Investigation on the MLT tidal variability during September 2019 minor sudden stratospheric warming

Tidal variability in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) during September 2019 Southern hemisphere minor sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) is investigated utilizing ground-based meteor radar wind observations from the equatorial, extratropical, middle, and high latitude stations and global reanalysis dataset. The polar warming is found to move from the mesosphere to the stratosphere until the peak warming day (PWD) of the SSW. The diurnal and semidiurnal tides at individual observational sites do not exhibit any consistent response during the observational interval, but a notable and consistent variability in some specific zonal wavenumber components, i. e., DW1 (migrating diurnal tide), DE3 (nonmigrating eastward wavenumber 3 diurnal tide), and SW2 (migrating semidiurnal tide) is found in the global reanalysis dataset. Incidentally, the warming event occurs during Spring equinox when a dominant seasonal change in the tidal activities generally takes place and hence seasonal variability is also looked into while identifying the SSW impact during the observational interval. It is found that the seasonal broad changes in the DW1, DE3, and SW2 amplitudes can be explained by the variability in the tidal sources, i.e., water vapor, convective activity, ozone, etc during the observational period. However, the extracted short-term variability in the global tidal modes on removing seasonal trend reveals noticeable response in connection with the warming event. The deseasoned amplitude of the DW1 significantly enhances around the PWD at most of the present latitudes. The deseasoned DE3 amplitude responds significantly in the middle atmosphere at low latitudes during the warming phase. The deseasoned SW2 exhibit clear enhancement around the PWD at all the latitudes. However, the deseasoned tidal features do not seem to correlate well with that of the source species unlike the seasonal ones that imply involvement of complex processes during the warming event, seeking further future investigations in this regard.     

Observations of OH(3,1) airglow emission using a Michelson interferometer at 62° S

A Michelson interferometer was used to observe the hydroxyl (OH) emission in the upper mesosphere at the King Sejong Station (62.22° S, 301.25° E), Antarctica. The instrument was installed in February 1999 and has been in routine operation since then. An intensive operational effort has resulted in a substantial data set between April and June, 1999. A spectral analysis was performed on individual data to examine the information of dominant waves. A harmonic analysis was also carried out on the monthly average data to investigate the characteristics of the major low frequency oscillations. The 12-hr temperature oscillations exhibit a striking agreement with a theoretical tidal model, supporting the tidal (migrating) origin. The 8-hr wave is found to be persistent and dominant, reflecting its major role in the upper mesospheric dynamics at the given latitude. The 6-hr oscillation is observed only in May with its value close to the prediction for zonally symmetric tides.     

武汉上空中层和低热层大气潮汐的流星雷达观测

武汉流星雷达是2002年元月建成的我国第一部全天空流星雷达，本文对2002年2月19日到7月31日流星雷达观测的潮汐的讨论表明，武汉中层顶以周日潮汐为潮汐运动的主要分量，它的强度远大于半日潮汐，周日潮汐和半日潮汐的波源都在80km以下．周日潮汐分量在3、4月份最强，并且经向分量略强于纬向分量．两个分量的峰值在约95km处出现，分别达到44m／s和60m／s．半日潮的最大值24m／s出现在4月初约93km处．周日潮汐和半日潮汐的振幅和相位随时间呈现出拟周期变化的特征，这可能是潮汐与行星波非线形相互作用的结果．观测结果与GSWM模型的比较表明，GSWM模型在相位随高度变化趋势上与观测结果一致，但模型的周日潮相位比观测约超前1—2h，半日潮相位约滞后1—4h．在周日潮汐较强的月份，模型与观测有较大的差异，观测的幅度通常在95km附近有极大值，而模型并没有极大值．GSWM模型对半日潮的幅度的估计通常过小，观测的半日潮汐幅度有时甚至超过模型值的一倍以上．     

Longitudinal MLT wind structure at higher mid-latitudes as seen by meteor radars at central and Eastern Europe (13°E/49°E)

The mid-latitude mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) wind speeds measured by two SKiYMET meteor radars (MRs) at Collm (51°N, 13°E) and Kazan (56°N, 49°E) during 2016–2017 were analyzed to study longitudinal wind structures. The differences between monthly mean prevailing wind speeds and tidal amplitudes were compared with the corresponding differences obtained from TIMED/TIDI satellite winds and gradient wind speeds from the AURA/MLS instrument. It is shown that the MR wind difference between the two sites is statistically significant. The difference of the horizontal prevailing winds can be explained by a superposition of the background zonal flow, which is different at the two latitudes, with stationary planetary waves of different origin. Non-migrating tides contribute significantly to the difference of the semidiurnal tidal winds between the two sites.     

