工业计算机断层成像系统转台旋转中心的确定

构建一个工业CT(computed tomography)成像系统,转台旋转中心的确定是非常关键的步骤,其定位误差会引起CT图像上的伪影.在详细分析了现存旋转中心确定方法不足的基础上,提出了一种新方法,该方法基于正弦图数据的冗余性,通过计算将正弦图数据总和均分的位置来定位旋转中心.相对现有算法,该方法无须使用模体,亦无需知晓任何几何参数,且基本不受随机噪声影响.实际的实验数据验证了该方法的有效性.      

对《一种特殊凸轮铀空间角度的测量》一文的商榷

编者按该文作者对我刊1996年第2期刊登的《一种特殊凸轮轴空间角度的测量》一文中所述用F点定位的方法提出了不同看法。作者提出了改用垂直于FE方向作定位点，来确定Y2的角坐标，其Y2的定位误差最大也不会超过5，提高了定位精度。现将具体内容刊出，与原文作者商榷，并欢迎读者参予讨论。《航空计测技术》1996年第2期刊载的《一种特殊凸轮轴空间角度的测量》一文，对其中凸轮最大返回点F的寻求方法，笔者提出～点不同的看法，与作者商榷。凸轮桃尖位置的确定确实是比较麻烦的。但原文图2的轴向投影实际相当于一个以口为旋转中心，偏心距…     

旋转弹体马格努斯效应数值模拟方法研究

旋转的弹体通常会存在马格努斯效应,严重影响飞行稳定性和弹道轨迹。提出基于旋转壁面法的多对称面弹体旋转效应数值模拟方法,无需借助动网格和多参考系模型,仅需要将旋转速度附加壁面,即可使用定常方法模拟马格努斯效应;同时,使用SOCBT标准弹体模型对该方法进行验证分析。结果表明:计算值与试验值吻合较好;由于旋转引起的附面层堆积以及大攻角分离效应、激波的干扰,计算时附面层的网格节点要足够密,并且应该针对不同的攻角选择精度与效率兼顾的计算模型。     

克服旋转飞行器螺旋运动的方法研究

旋转飞行器虽然具有内在稳定性，但在飞行过程中一些不确定因素会导致飞行器产生螺旋运动，而非理想的关于角动量矢量纯粹的旋转运动。结合旋转飞行器自身的特点，借鉴自旋卫生的被动章动阻尼的方法，提出了一种通过主动控制飞行器内部质量块的运动使得飞行器碑的惯量主轴发生偏移，惯量矩阵由原来的对称阵变为含有非零非对角元素的矩阵，从而改变飞行器的姿态角运动来克服螺旋运动的方法，这将有助于提高旋转飞行器的资态控制精度。以某型旋转飞行器为背景进行仿真研究，计算结果证实了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

提高三维ICT成像空间分辨率的扫描方式及其重建算法

对三维工业计算机层析成像(Three Dimensional Industrial Computed Tomography, 3D-ICT)空间分辨率提高技术进行了研究, 提出了一种通过1/4面阵探测器偏置扫描提高成像空间分辨率的锥束3D-ICT扫描方式, 推导了它的基于平行束重排的滤波反投影重建算法.这种方法首先通过面阵探测器中心相对于旋转中心偏移四分之一个探测单元宽度的扫描结构获取二维投影序列, 再对其进行平行束投影重排, 最后利用平行射束特点实现投影水平方向采样频率加倍, 从而提高3D-ICT水平方向的重建空间分辨率.计算机仿真结果证明了该扫描方式和重建算法的正确性.利用该种方法, 可使3D-ICT水平方向重建空间分辨率提高近1倍.      

