A transient MHD model applicable for the source of solar cosmic ray acceleration

A two-dimensional, time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model is used to describe the possible mechanisms for the source of solar cosmic ray acceleration following a solar flare. The hypothesis is based on the propagation of fast mode MHD shocks following a sudden release of energy. This model has already been used with some success for simulation of some major features of type II shocks and white light coronal transients. In this presentation, we have studied the effects of initial magnetic topology and strength on the formation of MHD shocks. We consider the plasma beta (thermal pressure/magnetic pressure) as a measure of the $\text{initial}$, relative strength of the field. During dynamic mass motion, the Alfvén Mach number is the more appropriate measure of the magnetic field's ability to control the outward motion. We suggest that this model (computed self-consistently) provides the shock wave and the disturbed mass motion behind it as likely sources for solar cosmic ray acceleration.     

加速导管和减速导管的性能比较

为了研究不同形式导管桨的载荷特点,采用计算流体力学(CFD)技术分析了加速、减速导管的水动力特性及其对螺旋桨水动力性能的影响。计算域被分为包含螺旋桨的柱形域、包含导管的大域2个部分,并采用全结构化网格技术对其进行离散,以便优化网格质量和提高计算精度。用交界面技术保证不同计算域之间流体速度和压力等物理量的连续性。首先分析了JD7704+Ka4-5508导管桨的水动力性能,然后将计算值与试验值进行对比,验证了本文模型和网格技术的合理性。在此基础上,分析了不同翼形剖面拱度和攻角的加速、减速导管的水动力特性,及其对螺旋桨载荷的影响。研究表明,通过改变拱度和攻角2种方式所得到的加速和减速导管具有不同的水动力特性,能极大地优化螺旋桨的工况和载荷特点。     

An empirical model to predict the 1-AU arrival of interplanetary shocks

We extend the empirical coronal mass ejection (CME) arrival model of Gopalswamy et al. [Gopalswamy, N. et al. Predicting the 1-AU arrival times of coronal mass ejections, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 29207, 2001] to predict the 1-AU arrival of interplanetary (IP) shocks. A set of 29 IP shocks and the associated magnetic clouds observed by the Wind spacecraft are used for this study. The primary input to this empirical shock arrival model is the initial speed of white-light CMEs obtained using coronagraphs. We use the gas dynamic piston–shock relationship to derive the ESA model which provides a simple means of obtaining the 1-AU speed and arrival times of interplanetary shocks using CME speeds.     

耀斑激波的相互作用

采用一维磁流体力学模型和激波装配法，分析两个相继出现的耀斑激波的相互作用.前导激波下游的稀疏波显著改变后随激波的特性，并在它的下游产生强后向快激波.两耀斑激波汇合后将在下游形成密度比约为1.5的接触间断.     

Propagation and interaction of interplanetary transient disturbances. Numerical simulations

We study the heliocentric evolution of ICME-like disturbances and their associated transient forward shocks (TFSs) propagating in the interplanetary (IP) medium comparing the solutions of a hydrodynamic (HD) and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models using the ZEUS-3D code [Stone, J.M., Norman, M.L., 1992. Zeus-2d: a radiation magnetohydrodynamics code for astrophysical flows in two space dimensions. i – the hydrodynamic algorithms and tests. Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 80, 753–790]. The simulations show that when a fast ICME and its associated IP shock propagate in the inner heliosphere they have an initial phase of about quasi-constant propagation speed (small deceleration) followed, after a critical distance (deflection point), by an exponential deceleration. By combining white light coronograph and interplanetary scintillation (IPS) measurements of ICMEs propagating within 1 AU [Manoharan, P.K., 2005. Evolution of coronal mass ejections in the inner heliosphere: a study using white-light and scintillation images. Solar Physics 235 (1–2), 345–368], such a critical distance and deceleration has already been inferred observationally. In addition, we also address the interaction between two ICME-like disturbances: a fast ICME 2 overtaking a previously launched slower ICME 1. After interaction, the leading ICME 1 accelerates and the tracking ICME 2 decelerates and both ICMEs tend to arrive at 1 AU having similar speeds. The 2-D HD and MHD models show similar qualitative results for the evolution and interaction of these disturbances in the IP medium.     

