GEO卫星相机外遮光罩的设计方法

针对太阳规避模式下相机最小太阳规避角及相机视场大导致遮光罩尺寸超出火箭整流罩可用包络的问题,研究了基于非成像时长和偏航姿态调整方案的相机遮光罩最小太阳规避角算法,提出了三块挡光板构型和圆形外遮光罩构型的方程建模及上沿优化方法,并针对典型工况仿真设计出了具有同等太阳规避效果的多种斜切外遮光罩构型。经Pro/E软件建模及阴影分析表明,在各工况下,外遮光罩与内遮光罩对内遮光罩底部的遮挡比例达到100%,也即太阳无法直射内遮光罩底部,验证了外遮光罩方程建模及上沿优化方法的正确性,并实现了以传统圆筒外遮光罩1/3的面积规避太阳直射相机内部的效果。     

一种针对金星探测器的姿态指向设计

摘要： 金星探测需要超长距离低码率传输,因而金星探测器需要保持其数传天线指向地球.相对于地球轨道飞行器来说,金星探测器距离太阳更近,需要固定散热面来维持探测器内的温度.提供一种基于在金星探测器偏置安装天线的姿态指向设计,能够保证从金星向地球传输数据并且维持散热面远离太阳.而此设计旨在减少数传天线的数量至一根同时将两个固定平面作为散热面.还提供两种详细方案来控制姿态机动来保证在数传天线始终指向地球的同时在特定节点切换散热面.     

卫星热平衡试验的温度预测与仿真模型

为了解决卫星热平衡试验中涉及的温度预测与变工况仿真试验问题,建立起星载仪器温度变化的双层集总参数模型,这一动态特性模型采用简单的嵌套结构,模型参数可以方便地运用系统辨识算法从卫星热平衡试验数据中获取,应用这一模型可以对不同星载仪器的温度变化进行分别的预测与仿真计算,从而大大减少了温度预测与仿真工作的计算量.对比研究表明:温度预测与仿真计算的结果与实际热平衡试验的结果一致.     

电磁兼容测量天线系数温度误差修正方法

为减小外场环境温度的影响,提高电磁兼容性(EMC)测试设备的测量精度,提出了一种电磁兼容测量天线系数温度误差修正方法.首先,根据1m距离两天线校准原理,理论推导了近场情况下采用透波材料制作的温控装置对接收天线接收特性的影响,结合仿真分析与试验结果,验证了使用温控装置带来的测试误差可控制在允许的范围内.然后,在此基础上,通过实际测试获得了典型天线的天线系数随温度的变化规律及误差修正曲面.最后,采用对比标准条件下和开阔试验场条件下的测试结果的方法来验证该方法的有效性.结果表明,在保证测量精度的前提下,通过天线系数温度误差修正,可将天线的使用环境温度扩展到-40~+50℃,进而减小外场试验测试误差.适用于双锥、对数周期和双脊喇叭等天线的天线系数温度误差修正.      

运用信息融合式高阶UKF的微小卫星姿态确定算法

为提高微小卫星微型低成本姿态敏感器的姿态确定精度,基于磁强计/太阳敏感器/陀螺仪的姿态敏感器配置以及无迹卡尔曼滤波方法（Unscented Kalman Filter,UKF）,设计了一种基于高阶UKF算法并且融合磁强计与太阳敏感器观测信息的微小卫星姿态确定算法.为提高系统状态方程非线性函数的一步预测精度,采用基于五阶UT变换的高阶UKF算法,增加了Sigma采样点数量,提高了系统状态预测精度.单一观测向量滤波算法不能同时满足多个不同量纲观测数据,本文提出一种同时利用两个观测向量的信息融合式滤波算法,根据磁强计和太阳敏感器的观测信息,通过卡尔曼滤波原理中的增益计算,分别得出地磁矢量和太阳矢量对应的卡尔曼增益信息.采用高斯概率密度准则进行信息融合,进而完成预测值的修正,得到同时满足磁强计以及太阳敏感器观测需求的四元数估计值,降低了观测误差的影响.仿真分析验证了算法的优越性.      