旋转中心随旋转角度变化的扇束重构算法

首先推导了旋转中心到扇束中心射线移动距离为旋转角度的函数时的精确滤波及投影重构算法 ;然后推导了这个函数为线性函数时的重构算法 ;最后用计算机模拟法证明了两个算法的正确性     

三维模型在SAR图像自动目标识别中的应用

提高高分辨率SAR图像在复杂战场环境中的目标识别能力,对防御未来战争中来自地面目标的威胁具有重要意义。针对地面特定目标的大小、方位、旋转等变化以及强杂波背景给目标识别带来的严重影响,提出将目标的三维模型投影到二维平面,采用余弦傅里叶矩和瑞利分布的CFAR检测方法分别对其矩特征和峰值特征进行提取,利用级联组合分类器对目标识别进行建模分析,并通过试验验证该方法的有效性。结果表明:该方法实现了在特征维数高和姿态变化下的目标识别,而且无需额外增加对制导控制系统的开销。     

双平台交叉定位去除虚假点方法研究

针对测向交叉定位方法在多辐射目标源的情况下存在的虚假定位,提出了一种去除虚假点的新方法——结合时差去除法。该方法通过计算双平台间测量数据的相近度来进行最优匹配,去除虚假定位。该方法无需先验信息,只需两个测量平台,降低了平台间数据传输和时间同步的复杂性。仿真结果表明,该方法运算速度快,对水平编队目标群定位精度高。     

车牌定位与字符分割方法研究

介绍了一种改进的基于纹理特征的车牌定位方法,采用自适应阈值,实现了车牌的准确定位。设定自适应改变大小的投影切割阈值实现了字符分割。最后采用BP神经网络法来识别各个字符。实验结果表明,该方法能够较为准确的实现车牌识别,具有定位准、鲁棒性好等特点。     

无需中间变量的多运动站时差定位新算法

传统时差(TDOA)定位模型通过引入中间变量来得到线性方程,需要两步求解过程且该模型不适合多运动站连续定位。为此,引入无需中间变量的时差定位模型,并在此基础上提出了一种约束加权最小二乘定位算法。首先将基于该模型的时差定位问题转换为加权最小二乘问题,然后推导代入时差测量值后观测矩阵和观测向量的误差项,将其每一列表示为确定矩阵与随机时差测量噪声向量乘积的形式,并基于此推导了关于目标状态的二次约束方程,最终只需通过广义特征值分解来得到目标状态估计,并推导了该估计的解析表达式。仿真结果表明所提算法的连续定位性能逼近克拉美罗-限且所得定位解渐近无偏。     

Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI)

The Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI) is a five telescope package, which has been developed for the Solar Terrestrial Relation Observatory (STEREO) mission by the Naval Research Laboratory (USA), the Lockheed Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory (USA), the Goddard Space Flight Center (USA), the University of Birmingham (UK), the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK), the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (Germany), the Centre Spatiale de Leige (Belgium), the Institut d’Optique (France) and the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (France). SECCHI comprises five telescopes, which together image the solar corona from the solar disk to beyond 1 AU. These telescopes are: an extreme ultraviolet imager (EUVI: 1–1.7 R_⊙), two traditional Lyot coronagraphs (COR1: 1.5–4 R_⊙ and COR2: 2.5–15 R_⊙) and two new designs of heliospheric imagers (HI-1: 15–84 R_⊙ and HI-2: 66–318 R_⊙). All the instruments use 2048×2048 pixel CCD arrays in a backside-in mode. The EUVI backside surface has been specially processed for EUV sensitivity, while the others have an anti-reflection coating applied. A multi-tasking operating system, running on a PowerPC CPU, receives commands from the spacecraft, controls the instrument operations, acquires the images and compresses them for downlink through the main science channel (at compression factors typically up to 20×) and also through a low bandwidth channel to be used for space weather forecasting (at compression factors up to 200×). An image compression factor of about 10× enable the collection of images at the rate of about one every 2–3 minutes. Identical instruments, except for different sizes of occulters, are included on the STEREO-A and STEREO-B spacecraft.     