Global structure,seasonal and interannual variability of the eastward propagating tides seen in the SABER/TIMED temperatures (2002–2007)

The present paper is focused on the global spatial (altitude and latitude) structure, seasonal and interannual variability of the most stable in amplitude and phase eastward propagating diurnal and semidiurnal tides with zonal wavenumbers 2 and 3 derived from the SABER/TIMED temperatures for full 6 years (January 2002–December 2007). The tidal results are obtained by an analysis method where the tides (migrating and nonmigrating) and the planetary waves (zonally travelling, zonally symmetric and stationary) are simultaneously extracted from the satellite data. It has been found that the structures of the eastward propagating diurnal tides with zonal wavenumbers 3 and 2 change from antisymmetric with respect to the equator below ∼85 km height, to more symmetric above ∼95 km. The seasonal behavior of the DE3 is dominated by annual variation with maximum in August–September reaching average (2002–2007) amplitude of ∼15 K, while that of the DE2 by semiannual variation with solstice maxima and with average amplitude of ∼8 K. These tides revealed some interannual variability with a period of quasi-2 years. The seasonal behavior of the eastward propagating semidiurnal tide with zonal wavenumber 2 in the southern hemisphere (SH) is dominated by annual variation with maximum in the austral summer (November–January) while that in the northern hemisphere (NH) by semiannual variation with equinoctial maxima. The SE2 maximizes near 115 km height and at latitude of ∼30° reaching an average amplitude of ∼6 K. The seasonal behavior of the eastward propagating semidiurnal tide with zonal wavenumber 3 in both hemispheres indicates a main maximum during June solstice and a secondary one during December solstice. The tide maximizes near 110–115 km height and at a latitude of ∼30° reaching an average amplitude of ∼4.8 K in the SH and ∼4 K in the NH. The tidal structures of the two eastward propagating semidiurnal tides are predominantly antisymmetric about the equator.     

On the role of tidal winds in the descending of the high type of sporadic layer (Esh)

As the prevailing tidal winds in the E region are generated by heating mechanisms, the dynamics of Es layers impacted by solar tides is a relevant theme in the space weather studies. This paper aims to identify the tidal wind component involved in the mechanism of formation and descending of the high type of sporadic layer (Es_h). The Es_h layers observed at altitudes between around 120 and 150 km in the Brazilian low latitude stations of Jataí and São José dos Campos during the months of April, June, September and December of 2016 are used in this analysis. The height variability and altitude descent of the Es_h layers are analyzed from the h′Es parameter obtained by ionosonde data. In this study, the observational data are compared with the simulations generated by an extended version of the Ionospheric E-Region Model (MIRE). At higher altitudes in the E region, the results show that the prevailing tidal pattern and wind direction controlling the Es_h layer formation and descent are different depending on month: (a) in April and June the zonal wind component and the associated semidiurnal tidal oscillations prevail, with some differences in terms of time of occurrence and descending speeds, and (b) in September and December the diurnal tidal periodicities become dominant, and both the meridional and zonal wind components seem to control the descending of the Es_h layers. Since the role of the tidal periodicities and wind directions changed depending on the month, the results suggest a possible seasonal tidal wind pattern, which is not well understood from the present study but requires further investigation. Other relevant aspects of the observations and the modeling are highlighted and discussed.     