Cometary magnetospheres: a tutorial

The nucleus of an active comet, such as comet Halley near its perihelion, produces large quantities of gas and dust. The resulting cometary atmosphere, or coma, extends more than a million kilometers into space, where it interacts with the solar wind. An “induced” cometary magnetosphere is a consequence of this interaction. Cometary ion pick-up and mass loading of the solar wind starts to take place at very large cometocentric distances. Eventually this mass loading leads to the formation of a weak cometary bow shock. Even closer to the nucleus, collisional processes, such as ion-neutral chemistry, become important. Other features of the magnetosphere of an active comet include a magnetic barrier, a magnetotail, and a diamagnetic cavity near the nucleus. X-ray emission from comets is produced by the interaction of the solar wind with cometary neutrals and this topic is also discussed. A broad review of the cometary magnetosphere will be given in this paper.     

Relationships between energetic storm particle events and interplanetary shocks driven by full and partial halo coronal mass ejections

We have analysed energetic storm particle (ESP) events in 116 interplanetary (IP) shocks driven by front-side full and partial halo coronal mass ejections (CMEs) with speeds $>$400 km s^?1during the years 1996–2015. We investigated the occurrence and relationships of ESP events with several parameters describing the IP shocks, and the associated CMEs, type II radio bursts, and solar energetic particle (SEP) events. Most of the shocks (57 %) were associated with an ESP event at proton energies $>$1 MeV.The shock transit speeds from the Sun to 1 AU of the shocks associated with an ESP event were significantly greater than those of the shocks without an ESP event, and best distinguished these two groups of shocks from each other. The occurrence and maximum intensity of the ESP events also had the strongest dependence on the shock transit speed compared to the other parameters investigated. The correlation coefficient between ESP peak intensities and shock transit speeds was highest (0.73 $\pm$ 0.04) at 6.2 MeV. Weaker dependences were found on the shock speed at 1 AU, Alfvénic and magnetosonic Mach numbers, shock compression ratio, and CME speed. On average all these parameters were significantly different for shocks capable to accelerate ESPs compared to shocks not associated with ESPs, while the differences in the shock normal angle and in the width and longitude of the CMEs were insignificant.The CME-driven shocks producing energetic decametric–hectometric (DH) type II radio bursts and high-intensity SEP events proved to produce also more frequently ESP events with larger particle flux enhancements than other shocks. Together with the shock transit speed, the characteristics of solar DH type II radio bursts and SEP events play an important role in the occurrence and maximum intensity of ESP events at 1 AU.     

Nonlinear quantum ion acoustic shock wave dynamics with exchange-correlation effects

The dynamics of linear and nonlinear electrostatic shock excitations is studied in homogeneous, unmagnetized, unbounded and dissipative quantum plasma consisting of electrons and ions. The dissipation in the system is taken into account by incorporating the ion kinematic viscosity. The system is modelled using the quantum hydrodynamic equations in which the electrons are significantly affected by the quantum forces, viz., the quantum statistical pressure, the quantum Bohm potential and electron exchange-correlations due to electron spin. In the weakly nonlinear limit, using reductive perturbation method deformed Korteweg-de Vries Burgers’s (KdVB) equation, which elegantly combines the effects of nonlinearity, dispersion and dissipation is derived. It is found that the present model predicts the existence of both nonlinear oscillatory and monotonic shock structures. The temporal evolution, stability and phase-space dynamics of nonlinear ion acoustic shocks are investigated numerically to elucidate the effects of quantum diffraction, electron exchange correlation and ion kinematic viscosity.     

Cone model-based SEP event calculations for applications to multipoint observations

The problem of modeling solar energetic particle (SEP) events is important to both space weather research and forecasting, and yet it has seen relatively little progress. Most important SEP events are associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that drive coronal and interplanetary shocks. These shocks can continuously produce accelerated particles from the ambient medium to well beyond 1 AU. This paper describes an effort to model real SEP events using a Center for Integrated Space weather Modeling (CISM) MHD solar wind simulation including a cone model of CMEs to initiate the related shocks. In addition to providing observation-inspired shock geometry and characteristics, this MHD simulation describes the time-dependent observer field line connections to the shock source. As a first approximation, we assume a shock jump-parameterized source strength and spectrum, and that scatter-free transport occurs outside of the shock source, thus emphasizing the role the shock evolution plays in determining the modeled SEP event profile. Three halo CME events on May 12, 1997, November 4, 1997 and December 13, 2006 are used to test the modeling approach. While challenges arise in the identification and characterization of the shocks in the MHD model results, this approach illustrates the importance to SEP event modeling of globally simulating the underlying heliospheric event. The results also suggest the potential utility of such a model for forcasting and for interpretation of separated multipoint measurements such as those expected from the STEREO mission.     