Influences of meridional flowpath on the performance of swept blade in an axial compressor stage

A series of numerical simulations were conducted in both a 1.5 stage axial compressor model and a simplified planar cascade model. The cases with different blade sweep schemes in the cascade model were simulated with free-slip endwalls to minimize the influence of endwall 3-D(three-dimensional) flows. The results obtained in the cascade model were discussed at first for getting a clear insight into the effects of blade sweep without other influences. And then the simulation results of the 1.5 stage compressor model were discussed accordingly. The discussions focused on the influences of different meridional flowpath designs, i.e. constant mid radius (CMR) design, constant outer radius (COR) design and constant inner radius (CIR) design, on the performance of the swept blade. The results showed that the most critical effect produced by blade sweep was attributed to the redistribution of local mass-flow-rate in blade spanwise direction. The change of meridional flowpath did not change the mass-flow-rate redistribution behaviors. However, the trends for local mass-flow-rate redistribution in compressor stage model showed some discrepancies compared with the results shown in the planar cascade model.      

两种多天线GNSS动态定姿方法的比较

针对移动载体对姿态的需求,对两种多天线GNSS动态定姿方法,即直接法和最小二乘迭代法进行了研究.分析了定姿的原理,给出了姿态解算模型.基于车载四天线GNSS的实测数据,分别用两种方法进行了姿态解算,并用同一运动平台高精度惯导给出的姿态作为参考值,对两种定姿方法的精度和可靠性进行了分析和比较.     

双线程滑动窗口多系统GNSS超快精密定轨实现及评估

全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）超快精密定轨为GNSS实时应用提供了高精度空间基准。基于天地协同定位、导航与授时（PNT）网络服务中心实现了四系统GNSS卫星超快精密定轨,并对定轨结果进行精度评价。介绍了天地协同PNT网络的概念内涵以及网络服务中心部署的超快精密定轨软件架构和详细功能,并针对实时应用需求提出了一种双线程滑动窗口超快精密定轨策略。最后利用重叠弧段比较、与外部轨道产品比较以及卫星激光测距（SLR）检核3种方式对定轨结果进行了精度评价。结果表明,与武汉大学分析中心的最终事后精密轨道产品相比,四系统GNSS MEO卫星预报6 h弧段的径向均方根（RMS）误差整体在2~5 cm水平,BDS2 IGSO卫星最小一维RMS误差在10~15 cm水平;GPS和Galileo卫星的SLR检核残差均值在1~3 cm水平,标准差在3~6 cm水平,能够满足后续厘米级实时应用对空间基准的精度需求。     

Determination des orbites des satellites artificiels

Summary The problem of the determination of the orbit of a celestial body is an old astronomical problem, of which solutions can be found in many classical books on elementary celestial mechanics. However, the introduction of new (radioelectric) means of observations for the artificial satellites have brought up new solutions of this old problem.The author reminds the definitions of the six elliptic elements of an orbit. The problem of their determination is usually divided into two separate steps: a preliminary orbit determination and the improvement of the preliminary elements. Two principal types of preliminary orbit determination exist: the Gaussian type, purely geometrical in which the positions of the body at two different times are determined, and the Laplacian type, of a more dynamical character, in which both position and velocity vectors are found for a given time. The improvement of the preliminary elements is usually obtained by a numerical solution of equations of variations of the elements, minimizing the sum of the squares of the angular distances between the computed and the observed points. The elements on which these variations are applied can be quite various. The coefficients of the equations are usually obtained numerically, although their analytical expressions can also be derived.Most of the modification proposed to the classical methods of orbit determination are more technical improvements in connection with the computation on electronic machines. The most interesting modifications are inspired by the fact that time measurements are less precise than the position (Batrakov, Iszak), the effects of this difference in errors are discussed in this paper. In some cases, using Laplace's method, no preliminary orbit is computed, and all the observations can be used at once (Barlier, Kovalevsky).The determination of orbits from radar measurements is discussed. The proposed methods are quite different in principle from the classical ones. They are actually improvements of a circular orbit whose determination is made by a method of undetermined coefficients (Baker). Some of the elements determined by these methods are quite unstable, and it is always wiser to use other informations together with radar measurements.The determination of orbits from Doppler data alone has been worked out by many investigators. It is the inverse problem of the main problem of all navigational systems. The method proposed by Patton is summarized. The principles of others are quite analogous. The results are improved when more than one receiver are used. The different types of corrections: refraction, perturbations, etc., should be introduced in later stages of the determination, and the whole frequency curve is to be used if a good determination of all elements is desired.Finally, the author quotes a method (Baker) using both Doppler and radar data, and the solution of a new problem: the determination of the orbit of a satellite of another planet from Doppler data alone (Deutsch).     