太阳耀斑活动对中层大气温度的影响

本文利用NIMBUS-7SAMS温度资料,分析研究了1979年至1982年期间发生的3.5级以上大耀斑事件对中层大气温度的影响。并对其物理过程进行了分析和讨论。主要结论是:在太阳大耀斑爆发前后的一两天内,在20°N-60°N地区的中间层大气上部,大气温度有明显降低,中间层下部则有明显增加。对平流层顶高度以下的大气温度没有明显影响。      

Time variations of dynamical processes in the midlatitude upper mesosphere — lower thermosphere

Complex studies with the use of spectrum and harmonic analysis allow determination of wave disturbances in the prevailing and tidal wind, and also mesoscale short period oscillation intensity per unit mass. We particularly find enhanced periods of 4–6, 9–12, 15–20, 25–30 days, which are typical for planetary waves in the lower and middle atmosphere of the Earth. We also reveal the non-linear character of vertical amplitude and phase profiles for wave disturbances with planetary wave scales in the prevailing, tidal and short period oscillation intensity. This non-linearity is interpreted as a consequence of the non-linear interaction of waves such as internal gravity waves, tides and planetary waves among themselves and with background movements.     

The characteristics of the semi-diurnal tides in mesosphere/low-thermosphere (MLT) during 2002 at Wuhan (30.6°N, 114.4°E) – using canonical correlation analysis technique

In this paper, we use canonical correlation analysis (CCA) method to investigate the semi-diurnal tidal winds in mesosphere and low thermosphere (MLT) region, observed by a newly installed meteor radar at Wuhan (30.6°N, 114.4°E), during the year 2002. In general, 4(3) effective semi-diurnal tidal pairs of patterns are obtained, which represent ∼2/3 total variances of the origin data set. These patterns are expected to be corresponding to the atmospheric oscillations within the semi-diurnal frequency band excited or modulated by different sources, i.e., the seasonal variations, the modulations by the planetary wave oscillations or the solar 27-day activity. Among all the patterns, the 1st pattern, which represents ∼1/3 of total variances, is the most notable. Its amplitudes show maximum values in spring and autumn, and the vertical wavelengths are longer in summer and shorter in winter, which is in line with the results obtained from traditional harmonic analysis. The vertical wavelengths of the higher order patterns (∼50 km) suggest the classic semi-tidal mode S(2, 4)/S(2, 5) is dominant.     

Stratosphere-mesosphere coupling during stratospheric sudden warming events

In this review article we summarize recent results in the coupling of the stratosphere–mesosphere during stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) events. We focus on the role of planetary and gravity waves in driving the middle atmosphere circulation and illustrate the stratosphere–mesosphere coupling during undisturbed wintertime circulation, during an SSW event, and after an SSW event during the formation of an elevated stratopause using simulations of past Arctic and Antarctic winters from the Specified Dynamics version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (SD-WACCM). We illustrate the transition of the polar stratopause from being a gravity wave driven phenomena to a planetary wave driven phenomena during SSW events and its subsequent reestablishment and control by gravity waves. We also examine the synoptic structure of the stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere using SD-WACCM data fields that show the structure of the vortex during specific dynamical events in both hemispheres. We illustrate the longitudinal asymmetry in the thermal structure in the stratosphere and mesosphere driven by differences in circulation over the polar cap regions during an SSW event. We complement this analysis of the middle atmosphere circulation with a classification of both the Arctic and Antarctic winters since 1979 into major, minor, elevated stratopause or quiet winters based on the level of disturbance using the Modern Era-Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis data. From the MERRA data we find that the combined occurrences of both major and minor warmings in the Arctic have remained constant over the past three decades while we find a minor increase in their occurrences in the Antarctic.     

大气潮汐的经典理论及有关现代模式的发展

按照历史发展, 回顾了从无耗无风背景下线性化的大气潮汐方程组出发得到一个二维定态变量可分离的基本偏微分方程及其全球Hough函数波模解的经典理论; 介绍了主要由Forbes和Hagan发展起来的在真实有耗有风背景下线性化的本质上仍是二维定态, 但纬度和高度变量不可分离的现代数值模式GSWM; 概述了近年来针对中高层大气的GCM (例如TIME-GCM, MUAM, CMAM和WACCM) 来研究潮汐非线性及非迁移潮汐等的发展趋势. 在融合理解的基础上对各模式的特点和模式间的差异进行了适当分析, 从中可以看出,半个世纪以来人们在从第一原理出发试图揭示全球大气潮汐的真实结构特征和长短期变化机制等方面进行了持续的努力, 这种努力又是与从利用地基雷达到卫星搭载仪器观测大气(特别是MLT区域的风场和温度场)的发展密不可分的.      