Energetic particle acceleration by coronal mass ejections

The current paradigm for the source of large, gradual solar energetic particle (SEP) events is that theyare accelerated in coronal/interplanetary shocks driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Early studies established that there is a rough correlation between the logs of the CME speed and the logs of the SEP intensities. Here I review two topics challenging the basic paradigm, the recent discovery that CMEs are also associated with impulsive, high-Z rich SEP events and the search for gradual SEP sources other than CME-driven shocks. I then discuss three topics of recent interest dealing with the relationship between the shock or CME properties and the resulting SEP events. These are the roles that CME accelerations, interactions between fast and preceding slow CMEs, and widths of fast CMEs may play in SEP production.     

磁云—高速流相互作用的数值模拟

对１９７８年８月２７至２８日期间观测到的磁云与尾随高速流的相互作用进行数值模拟，基本拟合了１ＡＵ处的观测剖面。模拟结果表明，磁云－高速流系统将导致前向快，慢激波和后向快激波的形成。     

The evolution of globular clusters

Taking a wide range of the initial conditions, including spatial density distribution and mass function etc, the dynamical evolution of globular clusters in the Milky Way is investigated in detail by means of Monte Carlo simulations. Four dynamic mechanisms are considered: stellar evaporation, stellar evolution, tidal shocks due to both the disk and bulge, and dynamical friction. It is found that stellar evaporation dominates the evolution of low-mass clusters and all four are important for massive ones. For both the power-law and lognormal initial clusters mass functions, we can find the best-fit models which can match the present-day observations with their main features of the mass function almost unchanged after evolution of several Gyr. This implies that it is not possible to determine the initial mass function only based on the observed ones today. Moreover, the dispersion of the modelled mass functions mainly depends on the potential wells of host galaxies with the almost constant peaks, which is consistent with current observations.     

Advances in modeling gradual solar energetic particle events

Solar energetic particles pose one of the most serious hazards to space probes, satellites and astronauts. The most intense and largest solar energetic particle events are closely associated with fast coronal mass ejections able to drive interplanetary shock waves as they propagate through interplanetary space. The simulation of these particle events requires knowledge of how particles and shocks propagate through the interplanetary medium, and how shocks accelerate and inject particles into interplanetary space. Several models have appeared in the literature that attempt to model these energetic particle events. Each model presents its own simplifying assumptions in order to tackle the series of complex phenomena occurring during the development of such events. The accuracy of these models depends upon the approximations used to describe the physical processes involved in the events. We review the current models used to describe gradual solar energetic particle events, their advances and shortcomings, and their possible applications to space weather forecasting.     

磁云边界层中的重联慢激波观测分析

在Petschek模型中,排空区边界处的一对慢激波是能量耗散的重要机制.已有大量行星际空间的Petschek型磁场重联排空区观测事件被报道,但是只有少量的排空区边界处观测到了慢激波.针对一例位于磁云边界层中的Petschek型磁场重联排空区观测事件,在排空区靠近磁云一侧边界处证认了一例慢激波.激波跃变层两侧的磁场和等离子体参数满足Rankine-Hugoniot关系,且激波上下游的中间马赫数均小于1,上游的慢马赫数为2.94（>1）,下游的慢马赫数为0.65（<1）,符合慢激波的观测特征.磁云内部的等离子体β值很低,局地阿尔芬速度高,同时磁云边界层中可能发生丰富的磁场重联活动,这可能是磁云前边界处慢激波形成的原因.     

无振荡、无自由参数格式在三维太阳风流动数值模拟中的应用

从快速、有效地进行空间天气数值预报的需要出发,针对1998年5月份行星际太阳风暴事件,采用全三维流体力学(HD)模型进行数值试验,考察了无振荡、无自由参数(NND)格式在三维太阳风流动数值模拟中的应用.计算中内边界的密度分布由观测K日冕数据来确定,由此得到的源表面密度分布具有和源表面电流片相似的结构.数值试验表明: 虽然该格式不需要加入人工粘性,但是具有很好的计算稳定性.在扰动计算时激波间断耗散小,在三维任何方向上间断所占的网格数比较少,没有数值色散现象.      

Structure and kinetic properties of slow-mode shocks associated with magnetic reconnection in the near-Earth magnetotail

We study the structure and kinetic properties of slow-mode shocks near the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL) associated with magnetic reconnection by Cluster observation. The presence of slow-mode shocks is confirmed by traditional Rankine–Hugoniot (RH) analysis and Monte-Carlo shock fitting method. The Walén analysis, applied to the tailward flow associated with slow-mode shocks, also supports that plasma was accelerated across a Petschek-type slow-mode shock connected to the diffusion region. Back-streaming ions were observed on the shock layer, and cold ions were accelerated and heated by slow-mode shocks. In addition, whistler and electrostatic solitary waves were observed around the slow-mode shocks. These waves might be excited by the observed field-aligned electron beams near the shocks.     