Phase Residual Estimations for PCVs of Spaceborne GPS Receiver Antenna and Their Impacts on Precise Orbit Determination of GRACE Satellites

In-flight phase center systematic errors of global positioning system(GPS) receiver antenna are the main restriction for improving the precision of precise orbit determination using dual-frequency GPS.Residual approach is one of the valid methods for in-flight calibration of GPS receiver antenna phase center variations(PCVs) from ground calibration.In this paper,followed by the correction model of spaceborne GPS receiver antenna phase center,ionosphere-free PCVs can be directly estimated by ionosphere-free carrier phase post-fit residuals of reduced dynamic orbit determination.By the data processing of gravity recovery and climate experiment(GRACE) satellites,the following conclusions are drawn.Firstly,the distributions of ionosphere-free carrier phase post-fit residuals from different periods have the similar systematic characteristics.Secondly,simulations show that the influence of phase residual estimations for ionosphere-free PCVs on orbit determination can reach the centimeter level.Finally,it is shown by in-flight data processing that phase residual estimations of current period could not only be used for the calibration for GPS receiver antenna phase center of foretime and current period,but also be used for the forecast of ionosphere-free PCVs in future period,and the accuracy of orbit determination can be well improved.     

磁暴下的LEO卫星精密轨道确定

对低轨卫星（LEO）,大气阻尼摄动是主要的定轨误差源.尤其在发生磁暴时,求解一个大气阻尼因子的定轨方法已不能充分吸收大气密度计算不准所造成的定轨误差,因而在标校统一S波段（USB）的测量系统差和随机差时往往计算失真.本文提出了一种求解折线型Cd因子的新方法,克服了动力学模型不准所带来的定轨误差,通过与独立的GPS数据比较,定轨精度有明显提高,同时给出的测量系统差和随机差更加真实可信.     

Interlaced optimal-REQUEST and unscented Kalman filtering for attitude determination

 Aimed at low accuracy of attitude determination because of using low-cost components which may result in non-linearity in integrated attitude determination systems, a novel attitude determination algorithm using vector observations and gyro measurements is presented. The various features of the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) and optimal-REQUEST (quaternion estimator) algorithms are introduced for attitude determination. An interlaced filtering method is presented for the attitude determination of nano-spacecraft by setting the quaternion as the attitude representation, using the UKF and optimal-REQUEST to estimate the gyro drifts and the quaternion, respectively. The optimal-REQUEST and UKF are not isolated from each other. When the optimal-REQUEST algorithm estimates the attitude quaternion, the gyro drifts are estimated by the UKF algorithm synchronously by using the estimated attitude quaternion. Furthermore, the speed of attitude determination is improved by setting the state dimension to three. Experimental results show that the presented method has higher performance in attitude determination compared to the UKF algorithm and the traditional interlaced filtering method and can estimate the gyro drifts quickly.     

On the Orbit Determination Problem

Various important aspects of the satellite orbit determination problem are critically discussed with a view to emphasizing the importance of a wise choice of suitable system models, coordinates sets, and estimators. We describe several aspects of the orbit determination process and also review much of the available literature on the application of Kalman-filter type algorithms to the problem of near-Earth, geosynchronous, and deep-space mission type orbit determination. Some features of on-board orbit determination are also addressed. It is believed that this review with a touch of tutorial will enable engineers and scientists to arrive at an orbit determination methodology (ODM) that will have attributes of good numerical stability, efficiency, and precision in orbit estimation.