色噪声处理问题进行了分析探讨。介绍了目前对经纬仪测量数据随机误差进行处理的常用方法,指出了该方法对色噪声处理存在的问题,在对测量序列相关性采用差分方法进行分析的基础上,提出了对色噪声数据采用的两种处理策略——非相关转换法和相关数据平滑法,详细介绍了两种处理策略的计算过程和方法,并通过实测数据的处理实例,验证了所提出处理策略的有效性和合理性,最后对两种方法的特点进行了比较分析。     

成分数据的空间自回归模型

针对已有成分数据线性回归模型对研究对象相互独立的严格要求,提出了含有成分数据和普通数据的空间自回归模型,在此基础上提出了成分数据空间自回归模型的估计方法。新模型结合了空间自回归模型处理因变量之间相互依赖的优势,可同时处理成分数据和普通数据。通过利用等距对数比（ilr）变换将成分数据解约束,得到了新模型的参数估计量。蒙特卡罗模拟实验验证了所提估计方法的有效性。