Ionospheric response to the June 2015 geomagnetic storm in the South American region

The ionospheric dynamics in the South America (SA) sector during geomagnetic disturbed period from 21 to 24 June 2015 is investigated through ground ionosonde stations and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, supported by Very Low Frequency (VLF) and magnetometer data. These disturbances were caused by 3 interplanetary shocks (IS) derived from 3 consecutives coronal mass ejections (CME) from the same solar active region; the first two CME were caused by filament eruptions, and the third was a much larger full halo CME, associated with a M2.6 solar flare. The first 2 shocks were compressive and did not cause an immediate response to the ionosphere in the analyzed region, while the third shock increased considerably the electron density from low to high-latitudes, triggering the second strongest geomagnetic storm of the 24th solar cycle. It was possible to observe the expansion of the crest of equatorial ionospheric anomaly (EIA) at midlatitudes and high-latitudes mainly due to prompt penetration electric field (PPEF) during the main phase and the recovery phase of the geomagnetic storm during the day.     

Kinetic theory of sheath formation in solar wind plasma

We present a general self-consistent kinetic theory for plasma sheath formation in solar wind plasma. The theory could be applied to anisotropic, as well as to isotropic collisionless plasma without resorting to any simplifications, limitations, or assumptions, such as the necessary existence of a ‘pre-sheath’ region of ions acceleration to ensure the Bohm criterion. The kinetic framework is first applied to sheath formation around an arbitrary oriented planar absorbing surface, charged by solar wind anisotropic plasma, under the condition of negligible photoelectric effect. We then make use of our kinetic approach for the plane geometry in isotropic collisionless plasma, as a particular case of a planar electrode orientation parallel to plasma streaming velocity, also analyzing the sheath structure around spherical and cylindrical absorbing electrodes submerged in isotropic collisionless plasma. Obtained results demonstrate principal differences in spatial charge distributions in sheath regions between spherical or cylindrical electrodes of large size and an unbound planar surface submerged in isotropic plasma. In the case of a planar electrode, we directly compare results obtained in our kinetic and hydrodynamic theories and conventional hydrodynamic theory of plasma sheath formation. The outcome from the present study have direct implications to the analysis of plasma sheath structure and associated distribution in space of charged dust grains, which is relevant to the moon exploration near the optical terminator region or in shadowed craters in the moon.     

Propagation of interplanetary shocks into the Earth’s magnetosphere

This paper is devoted to the study of propagation of disturbances caused by interplanetary shocks (IPS) through the Earth’s magnetosphere. Using simultaneous observations of various fast forward shocks by different satellites in the solar wind, magnetosheath and magnetosphere from 1995 till 2002, we traced the interplanetary shocks into the Earth’s magnetosphere, we calculated the velocity of their propagation into the Earth’s magnetosphere and analyzed fronts of the disturbances. From the onset of disturbances at different satellites in the magnetosphere we obtained speed values ranging from 500 to 1300 km/s in the direction along the IP shock normal, that is in a general agreement with results of previous numerical MHD simulations. The paper discusses in detail a sequence of two events on November 9th, 2002. For the two cases we estimated the propagation speed of the IP shock caused disturbance between the dayside and nightside magnetosphere to be 590 km/s and 714–741 km/s, respectively. We partially attributed this increase to higher Alfven speed in the outer magnetosphere due to the compression of the magnetosphere as a consequence of the first event, and partially to the faster and stronger driving interplanetary shock. High-time resolution GOES magnetic field data revealed a complex structure of the compressional wave fronts at the dayside geosynchronous orbit during these events, with initial very steep parts (10 s). We discuss a few possible mechanisms of such steep front formation in the paper.     

Geoeffectiveness of interplanetary shocks controlled by impact angles: A review

The high variability of the Sun’s magnetic field is responsible for the generation of perturbations that propagate throughout the heliosphere. Such disturbances often drive interplanetary shocks in front of their leading regions. Strong shocks transfer momentum and energy into the solar wind ahead of them which in turn enhance the solar wind interaction with magnetic fields in its way. Shocks then eventually strike the Earth’s magnetosphere and trigger a myriad of geomagnetic effects observed not only by spacecraft in space, but also by magnetometers on the ground. Recently, it has been revealed that shocks can show different geoeffectiveness depending closely on the angle of impact. Generally, frontal shocks are more geoeffective than inclined shocks, even if the former are comparatively weaker than the latter. This review is focused on results obtained from modeling and experimental efforts in the last 15?years. Some theoretical and observational background are also provided.