多目标位姿约束下空间机器人载体姿态扰动优化

通过运行轨迹的优化设计来减小空间机械臂运动对其基座姿态产生的扰动影响是一种经济有效的方式, 然而针对笛卡儿空间内多个离散位姿约束条件下空间机械臂运动轨迹的优化设计研究相对较少. 通过改进样条函数对机械臂末端运行轨迹进行参数化设计, 将基座姿态的扰动量表达为关于样条函数控制点与相邻约束点之间运行时间的目标函数, 利用遗传算法对目标函数进行全局优化处理, 完成空间机械臂运行轨迹的优化设计. 仿真结果表明, 该方法能有效降低机械臂运动对基座姿态产生的扰动, 并且规划的关节运动轨迹二次连续可微.      

航天器在轨道运行中太阳帆板的温度问题

本文应用能量平衡的基本原理, 获得了航天器在几种典型热工况中太阳帆板的能量平衡的基本方程以及宇宙空间的热辐射角系数基本方程.利用数值积分法, 得到了角系数的数值以及太阳帆板在不同的轨道所承受的最大温度波动, 在考虑这一温度效应后, 用有限元法分析计算了太阳能电池帆板的固有频率特性.计算结果表明, 航天器在空间轨道运行时, 通过阴区和阳区所产生的温度变化对太阳帆板的动力学特性影响是不容忽略的问题.      

多源数据融合的民航发动机修后性能预测

针对民航发动机修后排气温度裕度预测过程中的多源异构数据融合问题,提出了卷积自编码器与极端梯度提升模型结合的方法。利用所提出的条件熵增长因子规整发动机修前多元传感器参数序列中的参数排序,采用卷积自编码器提取规整后的参数序列和维修工作范围的数据特征,并将其与发动机使用时间信息组成合成特征以训练极端梯度提升模型,从而预测发动机修后性能并评估各影响因素的重要程度。经发动机机队维修案例验证,所提方法预测精度高于单维参数序列预测方法,对发动机修后排气温度的平均相对预测误差不高于8.3%。      

采用信标的大型可展开天线指向控制方法

为提高大型可展开天线的指向控制精度,并适应喷气卸载等在轨工况,基于Craig-Bampton法建立了表征柔性天线指向的动力学模型,在此基础上提出了一种采用信标的大天线指向控制方法.该方法先基于卡尔曼滤波,对大天线的振动状态进行检测,若天线未出现明显振动,则通过信标敏感器修正天线指向偏差,同时引入星本体姿态敏感器以保证稳定性;若天线振动超过阈值,则仅引入星本体敏感器以衰减振动,直至天线未出现明显振动.最后利用瑟拉亚(Thuraya)卫星的在轨实测热变形数据进行了仿真验证.结果表明,在未受到喷气扰动时,大天线指向精度优于±0.02°,在受到喷气扰动后,系统可正确检测并切换跟踪输入.这说明,该指向控制方法在保证稳定性的同时,可以有效修正大天线指向偏差,并能适应在轨位保、卸载喷气工况.     

星载天线展开过程立体视觉动态测量技术

介绍了基于立体视觉原理的星载天线动态展开过程测量方法,通过基于标准长度的标定方法、双目立体视觉交会坐标解算和动态多目标点识别跟踪等关键技术的研究,实现了对可展开天线各关节点在展开过程中的三维运动轨迹的测量,并实现了试验验证。试验结果表明,该方法可获得各关节点在不同时刻的三维点坐标,解算出展开运动的运动速度、加速度和展开后的面型等参数,为大型可展开天线柔性机构设计、动力学分析和展开可靠性分析等提供必要的参考。     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

清镇陨石（EH3）中陨硫钙石的REE微量元素及成因意义

本文运用INAA分析了14个清镇陨石中陨硫钙石单矿物颗粒的难熔元素(La、Ce、Sm、Eu、Yb、Lu、Ca、Sc、Hf和Th),挥发性元素(Na、Cr、Zn、Se、Br等)和亲铁元素(Fe、Ni、Co、Ir、Au、As)含量。结果表明陨硫钙石高度富集难熔亲石元素,是顽火辉石陨石中REE的主要载体,携带了约80％的全岩REE总量。相对于HREE,LREE有更大的富集程度,而且早期凝聚的颗粒较晚期凝聚的颗粒更富集REE,同时陨硫钙石富集挥发性元素Se、Br等。清镇陨硫钙石的微量元素特征揭示了它来自于太阳星云的高温凝聚特征和成因。     