基于钠激光雷达观测数据的中间层顶大气温度分布特性研究

作为中间层和热层的边界层,中间层顶存在多种能量交换方式,是大气能量耦合的重要区域。本文利用部署于中国科学院廊坊临近空间大气探测站的钠荧光多普勒激光雷达2013年的观测数据,研究了廊坊上空中间层顶区域大气温度的年度和季节分布特性,并分析了影响温度分布的多种因素。年平均温度廓线图显示,中间层顶位于约97.5 km高度处,温度约191.2 K。受放热化学反应的影响,年平均温度廓线91 km高度处出现了一个198 K的相对温度高点。中间层顶区域大气温度的季节分布受太阳辐射和大气动力学因素综合影响,夏季在大气动力学影响下,中间层顶高度较低,位于88 km高度处,温度也较低,约177 K;冬季太阳辐射起主导作用,中间层顶位于99 km高度处,温度为181 K。通过拟合月平均温度分析了中间层顶区域大气温度年变化和半年变化的振幅和相位特征。结果显示,中间层顶区域上部温度分布主要受太阳辐射的影响;在中间层顶区域下部,大气波动主导了温度分布。      

中纬度冬季低热层潮汐非线性相互作用的MF雷达观测

采用武汉(30°N,114°E)MF雷达在2001年冬季的风场观测数据研究中纬度低热层大气潮汐之间的二阶非线性相互作用.经向风场的Lomb-Scargle归一化振幅谱表明,周日、半日和8 h潮汐是中纬冬季中层顶区域占优势的大气扰动;此外6 h潮汐也清晰可见.双相干谱分析揭示大多数显著的双相干谱峰代表潮汐谐振分量之间的相位互相关或单个潮汐分量的自相关.对随时间变化的潮汐垂直波长的比较发现,实际观测的8h潮汐垂直波长与假定的由观测的24 h潮汐和12 h潮汐非线性相互作用产生的8 h潮汐的理论垂直波长具有明显的一致性.在94.0～98.0km高度范围,周日、半日和8h潮汐之间不仅存在明显的相位相关和垂直波数相关,且它们的振幅随时间变化也显示出振荡幅值相近、振荡相位同步或反相的相关性,表明它们之间已经发生了二阶非线性相互作用.但是在94.0 km以下,三个潮汐分量之间的各种相关性随高度的下降变得越来越弱,因此潮汐二阶相互作用更可能是一种局地和暂态的现象.      

Mesospheric doppler wind measurements from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS)

This paper describes a microwave limb technique for measuring Doppler wind in the Earth’s mesosphere. The research algorithm has been applied to Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) 118.75 GHz measurements where the O₂ Zeeman lines are resolved by a digital autocorrelation spectrometer. A precision of ∼17 m/s for the line-of-sight (LOS) wind is achieved at 80–92 km, which corresponds to radiometric noise during 1/6 s integration time. The LOS winds from Aura MLS are mostly in the meridional direction at low- and mid-latitudes with vertical resolution of ∼8 km. This microwave Doppler technique has potential to obtain useful winds down to ∼40 km of the Earth’s atmosphere if measurements from other MLS frequencies (near H₂O, O₃, and CO lines) are used. Initial analyses show that the MLS winds from the 118.75 GHz measurements agree well with the TIDI (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics Doppler Interferometer) winds for the perturbations induced by a strong quasi 2-day wave (QTDW) in January 2005. Time series of MLS winds reveal many interesting climatological and planetary wave features, including the diurnal, semidiurnal tides, and the QTDW. Interactions between the tides and the QTDW are clearly evident, indicating possible large tidal structural changes after the QTDW events dissipate.     

我国火箭探测资料与CIRA 1986稿的比较

本文用我国气象火箭探测获得的中层大气风、温度、密度和气压等数据,与国际参考大气模式CIRA 1986稿作了比较.结果看到,我国火箭探测温度数据值在模式给出的平均值剖面上下波动,符合的程度在国际比对偏差范围之内;用探测数据分析得到的风的季节性和声重波强度等与模式给出的描述都很符合.从而说明,用CIRA 1986稿来表征我国上空的中层大气结构是合适的.      