柔性航天器IPACS建模与动力学分析

利用拟坐标下的拉格朗日方程和动量矩定理,建立了带变速控制力矩陀螺群(VSCMGs,Variable Speed Control Moment Gyroscopes)的柔性航天器的能量/姿态一体化控制系统(IPACS, Integrated Power/Attitude Control System)的动力学模型,该模型适合于姿态控制律设计及VSCMGs操纵律设计.采用动量管理和VSCMGs构型选取相结合的方法,有效地避免了VSCMGs设计时可能出现的奇异问题.分析了采用VSCMGs的柔性航天器IPACS中的动力学耦合问题,并以某大型航天器为例进行了数值仿真.分析和仿真结果显示出,当VSCMGs的力矩轴接近(或陷入)奇异或进行储/放能切换时,VSCMGs都会对柔性附件造成显著影响.      

Progress in tropospheric ammonia retrieval from the MIPAS satellite instrument

The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding is a polar orbiting high resolution mid-infrared emission limb sounder with a nominal vertical resolution of 3 km. Work to extend the list of routinely retrieved species led to the examination of ammonia, NH₃. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of upper tropospheric retrievals around 6-km altitude, discussing appropriate methods. We demonstrate a weak north to south gradient outside the error bars, using co-addition to improve signal-to-noise and compare these first results with a model.     

Monitoring spatio-temporal variations in aerosols and aerosol–cloud interactions over Pakistan using MODIS data

Clouds are important elements in climatic processes and interactions between aerosols and clouds are therefore a hot topic for scientific research. Aerosols show both spatial and temporal variations, which can lead to variations in the microphysics of clouds. In this research, we have examined the spatial and temporal variations in aerosol particles over Pakistan and the impact of these variations on various optical properties of clouds, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data from the Terra satellite. We used the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model for trajectory analysis to reveal the origins of air masses, with the aim of understanding these spatial and temporal variabilities in aerosol concentrations. We also documented seasonal variations in patterns of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over Pakistan, for which the highest values occur during the monsoon season (June–August). We then analyzed the relationships between AOD and four other cloud parameters, namely water vapour (WV), cloud fraction (CF), cloud top temperature (CTT) and cloud top pressure (CTP). Regional correlation maps and time series plots for aerosol (AOD) and cloud parameters were produced to provide a better understanding of aerosol–cloud interaction. The analyses showed strong positive correlations between AOD and WV for all of the eight cities investigated. The correlation between AOD and CF was positive for those cities where the air masses were predominantly humid, but negative for those cities where the air masses were relatively dry and carried a low aerosol abundance. These correlations were clearly dependent on the meteorological conditions for all of the eight cities investigated. Because of the observed AOD–CF relationship, the co-variation of AOD with CTP and CTT may be attributable to large-scale meteorological variations: AOD showed a positive correlation with CTP and CTT in northern regions of Pakistan and a negative correlation in southern regions.     

Technology development for a long duration,mid-cloud level Venus balloon

This paper describes the results of ongoing technology development activities for a Venus spherical superpressure balloon capable of flying for long durations (30 days) in the middle cloud layer at an altitude of 55.5 km. Data is presented from a successful aerial deployment and inflation flight experiment on a 5.5 m diameter prototype balloon conducted at a 2.5 km altitude above the Earth. Although the balloon in that test was not released for free flight, all other steps in the deployment and inflation process were successfully executed. Experimental and computational results are also presented from an investigation of the stress concentration phenomenon at the junction of the metal end fitting and fabric end cap of the prototype Venus balloon. Good agreement was found between the simulation and experimental results and a stress concentration factor of 1.55 determined for this end cap design compared to the expectations of thin membrane theory. Finally, results are presented for a new, second-generation Venus balloon material utilizing Aclar™ film instead of Teflon. Optical property and sulfuric acid tolerance data are presented for this material based on laboratory testing of samples.