Responses of the upper middle atmosphere (60–110 km), to the first two stratwarms of map (1982/3, 1983/4)

The global developments of the stratospheric events (～20–50 km) are briefly described using balloon and satellite data. Winds data from L.F. drift (52°N, 15°E, Europe) for heights of 90–100 km, and from M.F. radar (52°N, 107°W, Canada) for heights of 60–110 km are then compared with the stratospheric morphology.Data for 1982/3 and 1983/4 show that the planetary wave activity and warmings produced strong westward and southward perturbations in the radar winds. Satellite data from 0.1, 0.01 hPa are consistent with these winds; and also show smaller scale structures in the mesosphere than the stratosphere. The semi-diurnal tide responded strongly to the atmospheric disturbances in Europe and Canada: for the latter vertical wavelength changes occurred for heights of 70–100 km. However the correlation between these tidal fluctuations was not high indicating that the tidal adjustments were continental rather than hemispheric.     

平流层,中间层,低热层大气加热过程特性研究

本文计算了平流层、中间层和低热层大气中各种光化过程的加热率与大气的冷却率,并且给出了20—140km的大气净加热率的昼夜变化特征．为大气潮汐波的研究提供了基础．     

中纬度冬季低热层潮汐水平风分量相位关系的MF雷达观测

采用武汉(30°N,114°E)MF雷达在2001年冬季的风场观测数据研究中纬度低热层大气潮汐水平风分量之间的相位关系.统一用弧度定义的各潮汐经纬向分量的拟合初相位在三个连续的高度上分别显示出相同的时间变化倾向和相近的相位差,但是在绝大多数观测时间△ψ24和△ψ12准正交,而△ψ8出乎意料地准同相.周日、半日和8 h潮汐经纬向分量的二次相位耦合(QPC)方程被分别估计出来,利用它们相减还得到一个潮汐相位差相关方程.推测的8 h潮汐相位和相位差与相应的观测值很好地符合.在第14个时间窗内,三个潮汐一般表现为椭圆偏振而不是圆偏振或线偏振,但是△ψ24和△ψ12在三个连续的高度上准正交,而△ψ8在92.0和94.0 km上准同相.因此估计的潮汐QPC方程、推导的潮汐相位差相关方程、观测的8 h潮汐准同相相位差以及典型的潮汐偏振图都是观测的周日、半日和8 h潮汐之间真实QPC的反映.      

A global view of tidal temperature perturbations above the mesopause: Preliminary model/observation intercomparison

Migrating and nonmigrating diurnal tides in the temperature data from the satellite borne, Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere (CRISTA) experiment are compared to model predictions from the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIME-GCM) and from the Global Scale Wave Model (GSWM). The comparative model/observation analysis is performed between 75–120 km altitude and at 7.5°N. The results suggest that interactions between quasi-stationary planetary waves and radiative and latent heat forced tidal components may play an important role in generating the thermal tidal structure above the mesopause though more extended model studies are necessary.     

中国山西地区法布里-珀罗干涉仪测风能力及数据质量检验

介绍了中国气象局山西岢岚大气观测站(39°N, 112°E) 法 布里-珀罗干涉仪(FPI) 的基本 构造、测风能力、程序处理流程、数据质量控制方法以及检验情况. 岢 岚观测站FPI可以观测892.0 (OH)nm, 557.7 (OI)nm和630.0 (OI)nm 波 长处气辉谱线的多普勒移动, 分别计算对应87km, 97km和250km高度处 的大气风速和大气温度, 可给出中间层顶区域及热层风的大气潮汐和扰动 情况. 采用水平风模型(HWM)输出结果进行交叉检验, 对FPI测风数据质量进行验证. 结果显示, 岢岚大气观测站FPI仪器的测风数据 在长期趋势上与HWM模式的输出数据一致, 风速变化幅度有季节性差异, 数据质 量控制方法有效, 测风误差在87km高度处为5.7m·s-1, 97km处 为1.3m·s-1, 250km处为4.1m·s-1, 测风数据 通过了可靠性检验.